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Legal Writing Mechanics: A Bibliography Legal Writing Mechanics: A Bibliography
Margaret Hannon
University of Michigan
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Legal Writing Mechanics
A Bibliography
Margaret Hannon
*
I. Introduction
Great legal writing is about more than mechanics. But careful
attention to legal writing mechanics is nevertheless critical for effective,
clear, and persuasive writing. Proper grammar, usage, and correct punc-
tuation makes analysis clearer and therefore more effective. It also shows
the reader that the writer has paid close attention to detail, which makes
the reader more likely to find the writer credible.
1
Relatedly, communi-
cating in plain language is critical to making sure that “readers can easily
find what they need, understand what they find, and use that infor-
mation.”
2
And proper citation—or even better, stylish citation
3
—helps the
reader easily understand what kind of persuasive value the cited authority
has, how the cited authority supports the proposition, and where to find
the cited authority, all without requiring the reader to read the authority
themselves.
Because legal writing mechanics are so essential to effective commu-
nication for all legal writers, this bibliography aims to collect resources
that explore various types of legal writing mechanics, identify best
practices with respect to each of these fundamental aspects of legal
writing, and advance our understanding of how legal writing mechanics
contribute to overall communication.
* Clinical Professor of Law, University of Michigan Law School. ank you to Hannah Shilling for their invaluable research
assistance and to Ted Becker, Alexa Chew, and Beth Wilensky for their feedback. Many thanks also to Ruth Anne Robbins for
encouraging me to write this bibliography and to Kristen Murray and Hadley Van Vactor Kroll for their exceptional editing.
1 M R. S, A L W: T S P W 186–87 (2d ed.
2008) (explaining that strong command of grammar, usage, and punctuation is essential to the writer’s credibility).
2 Clarity International, P L L, https://www.clarity-international.org/plain-legal-language/ (last visited
Feb. 18, 2021).
3 Alexa Z. Chew, Stylish Legal Citation, A. L. R. 823 (2019).
LEGAL COMMUNICATION & RHETORIC: JALWD / VOLUME 19 / 2022
186
II. The bibliography
Legal writing scholars have invested a significant amount of time
and energy in examining legal writing mechanics and setting out best
practices. is bibliography gathers these resources and divides them into
three broad categories: grammar, usage, and punctuation; plain language;
and citation.
4
ere is some unavoidable overlap between these categories,
so where books or articles could be placed into more than one category, I
have attempted to assign each to its primary category. My goal is for this
bibliography to serve as a resource for any legal writer, whether practi-
tioner, academic, law student, or judge. I also hope that this bibliography
will inspire future scholarship on legal writing mechanics.
is bibliography does not include visual aspects of legal writing such
as document design, typography, or images, though those topics could also
fall into the broad category of legal writing mechanics. Readers interested
in learning more about those areas should consult Ellie Margolis’s excellent
bibliography on Visual Legal Writing.
5
In addition, this bibliography does
not include materials focused on legal writing pedagogy and generally
excludes bar journal articles, though I hope that the materials included
here will nonetheless be helpful resources for teachers and practitioners.
For example, many legal writing textbooks cover these topics, but these
textbooks have generally been excluded from this bibliography. is bibli-
ography also excludes materials focused specifically on contract drafting.
A. Grammar, usage, and punctuation
Grammar, usage, and punctuation are critical components of
effective legal writing because they have a profound impact on the read-
ability and meaning of a document.
6
As a result, there is a robust body of
work focusing on proper grammar, usage, and punctuation; how proper
grammar, usage, and punctuation affects legal analysis; and how grammar,
usage, and punctuation can be used as tools for effective legal writing style.
Legal scholars have paid particular attention to passive voice, the
doctrine of the last antecedent, and, most recently, pronouns and the use
of the singular they. On the punctuation side, scholars debate the use of the
Oxford (or serial) comma, hyphens, and the possessive apostrophe.
4 In general, this bibliography takes a descriptive approach in that it does not choose between various options for how
language should be used but instead compiles resources addressing a range of approaches. In some areas, however, the bibli-
ography is prescriptive in that it focuses on resources that have advocated for legal writers to make particular choices in their
writing. See, e.g., infra section II.B.
