NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD AN OUTLINE OF LAW

NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

AN OUTLINE OF LAW AND PROCEDURE IN

REPRESENTATION CASES

N.L.R.B.

AN OUTLINE

OF LAW AND

PROCEDURE IN

REPRESENTATION

CASES

NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD

AN OUTLINE OF LAW AND PROCEDURE IN

REPRESENTATION CASES

OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL

June 2017

Preface

We are very pleased to again provide Agency staff and the labor-management

community with this updated edition of “An Outline of Law and Procedure in

Representation Cases.” This Outline was originally issued in the early 1960s and was

the work of then Assistant General Counsel Elihu Platt. Former Deputy General

Counsel John Higgins graciously volunteered to update the text and did so on multiple

occasions from 1992 through 2012. We are very fortunate to have Terry Schoone-

Jongen assume this significant responsibility. In this new edition, Mr. Schoone-Jongen

primarily revised the text to include relevant cases that issued between 2012 and 2017,

included amendments to the Board’s election procedures, engaged in significant editing,

and reorganized and expanded/condensed many sections.

This Outline remains a very important research tool. During my early tenure at

the Board and during my subsequent practice as well as my current tenure as General

Counsel, I have referred to this definitive work often.

My sincere thanks to Terry Schoone-Jongen for his tireless efforts at fine-

tuning an excellent resource that inures to the benefit of all. I also want to thank former

Acting Director of the Office of Representation Appeals Beverly Oyama, Assistant Chief

Counsel Jeff Barham, and Attorney Steven Goldstein, for reviewing and providing

critical input, as well as Christina Avent-Brown and Jalissa Nugent for editing the

Outline and the dedicated employees at the Agency who offered suggestions for

improvement.

Richard F. Griffin, Jr.

General Counsel

EDITOR'S NOTE

It is my distinct pleasure to present this update and revision to the Outline.

This text is now well over 50 years old; for more than 20 of those years

John E. Higgins, Jr., served as the editor, even into his retirement. I am honored

that he has asked me to assume this role, and I am thankful to General Counsel

Richard F. Griffin, Jr., and to Deputy General Counsel Jennifer Abruzzo for

approving this editorial change.

The Outline was last updated in 2012. The intervening 5 years have been

an unusually active time in terms of Representation case developments: many

lead cases have issued, containing significant modifications and clarifications to

numerous areas of Board law; decisions of the Recess-era Board were

invalidated by the Supreme Court’s Noel Canning decision; and the Board has

finalized and implemented amendments to its election procedures.

In keeping with these developments, I have revised the text to include

relevant Board and Court cases through early June 2017. Further, several

chapters have been heavily revised to reflect the amendments to the Board’s

election procedures. In addition, I have revised, reorganized, and expanded or

condensed many individual sections of the Outline. These revisions are too

numerous to summarize here, but of particular note the discussion of supervisory

status in Chapter 17 has been significantly reorganized and expanded, and much

of Chapter 24 has been substantially reorganized. Beyond these substantive

revisions, I have converted most “supra” citations to full citations, and I have also

provided pincites for many citations (if a citation lacks a pincite, this is because

the cited material is easily located without one—i.e., it appears on the first page

of the decision, or else the entire decision deals with the cited material).

This update omits Two Member and Recess Board cases, unless they

have been specifically incorporated by reference in decisions issued by a

properly-constituted Board. Cases that have not been incorporated by reference

may still be of interest to the reader, but in revising the Outline I have adhered to

an editorial policy of limiting the text’s discussion to binding Board precedent. In

keeping with this policy, I have removed some material that dealt with peripheral

matters (e.g., references to grants of review that never yielded a final decision,

proposed rulemaking that has not resulted in a final rule, etc.). For this same

reason, the Outline continues to cite only published cases. It is, however, worth

noting that since 2011, the Board’s website provides access to unpublished

decisions, many of which may be of interest to the Representation case

researcher.

