28
The OHCHR has recognized that the negative impacts of climate change “will
disproportionately affect individuals, groups and peoples in vulnerable situations, including
women, children, older persons, indigenous peoples, minorities, migrants, rural workers, persons
with disabilities, the poor, and those living in vulnerable areas (e.g., small islands, riparian and
low-lying coastal zones, arid regions, and the poles).”
115
The IPCC has similarly found that
“people who are socially, economically, politically, institutionally or otherwise marginalized are
especially vulnerable to climate change.”
116
The vulnerability of these groups is a product of
both heightened exposure to climate change impacts as well as limited capacity to adapt to those
impacts.
In the Philippines, farmers and fishermen – some of the poorest groups (with poverty
incidences of 45% and 50% respectively) – are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate
change due to their high dependence on natural resources that are affected by climate change and
their lack of resources to adapt (e.g., by finding new livelihoods).
117
These groups have already
been disproportionately affected by disasters such as Typhoon Haiyan,
118
as well as more gradual
changes brought about by climate change (e.g., reductions in precipitation and rising ocean
temperatures).
119
People living in informal urban settlements are also among the most vulnerable
to climate change, due both to the direct impacts of climate change and the additional pressure
placed on urban systems and livelihoods.
120
As the world gets warmer, it will become
increasingly difficult for the government of the Philippines to fulfill its human rights obligations
with respect to these people.
Children and future generations will also be disproportionately affected by climate
change as harmful impacts become more severe overtime.
121
In June 2017, the UN Human
Rights Council observed that “children […] are among the groups most vulnerable to the adverse
impacts of climate change, which may seriously affect their enjoyment of the highest attainable
standard of physical and mental health, access to education, adequate food, adequate housing,
safe drinking water and sanitation.”
122
The IPCC has also recognized that age is a differentiating
115
U.N. HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER, THE RIGHTS OF THOSE DISPROPORTIONATELY
IMPACTED BY CLIMATE CHANGE, 1 (2016).
116
IPCC WGII, supra note 75, at 6.
117
GETTING A GRIP ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES, supra note 81, at 13.
118
See Food and Agric. Org. of the United Nations, Severe Damage to Agriculture and Fisheries After Haiyan, Nov.
12, 2013, http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/204327/icode/; OXFAM & NFR, REBUILDING FISHING
COMMUNITIES AND FISHERIES: POST-HAIYAN RECONSTRUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES (Feb. 12, 2014).
119
See Dennis Jay Santos, El Niño hits Philippines Farmers with Drought, Rats, IRIN (Feb. 19, 2016);
GREENPEACE, PHILIPPINES SEAS IN CRISIS: IMMINENT THREATS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE, POLLUTION AND
OVERFISHING (Oct. 25, 2012); Pierre Fidenci, Colossal Coral Bleaching Kills up to 95% of Corals in the
Philippines, MONAGABAY, Sept. 23, 2010.
120
Id.
121
See generally United Nations General Assembly, Analytical study on the relationship between climate change
and the full and effective enjoyment of the rights of the child, Report of the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights, A/HRC/35/13 (May 4, 2017). See also CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW and GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, STATES’
OBLIGATIONS UNDER THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE (Jan.
2018), http://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/HRTBs-synthesis-report-CRC.pdf (providing a recent
summary of authoritative statements).
122
U.N. General Assembly, Human Rights Council Res. 35/20, Human rights and climate change, ¶ 15 (June 19,
2017).