5 Ellie Margolis, Visual Legal Writing: A Bibliography, 18 L C. R 195 (2021).
6 A Z. C K R G P, T C L W 403 (2d ed. 2020).
LEGAL WRITING MECHANICS
187
Some of the books listed below are style manuals that do not focus
exclusively on grammar, usage, and punctuation, but they are included
in this bibliography because they include significant discussion of those
mechanics specifically in the context of legal writing. Most of the books
included in this bibliography are focused specifically on legal writing,
but I’ve included a few others that are especially helpful for legal writers.
For example, Dreyer’s English is particularly helpful for legal writers: it
tackles persistent language errors, reinforces good habits, and encourages
concision.
7
Similarly, while Strunk & White is not written for legal writers,
many legal writers have treated it as authoritative on matters of grammar
and style, particularly because of its focus on clarity, brevity, and boldness.
8
Articles
Robert Anderson, Reclaiming the Singular ey, 19 L C.
R 55 (2022).
Jill Barton, Supreme Court Splits ... on Grammar and Writing Style, 17
S J. L W 33 (2017).
Ryan C. Black & Timothy R. Johnson, Obsessive Over the Possessive at the
Supreme Court of the United States: Exploring SCOTUS’/SCOTUS’s
Use of Possessive Apostrophes, 22 J. A. P. P 14 (2022).
Heidi K. Brown, Get with the Pronoun, 17 L C. R 61
(2020).
Jacob Carpenter, An Active Look at Passive Voice, 19 L C.
R 95 (2022).
Mark Cooney, Style is Substance: Collected Cases Showing Why It
Matters, 14 S J. L W 1 (2012).
Doug Coulson, More than Verbs: An Introduction to Transitivity in Legal
Argument, 19 S J. L W 81 (2020).
Judith D. Fischer, A Contemporary Take on Strunk and White for Legal
Writers, 15 S J. L W 127 (2013).
Joseph Kimble, e Doctrine of the Last Antecedent, the Example in
Barnhart, Why Both Are Weak, and How Textualism Postures, 16
S J. L W 5 (2015).
Terri LeClercq, Doctrine of the Last Antecedent: e Mystifying Morass of
Ambiguous Modifiers, T. J. B. L., Fall 2004, at 199.
7 Kristen E. Murray, Meta-Questions for Legal Writers, 17 L C. R 167, 169 (2020) (reviewing D’
E: A U C G G S); Jonathan Tietz, Book Note, On Lawyers and Copy
Editors, 118 M. L. R. 1307, 1309 (2020).
8 Judith D. Fischer, A Contemporary Take on Strunk and White for Legal Writers, 15 S J. L W 127, 130,
146 (2013).
LEGAL COMMUNICATION & RHETORIC: JALWD / VOLUME 19 / 2022
188
Joan Ames Magat, Hawking Hyphens in Compound Modifiers, 11 L
C. R 153 (2014).
David A. Marcello, e Case of the Serial Comma: What Can Plain-
Language Drafting Tell Legislative Drafters?, 19 S J. L
W 127 (2020).
Elitza Meyer, It’s Not the Oxford Comma, It’s the Ambiguity, 8 H
L. R.: O R 25 (2017).
Jery Payne, Gluing Qualifiers with a Knife: Another Look at Why a List
Might Backfire, 19 S J. L W 143 (2020).
Kristen Konrad Robbins-Tiscione, e Inside Scoop: What Federal Judges
Really ink About the Way Lawyers Write, 8 L W 257
(2002).
Books
S V. A, T T J F. R,
T L W: A L’ G E
W E (4th ed. 2021).
R E. B, L W: A J’ P
S R W W (2020).
D E. B, A H L W: A
P R (5th ed. 2021).
D C M T-S, G, P-
S: A Q G L O
W (2013).
B D, D’ E: A U C G
C S (2019).
A E, L C O J F, J
W: G, P, S L
W (6th ed., Aspen Publ’g 2022).
L E E, T G W
H L (ABA 2011).
I G, A F S M L (2005).
B A. G, G’ D L U (3d ed.
2011).
B A. G, G L W: S
E S B A. G ().
B A. G, T E L S (2d ed. 2002).
LEGAL WRITING MECHANICS
189
B A. G, T R: A M L S (4th ed.,
West Academic 2018).
B A. G, T W B: T P
B T A C (2d ed. 2004) (tips 27
through 62).
R G, P M: H W L N’
T A (2d ed. 2014).
R G, P T: H W L W’
B J (2015).