As this Outline is now published online in electronic form, future updates

may be more frequent than in the past. In addition, I have (like John Higgins

before me) taken on the task of preparing a yearly paper summarizing

development in “R” Case law for the Midwinter Meetings of the NLRB Practice

and Procedure and Development of the Law Under the NLRA Committees of the

American Bar Association’s Section of Labor and Employment Law. Historically,

these papers use the Outline’s classification system, and these papers may

continue to be included on the Agency’s website as a supplement to this text in

the event the text itself cannot be expeditiously revised to include yearly

developments.

Once again, I am grateful to John Higgins for the many years he spent

editing this important text, and for suggesting that I should succeed him in this

capacity. I am most grateful to General Counsel Griffin and Deputy General

Counsel Abruzzo for approving this suggestion. I would also like to thank Beverly

Oyama, former Acting Director of the Office of Representation Appeals, for

reviewing and providing input on several chapters; Jeff Barham, Assistant Chief

Counsel, and Steven Goldstein, Attorney, both on the staff of Member Mark

Gaston Pearce, for providing suggested revisions concerning the 2014

amendments to the Board’s election procedures; and the various Agency

employees who offered informal suggestions for improvements. Special thanks

also to Christina Avent-Brown and Jalissa Nugent for handling the editorial

process.

Terence G. Schoone-Jongen

Assistant Chief Counsel

Office of Representation Appeals

June 2017

TABLE OF

CONTENTS

1. Jurisdiction

.................................................................................................................................................................. 1

1-100 Jurisdiction Generally .........................................................................................................................................

1-200 The Jurisdictional Standards

............................................................................................................... 2

1-201 Nonretail

................................................................................................................................................ 2

1-202 Retail

....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

1-203 Instrumentalities, Links, and Channels of Interstate

Commerce ....................................................... 4

1-204 National Defense/Federal Funds .............................................................................................................................................

1-205 Plenary Jurisdiction

............................................................................................................................. 5

1-206 Territories

............................................................................................................................................. 5

1-207 Labor Organizations .......................................................................................................................

1-208 Multiemployer Groups and Joint

Employers

...................................................................................

1-209 Enterprises Falling Under Several

Standards

..................................................................................

1-210 Postal Service Employees ..............................................................................................................

1-211 Jurisdiction in an 8(a)(4)

Situation

.................................................................................................

1-212 Secondary

Boycotts

........................................................................................................................

1-213 Indian Tribes ..................................................................................................................................

1-300 Miscellaneous Categories in Which Jurisdiction was

Asserted

.......................................................

1-301 Architects .......................................................................................................................................

1-302 Amusement Industry ......................................................................................................................

1-303 Apartment

Houses

..........................................................................................................................

1-304 Art Museums, Cultural Centers, and

Libraries

................................................................................

1-305 Bandleaders ..................................................................................................................................

1-306 Cemeteries ...................................................................................................................................

1-307 Colleges, Universities, and Other Private

Schools

........................................................................

1-308 Communication

Systems

..............................................................................................................

1-309 Condominiums and

Cooperatives

................................................................................................

1-310 Credit Unions ...............................................................................................................................

1-311 Day Care Centers .........................................................................................................................

1-312 Financial-Information Organizations and Accounting

Firms

........................................................

1-313 Gaming ........................................................................................................................................

1-314 Government Contractors ..............................................................................................................

1-315 Health Care

Institutions

................................................................................................................

1-316 Hotels and

Motels

........................................................................................................................

1-317 Law Firms and Legal Service

Corporations

..................................................................................

1-318 Newspapers

..................................................................................................................................

1-319 Nonprofit Charitable

Institutions

.................................................................................................

1-320 Office Buildings

...........................................................................................................................

1-321 Private

Clubs

................................................................................................................................

1-322 Professional

Sports

.........................................................................................................................15

1-323 Public Utilities ...............................................................................................................................

1-324 Restaurants

.....................................................................................................................................16

1-325 Shopping Centers

.......................................................................................................................

1-326 Social Services Organizations ........................................................................................................

1-327 Stock Brokerage Firms ..................................................................................................................

1-328 Symphony Orchestras ..................................................................................................................

1-329 Taxicabs

.....................................................................................................................................

1-330 Transit Systems

.............................................................................................................................

1-400 Jurisdiction Declined for Statutory Reasons .................................................................................

1-401 State or Political Subdivision

.........................................................................................................