T LC K M, G L W S (5th
ed. 2011).
J A M, T L’ E M (2009).
R A MK K R G P, C G
L (2011), https://coregrammarforlawyers.com/.
S J. O, W S L D: S
F B E (2011).
J N. R, L W: F F ().
U C, C M S (17th ed. 2017),
https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html.
B. Plain language
Since the early 1990s, most legal writing experts have advocated
for the use of “plain language” rather than legalese.
9
Plain language, also
referred to as plain English, is about more than vocabulary: “It involves
all the techniques for clear communication—planning the document,
designing it, organizing it, writing clear sentences, using plain words, and
testing the document whenever possible on typical readers.
10
Writing in
plain English helps readers better understand what they are reading, leads
to fewer questions about what they have read, and saves readers time and
money.
11
It would be difficult to include every plain language resource here
because of the large volume of work on plain language communication, so
this list focuses on the most authoritative works. is includes numerous
works by Professor Joe Kimble, a leading expert on plain language. While
9 Julie A. Baker, And the Winner Is: How Principles of Cognitive Science Resolve the Plain Language Debate, 80 UMKC L.
R. 287 (2011).
10 Joseph Kimble, Writing for Dollars, Writing to Please, 6 S J. L W 1, 3 (1997).
11 Id.
LEGAL COMMUNICATION & RHETORIC: JALWD / VOLUME 19 / 2022
190
there have been critiques of plain language,
12
this bibliography takes
the perspective that writing in plain language is essential to effective
communication.
In addition to the articles and books listed below, readers interested
in plain language may be interested in Clarity,
13
an international plain
language organization that publishes The Clarity Journal.
14
The Plain
Language Action and Information Network, a “working group of federal
employees from different agencies and specialties who support the use
of clear communication in government writing,” also provides extensive
resources on its website.
15
Finally, the Michigan Bar Journal publishes a
monthly Plain Language column that is “widely read outside Michigan”
16
and “the longest-running legal-writing column in any journal.”
17
Articles
Julie A. Baker, And the Winner Is: How Principles of Cognitive Science
Resolve the Plain Language Debate, 80 UMKC L. R. 287 (2011).
Joseph Kimble, A Curious Criticism of Plain Language, 13 L C.
R 181 (2016).
Joseph Kimble, Answering the Critics of Plain Language, 5 S J.
L W 51 (1995).
Joseph Kimble, How to Mangle Court Rules and Jury Instructions, 8
S J. L W 39 (2002).
Joseph Kimble, Lessons in Drafting from the New Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, 12 S J. L W 25 (2009).
Joseph Kimble, Plain English: A Charter for Clear Writing, 9 T.M.
C L. R. 1 (1992).
12 See, e.g., David Crump, Against Plain English: e Case for a Functional Approach to Legal Document Preparation, 33
R L.J. 713 (2002); Richard Hyland, A Defense of Legal Writing, 134 U. P. L. R. 599 (1986); Sofia Turfler, Language
Ideology and the Plain-Language Movement: How Straight-Talkers Sell Linguistic Myths, 12 L C. R 195
(2015).
13 C I, https://www.clarity-international.org/ (last visited May 25, 2022).
14 Available at https://www.clarity-international.org/clarity-journal/. e Clarity Journal “features the latest plain language
research, practical advice, before-and-after examples, success stories, campaign strategies and much more.”
15 Plain Language Action and Information Network, PL., https://www.plainlanguage.gov/ (last visited
May 25, 2022). ese resources include the Plain Writing Act of 2020, the Federal Plain Language Guidelines, and resources
for federal departments and agencies. See Law and Regulations, PL., https://www.plainlanguage.gov/
law/ (last visited May 25, 2022). e site also includes federal, state, and international style guidelines. Style Guides, P-
L., https://www.plainlanguage.gov/resources/guides/ (last visited May 25, 2022).
16 Bryan A. Garner, Bryan Garner touts the Michigan Bar Journal’s celebration of plain English, ABA J. (Oct. 1, 2021),
https://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/celebrating-plain-english-in-michigan.
17 Plain Language Column, S B M, https://www.michbar.org/generalinfo/plainenglish/home (last visited
Feb. 23, 2022).
LEGAL WRITING MECHANICS
191
Joseph Kimble, e Great Myth at Plain Language Is Not Precise, 7
S J. L W 109 (2000).
Joseph Kimble, e Straight Skinny on Better Judicial Opinions, 9 S
J. L W 1 (2004).
Joseph Kimble, Writing for Dollars, Writing to Please, 6 S J. L
W 1 (1997).
Mark K. Osbeck, What Is “Good Legal Writing” and Why Does it Matter?,
4 D L. R. 417 (2012).
Wayne Schiess, What Plain English Really Is, 9 S J. L
W 43 (2004).
Wayne Schiess, e Art of Consumer Drafting, 11 S J. L
W 1 (2007).
Wayne Schiess, Writing for Your Client, 12 S J. L W
123 (2009).
Books
M M. A, P L L 83 (4th ed. 2010).
P B, M L D: A G U C
L (Cambridge Univ. Press ed., 3d ed. 2013)
B A. G, L W P E (2d ed. 2013).
J K, L F L: E P
L (2006).
J K, S T L: M E P
L (2017).
J K, W D, W P: T
C P L B, G, L
(2012).
R J. M M B. S, L, L
R D P E (2005).
D M, T L L (1963).
W S, W L A (2d ed. 2014).
W S, P P L D
N ().
R W A S, P E L (6th
ed. 2019).
LEGAL COMMUNICATION & RHETORIC: JALWD / VOLUME 19 / 2022
192
C. Citation
Citation manuals
e legal profession loves rules, and citations are not immune from
our affection. The inaugural edition of The Bluebook was published
in 1926,
18
and it is now in its twenty-first edition. Law journals began
adopting e Bluebook in the 1930s, and it eventually became the citation
guide most widely used by academics and practitioners.
19
e Bluebook is
now marketed as the “definitive style guide for legal citation in the United
S t a t e s .”
20
e ALWD Guide, initially published in 2000, is another commonly
adopted citation manual.
21
e ALWD Guide focuses on citation forms
used by practitioners, and compared to e Bluebook, is recognized as a
more user-friendly and more easily taught citation manual.
22
Another, lesser-used alternative to e Bluebook is e Indigo Book,
which distinguishes itself from e Bluebook and other citation manuals
by being free of charge, making it a more easily accessible resource.
23
In
addition, because it is in the public domain, its creators hope that users
will copy it, distribute it, and improve on it.
24
The Universal Citation
Guide from the American Association of Law Libraries, on the other
hand, is not designed to compete with e Bluebook but to complement it
“by effectively bridging the gap between the current print-based citation
forms and the technology-based future of legal information.”
25
This bibliography does not include jurisdiction-,
26
court-,
27
and
journal-specific citation guides
28
because they are not widely adopted.
29
18 Susie Salmon, Shedding the Uniform: Beyond a “Uniform System of Citation” to a More Efficient Fit, 99 M. L. R.
763, 775 (2016).
19 Alex Glashausser, Citation and Representation, 55 V. L. R. 59, 62 (2002).
20 T B: A U S C (Columbia L. Review Ass’n et al. eds., 21st ed. ).
21 Salmon, supra note 18, at 784.
22 Id. at 777, 787.
23 T I B: A O C I U S C, Introduction,
https://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/blue/IndigoBook.html (last visited May 25, 2022).
24 Id.
25 A. A’ L, https://www.aallnet.org/resources-publications/publications/universal-citation-guide/ (last
visited May 11, 2022).
26 See, e.g., T L R, T R F: T G (14th ed. 2018).
27 See, e.g., S C U S O R D, T S C’
S G (Jack Metzler ed. 2016), https://budgetcounsel.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/supreme-courts-style-guide.pdf;
M S C O R D, M A O M (2017),
https://www.courts.michigan.gov/4a4a11/siteassets/publications/manuals/msc/miappopmanual.pdf.
28 See, e.g., T M: U C M L C (3d ed. 2019).
29 Interestingly, individual courts are taking the lead in promoting open access to the law, as they are among the first to
permit or require vendor-neutral citation. Coleen M. Barger, e Uncertain Status of Citation Reform: An Update for the
Undecided, 1 J. A. P. P 59, 89 (1999).
LEGAL WRITING MECHANICS
193
A A L L C C
F, U C G (3d ed. 2014).
T B: A U S C (Columbia L. Review
Ass’n et al. eds., 21st ed. 2020), also available online at legalbluebook.
com.