1-402 Employers Subject to the Railway Labor Act ...............................................................................

1-403 Religious

Schools

.........................................................................................................................

1-500 Jurisdiction Declined for Policy Considerations

...........................................................................

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1-501 Foreign Flag Ships, Foreign Nationals, and Related Situations

................................................... 23

1-502 Horseracing and Dogracing .......................................................................................................... 24

1-503 Religious

Organizations

.............................................................................................................. 24

1-504 National

Security

.......................................................................................................................... 25

1-600 Rules of Application ................................................................................................................... 25

1-601 Advisory Opinions ....................................................................................................................... 25

1-602 Declaratory

Orders ...............................................................................................................................................................................................

1-603 Tropicana Rule ............................................................................................................................ 26

1-604 Totality of Operations ......................................................................................................................................................26

1-605 Integrated

Operations

................................................................................................................... 27

1-606 Computation of Jurisdictional Amount ........................................................................................ 27

1-607 Relitigation of

Jurisdiction

........................................................................................................... 27

2. Regional Directors’ Decisionmaking Authority in Representation

Cases .........................................

2-100 Statutory and Administrative Delegation

......................................................................................................................

2-200 Scope of

Authority ......................................................................................................................................................................

2-300 Other Specific Powers Under the Delegation . ............................................................................. 31

2-400 Finality of Decisions . .................................................................................................................. 32

2-500 Board Review .............................................................................................................................. 33

3. Initial Representation Case Procedures ............................................................................................. 35

3-100 Filing of Petition and Notification ............................................................................................... 35

3-200 Submission of Showing of Interest .............................................................................................. 36

3-300 Information Requested of Parties ................................................................................................. 36

3-400 Preliminary Investigation ............................................................................................................ 36

3-500 Dismissal or Withdrawal of Petition ............................................................................................ 37

3-600 Amendments to Petition ............................................................................................................... 37

3-700 Election Agreements .................................................................................................................... 37

3-800 Notice of Hearing and Preelection

Hearings

................................................................................ 38

3-810 Statement of Position .................................................................................................................. 38

3-820 Nature and Objective of the Preelection Hearing ......................................................................... 39

3-830 Hearing Officer’s

Responsibilities

............................................................................................... 40

3-840 Intervention

................................................................................................................................. 40

3-850 Conduct of

Hearing

...................................................................................................................... 40

3-860 Hearing Officer’s Analysis .......................................................................................................... 41

3-870 Briefs ............................................................................................................................................ 41

3-880 Posthearing Matters Prior to Decision .......................................................................................... 42

3-890 Regional Director’s or Board Decision and Request for

Review

................................................. 42

3-900 Review of Representation Decisions ............................................................................................ 43

3-910 Judicial Review—Generally......................................................................................................... 43

3-911 Review by Employers .................................................................................................................. 44

3-912 Review by Unions

........................................................................................................................ 44

3-920 Litigation of Unfair Labor Practice Issues in Representation Cases ............................................ 44

3-930 Effect of Violence on a Board

Certification

................................................................................. 45

3-940 Relitigation ................................................................................................................................... 45

3-950 Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies ..................................................................................... 45

4. Types of Petitions ................................................................................................................................. 47

4-100 Representation Petition Seeking Certification

(RC)

..................................................................... 47

4-200 Decertification Petition (RD) ....................................................................................................... 47

4-300 Employer Petition

(RM)

............................................................................................................... 47

4-400 Union-Security Deauthorization Petition

(UD)

............................................................................ 47

4-500 Petition for Clarification (UC) ..................................................................................................... 48

4-600 Petition for Amendment of Certification (AC) ............................................................................ 48

4-700 Expedited

Elections—Section 8(b)(7)(C)

..................................................................................... 48

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

5. Showing of

Interest

............................................................................................................................... 49

5-100 Timeliness of Submission of a Showing of

Interest

..................................................................... 49

5-200 Nature of Evidence of Interest ..................................................................................................... 50

5-210 Construction Industry . ................................................................................................................. 50

5-300 Designee ...................................................................................................................................... 51

5-400 Validity of Designations ............................................................................................................... 51

5-500 Currency and Dating of Designations .......................................................................................... 52

5-600 Quantitative Sufficiency .............................................................................................................. 53

5-610 No Showing of Interest in 8(b)(7)(C)

Cases

................................................................................. 54

5-620 A Specific 30-Percent Requirement in UD

Cases

........................................................................ 54

5-630 Employer Petitions

...................................................................................................................... 54

5-640 Showing of Interest for Intervention ............................................................................................ 54

5-700 Relation to Bargaining Unit ......................................................................................................... 55

5-800 Date for

Computation

................................................................................................................... 55

5-900 Investigations of Showing of Interest ........................................................................................... 56

6. Qualification of

Representative

........................................................................................................... 59

6-100 The Statutory Definition of Labor

Organization

.......................................................................... 59

6-110 Application of the Statutory

Definition

........................................................................................ 59

6-120 Impact of Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 . ...................................... 60

6-130 Public Policy Considerations ....................................................................................................... 61

6-200 Statutory Limitation as to

“Guards”

............................................................................................. 61

6-300 Administrative Policy

Considerations

.......................................................................................... 63

6-310 A Union’s Constitution and

Bylaws

............................................................................................. 63

6-320 Trusteeship

................................................................................................................................... 64

6-330 Employer Assistance or Domination and Supervisory

Involvement

............................................ 64

6-340 Nature of

Representation

.............................................................................................................. 65

6-350 The Union as a Business Rival (Conflict of

Interest)

................................................................... 65

6-360 The Union as an

Employer

........................................................................................................... 67

6-370 Joint Petitioners ............................................................................................................................ 67

6-380 Effect of Union Violence ............................................................................................................. 67

7. Existence of a Representation

Question

.............................................................................................. 69

7-100 General

Rules

............................................................................................................................... 69

7-110 Prerequisite for Finding a Question Concerning Representation ................................................. 69

7-120 The General Box

Rule

.................................................................................................................. 69

7-130 The Effect of Private Dispute Resolution

Mechanisms

................................................................ 70

7-131 Grievances and Arbitration .......................................................................................................... 70

7-133 No-Raid

Agreements

.................................................................................................................... 72

7-140 Ability to Determine Unit as Affecting Representation

Question

................................................ 72

7-150 Statutory Exemption Under Section 8(b)(7)(C) of the Act—Expedited Elections ....................... 72

7-200 Rules Affecting Employer

Petitions

............................................................................................. 73

7-210 Union Claims or

Conduct

............................................................................................................. 73

7-220 RM Petitions/ Incumbent Unions ................................................................................................ 74

7-230 Accretions .................................................................................................................................... 75

7-240 Changes in

Affiliation

.................................................................................................................. 76

7-250 Employer Waiver ......................................................................................................................... 76

7-300 Rules Affecting Decertification

Petitions

..................................................................................... 76

7-310 Who May File a Decertification Petition ...................................................................................... 76

7-320 The Unit in Which the Decertification Election Is Held .............................................................. 77

7-330 Categories Which may not be Included in the Unit in a Decertification

Election

........................ 78

7-340 Certification not a Prerequisite ..................................................................................................... 78

7-400 Effect of Delay and Turnover ...................................................................................................... 78

TABLE OF CONTENTS

8. Disclaimer of Interest and Withdrawal of

Petition ...............................................................................

8-100 Disclaimer

.................................................................................................................................... 81

8-200 Withdrawal ................................................................................................................................... 83

8-300 Effect of Disclaimer or Withdrawal ............................................................................................. 84

9. Contract Bar ......................................................................................................................................... 85

9-100 Adequacy of Contract .................................................................................................................. 85

9-110 Written

Contract

........................................................................................................................... 85

9-120 Signatures of the

Parties

............................................................................................................... 86

9-130 Substantial Terms and

Conditions

................................................................................................ 87

9-140 Coverage ...................................................................................................................................... 88

9-150 Appropriate Unit .......................................................................................................................... 88

9-160 “Members Only” .......................................................................................................................... 89

9-170 Master

Agreement

........................................................................................................................ 89

9-180 Prior

Ratification

.......................................................................................................................... 90