T I B: A O C I
U S C, https://law.resource.org/pub/us/
code/blue/IndigoBook.html.
C V. W, ALWD G L C (Wolters
Kluwer ed., 7th ed. 2021).
Select citation manual reviews
With e Bluebook’s popularity came “strident criticism,” dating back
to at least the 1940s.”
30
For example, one critic (hyperbolically) complained
that “[t]he operating principle of the Bluebook is that ‘NATURE
ABHORRETH A VACUUM,’ so the Bluebook has provided a way to cite
every single source since the invention of papyrus.”
31
Because there is such an extensive history of critique of citation
manuals, providing an exhaustive list of reviews would be challenging.
So, this list includes only select reviews, focusing in particular on foun-
dational and more recent reviews and reviews with a broader focus than
changes to the most recent edition at the time. In addition, it focuses
on reviews of e Bluebook and e ALWD Guide and does not include
reviews of other citation manuals. Finally, this list does not include study
guides on citation.
Bret D. Asbury & omas J.B. Cole, Why the Bluebook Matters: e
Virtues Judge Posner and Other Critics Overlook, 79 T. L. R. 95
(2012).
Stephen M. Darrow & Jonathan J. Darrow, Beating the Bluebook Blues: A
Response to Judge Posner, 109 M. L. R. F I 92
(2011).
Jennifer L. Cordle, ALWD Citation Manual: A Grammar Guide to the
Language of Legal Citation, 26 U. A. L R L. R. 573
(2004).
A. Darby Dickerson, An Un-Uniform System of Citation: Surviving with
the New Bluebook (Including Compendia of State and Federal Court
Rules Concerning Citation Form), 26 S L. R. 53 (1996).
30 Glashausser, supra note 19, at 63; Salmon, supra note 18, at 779.
31 James D. Gordon III, How Not to Succeed in Law School, 100 Y L.J. 1679, 1692 (1991).
LEGAL COMMUNICATION & RHETORIC: JALWD / VOLUME 19 / 2022
194
Christine Hurt, e Bluebook at Eighteen: Reflecting and Ratifying
Current Trends in Legal Scholarship, 82 I. L.J. 49 (2007).
M.H. Sam Jacobson, e ALWD Citation Manual: A Clear Improvement
Over the Bluebook, 3 J. A. P. P 139 (2001).
Alex Glashausser, Citation and Representation, 55 V. L. R. 59
(2002).
James W. Paulsen, An Uninformed System of Citation, 105 H. L. R.
1780 (1992).
Richard A. Posner, e Bluebook Blues, 120 Y L.J. 850 (2011).
Richard A. Posner, Goodbye to the Bluebook, 53 U. C. L. R. 1343
(1986).
Melissa H. Weresh, e ALWD Citation Manual: A Coup de Grace, 23 U.
A. L. R. 775 (2001).
David J.S. Ziff, e Worst System of Citation Except for All the Others, 66
J. L. E. 668 (2017).
Citation form and its impact
Legal citation has existed in some form since ancient Rome,
32
so it is
perhaps not surprising that practitioners, law students, and academics have
spent considerable energy focused on its importance and impact. Citations
are a critical component of legal analysis because they communicate to
the reader both how to find the authority that supports a legal argument
and the weight of that support.
33
Citations, therefore, serve as a crucial
connection between the legal argument and the basis for that argument.
34
As a result, scholarship in this area is about more than just form.
A significant amount of scholarship on citation addresses its broader
impact beyond its use in a particular legal document. For example,
traditional citation form impacts where legal researchers conduct their
research because it directs researchers to “traditional systems developed
for references to print sources.”
35
is, in turn, limits open access to the
law.
36
In addition, there are costs associated with conforming to uniform
citation codes, including time spent teaching citation format as well as
the time spent checking and revising citations.
37
ese costs, then, may
32 Salmon, supra note 18, at 772–73.
33 Alexa Z. Chew, Citation Literacy, 70 A. L. R. 869, 872–73 (2018).
34 Kris Franklin, “. . . . See Erie.”: Critical Study of Legal Authority, 31 U. A. L R L. R. 109, 111 (2008).
35 Barger, supra note 29, at 60.
36 See id. at 61.
37 Salmon, supra note 18, at 764–65.
LEGAL WRITING MECHANICS
195
contribute to exacerbating existing inequities in the legal system.