9-200 Changed Circumstances Within the Contract

Term

..................................................................... 90

9-210 Change in the Size of the Unit ..................................................................................................... 90

9-211 Prehire

Contracts

.......................................................................................................................... 90

9-212 The Yardsticks . ............................................................................................................................ 91

9-220 Change in the Nature of the Unit ................................................................................................. 91

9-221 Merger ......................................................................................................................................... 91

9-222 Shutdown...................................................................................................................................... 92

9-223 Relocation .................................................................................................................................... 92

9-224 Assumption of Contract ............................................................................................................... 93

9-300 Duration of Contract .................................................................................................................... 94

9-310 Fixed-Term Contracts .................................................................................................................................... 94

9-320 Contracts With no Fixed

Term

..................................................................................................... 95

9-321 Indefinite

Duration

....................................................................................................................... 95

9-322 Terminable at Will ....................................................................................................................... 95

9-323 Temporary

Agreements

................................................................................................................ 96

9-324 Extensions ................................................................................................................................. ..96

9-400 Representative Status of Contracting Union ................................................................................ 96

9-410 Schism . ......................................................................................................................................... 96

9-411 Basic Intraunion Conflict ............................................................................................................ 97

9-412 Opportunity at a Meeting ............................................................................................................ .98

9-413 Reasonable

Time

.......................................................................................................................... 98

9-414 Other Schism Issues ..................................................................................................................... 98

9-420 Defunctness and

Disclaimer

......................................................................................................... 98

9-500 Effect of Contract on Rival Claims or

Petitions

......................................................................... 100

9-510 Time of Filing of Petition . .......................................................................................................... 100

9-520 Amendment of Petition .............................................................................................................. 101

9-530 “Substantial Claim” Rule ........................................................................................................... 101

9-540 The “Insulated

Period”

............................................................................................................... 102

9-550 The Period for Filing . ................................................................................................................. 103

9-560 The Impact of Bargaining History on Rival Petitions ................................................................ 104

9-570 Automatic Renewal Provisions .................................................................................................. 104

9-580 The “Premature Extension”

Doctrine

......................................................................................... 105

9-600 Private Agreements

.................................................................................................................... 106

9-610 Agreements not to Represent Certain

Employees

...................................................................... 106

9-620 “Neutrality” Agreements . .......................................................................................................... 107

9-700 Unlawful Union-Security and Checkoff

Provisions

................................................................... 108

9-710 Union-Security Provisions ......................................................................................................... 108

9-720 Checkoff Provisions

................................................................................................................... 110

9-800 Racial and Gender Based Discrimination in Contracts .............................................................. 110

9-900 Contracts Proscribed by Section 8(e) ......................................................................................... 111

TABLE OF CONTENTS

9-1000 Special Statutory Provisions as to Prehire

Agreements

............................................................ 111

10. Prior Determinations and Other Bars to an

Election

.......................................................................

115

10-100 Effect of Prior Election . ........................................................................................................... 115

10-110 Board

Elections

........................................................................................................................ 115

10-120 Comity to State

Elections

......................................................................................................... 116

10-200 The 1-Year Certification

Rule

.................................................................................................. 117

10-210 Application of the 1-Year Certification Rule ............................................................................. 118

10-220 Exceptions to the Rule ............................................................................................................. 118

10-221 The Mar-Jac Exception ........................................................................................................... 118

10-222 The Ludlow Exception ............................................................................................................. 120

10-300 Settlement Agreement as a Bar ................................................................................................ 120

10-400 Court Decree as a Bar .............................................................................................................. 121

10-500 Recognition Bar and Successor Bar ........................................................................................ 121

10-600 Expanding Unit ........................................................................................................................ 122

10-700 Contracting Units and Cessation of Operations . ...................................................................... 123

10-800 Blocking Charges (CHM sec. 11730) ...................................................................................... 124

10-900 Special

Situations

..................................................................................................................... 126

10-1000 Reasonable Period of Time .................................................................................................... 127

11. Amendment, Clarification, and Deauthorization Petitions, Final Offer Elections and

Wage Hour

Certifications .......................................................................................................