38
On the
other hand, citations can also be used as a tool to confront the failures of
the legal system and its legacy of slavery.
39
While citation is not just about the form of a citation itself, the form
of a citation is nevertheless important. Resources abound as to citation
form more generally as well as specific aspects of citation form such as the
use of signals, parentheticals, and quotations.
Scholars have spent considerable time debating the benefits of inline
citations versus the use of footnoted citations. While Bryan Garner
advocates for footnoted citations, most other legal writing experts
conclude that inline citations are preferable for the reader, and those
resources are included in a separate section below. is debate has been
addressed extensively in bar journals, particularly with respect to local
practices and issues. However, because bar journals are excluded from
this bibliography, those articles are not included here.
This bibliography excludes legal citation resources focused on
scholarly citation and scholarly citation counts as outside of the scope
of this bibliography. In addition, this bibliography excludes resources
that overlap with the concept of citation but which are not focused on
the citations themselves. is includes, for example, scholarship on the
weight of authority and the differences between unpublished and unre-
ported cases.
Articles on citation
Coleen M. Barger, e Uncertain Status of Citation Reform: An Update
for the Undecided, 1 J. A. P. P 59 (1999).
Kevin Bennardo & Alexa Z. Chew, Citation Stickiness, 20 J. A. P.
P 61 (2019).
Alexa Z. Chew, Citation Literacy, 70 A. L. R. 869 (2018).
Alexa Z. Chew, Stylish Legal Citation, A. L. R. 823 (2019).
Kris Franklin, “. . . . See Erie.”: Critical Study of Legal Authority, 31 U. A.
L R L. R. 109, 111 (2008).
Ian Gallacher, Cite Unseen: How Neutral Citation and America’s Law
Schools Can Cure Our Strange Devotion to Bibliographical Orthodoxy
and the Constriction of Open and Equal Access to the Law, 70 A. L.
R. 491 (2007).
38 Id.
39 Justin Simard, Citing Slavery, 72 S. L. R. 79 (2020); Rule 10.7.1(d), T B, supra note 20, at ; Who is
Citing Slavery, Z B, https://ziffblog.wordpress.com/2022/02/02/who-is-citing-slavery/ (Feb. 2, 2022).
LEGAL COMMUNICATION & RHETORIC: JALWD / VOLUME 19 / 2022
196
Christine Hurt, Network Effects and Legal Citation: How Antitrust eory
Predicts Who Will Build a Better Bluebook Mousetrap in the Age of
Electronic Mice, 87 I L. R. 1257 (2002).
Jack Metzler, Cleaning Up Quotations, 18 J. A. P. P 143
(2018).
Michael D. Murray, For the Love of Parentheticals: e Story of Paren-
thetical Usage in Synthesis, Rhetoric, Economics, and Narrative
Reasoning, 38 U. D L. R. 175 (2012).
Michael D. Murray, e Promise of Parentheticals: An Empirical Study
of the Use of Parentheticals in Federal Appellate Briefs, 10 L
C. R 229 (2013).
Ira P. Robbins, Semiotics, Analogical Legal Reasoning, and the Cf.
Citation: Getting Our Signals Uncrossed, 48 D L.J. 1043 (1999).
Susie Salmon, Shedding the Uniform: Beyond a “Uniform System of
Citation” to a More Efficient Fit, 99 M. L. R. 763 (2016).
Justin Simard, Citing Slavery, S. L. R. 79 (2020).
Eric P. Voigt, Explanatory Parentheticals Can Pack a Persuasive Punch,
45 MG L. R. 269 (2013).
James H. Wyman, Freeing the Law: Case Reporter Copyright and the
Universal Citation System, 24 F. S. U. L. R. 217 (1996).
Articles on inline citations versus footnoted citations
Edward R. Becker, In Praise of Footnotes, 74 W. U. L.Q. 1 (1996).
Bryan A. Garner, e Citational Footnote, 7 S J. L W
97 (2000).
Joan Ames Magat, Bottomheavy: Legal Footnotes, 60 J. L E. 65
(2010).
Peter M. Mansfield, Citational Footnotes: Should Garner Win the Battle
Against the In-Line Tradition?, 19 A. A. L.J. 163 (2020).
Wayne Schiess & Elana Einhorn, Bouncing and E-Bouncing: e End of
the Citational Footnote?, 26 A. A. 409 (2014).