129

11-100 Amendment of Certification (AC) ........................................................................................... 129

11-200 Unit Clarification (UC) Generally ........................................................................................... 130

11-210 Timing of UC

Petition

.............................................................................................................. 132

11-220 Accretion v. Question Concerning Representation .................................................................. 133

11-300 Deauthorization Petition (UD) ................................................................................................. 135

11-400 Final Offer Elections (CHM sec. 11520) ................................................................................. 136

11-500 Certificate of Representative Under FLSA (CHM sec. 11540) ............................................... 136

11-600 Revocation of

Certification

...................................................................................................... 136

12. Appropriate Unit: General Principles .......................................................................................................................................... 139

12-100 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 139

12-110 Professional Employees ........................................................................................................... 140

12-120 Craft Units .........................................................................................................................140

12-130 Plant

Guards

............................................................................................................................. 141

12-140 Extent of

Organization

............................................................................................................. 141

12-200 General Principles . .................................................................................................................. 141

12-210 Community of Interest ............................................................................................................. 142

12-220 History of Collective Bargaining ............................................................................................. 145

12-221 Election Stipulation ................................................................................................................. 145

12-222 Bargaining History Contrary to Board

Policy

.......................................................................... 146

12-223 Ineffective Bargaining

History

................................................................................................. 146

12-224 Oral

Contract

............................................................................................................................ 146

12-225 Bargaining History of Other

Employees

.................................................................................. 146

12-226 Significant Changes ................................................................................................................. 146

12-227 Checkered Bargaining

History

................................................................................................. 147

12-228 Deviation From Prior Unit Determination ............................................................................... 147

12-229 Other

Exceptions

..................................................................................................................... 147

12-230 Specific Unit Rules .................................................................................................................. 148

12-231 Size of Unit .............................................................................................................................. 148

12-232 Mode and/or Rate of

Payment

.................................................................................................. 148

12-233

Age

........................................................................................................................................... 149

12-234 Sex ........................................................................................................................................... 149

12-235 Race ......................................................................................................................................... 149

12-236 Union Membership .................................................................................................................. 150

TABLE OF CONTENTS

12-237 Territorial Jurisdiction .............................................................................................................. 150

12-238 Work Jurisdiction ..................................................................................................................... 150

12-239 Employees’

Desires

.................................................................................................................. 151

12-300 Extent of

Organization

............................................................................................................. 151

12-400 Residual Units .......................................................................................................................... 152

12-410 Residual Units in the Health Care

Industry

.............................................................................. 153

12-420 One Person Residual Units ...................................................................................................... 153

12-500 Accretions to Existing Units .................................................................................................... 153

12-510 Interchange ............................................................................................................................... 155

12-520 Supervision and Conditions of

Employment

............................................................................ 155

12-530 Job Classification .................................................................................................................... 155

12-540 Integration of Units .................................................................................................................. 156

12-550 Geographic Proximity .............................................................................................................. 156

12-560 Role of New

Employees

........................................................................................................... 156

12-570 Community of Interest ............................................................................................................. 156

12-580 Bargaining

History

................................................................................................................... 157

12-590 Skills and

Education

................................................................................................................. 157

12-600 Relocations, Spinoffs, and Accretions ..................................................................................... 158

13. Multilocation

Employers ......................................................................................................................

159

13-100 Central Control of Labor

Relations

.......................................................................................... 161

13-200 Local Autonomy ...................................................................................................................... 161

13-300 Interchange of

Employees

........................................................................................................ 161

13-400 Similarity of Skills ................................................................................................................... 162

13-500 Conditions of Employment ...................................................................................................... 162

13-600 Supervision .............................................................................................................................. 163

13-700 Geographical Separation .......................................................................................................... 163

13-800 Plant Integration and Product Integration ................................................................................ 163

13-900 Bargaining

History

................................................................................................................... 164

13-1000 Extent of

Organization

........................................................................................................... 165

13-1100 Health Care ............................................................................................................................ 166

14. Multiemployer, Single Employer, and Joint Employer

Units

..........................................................

167

14-100 Multiemployer Units ................................................................................................................ 167

14-200 The General Rule ..................................................................................................................... 168

14-300 Exceptions to the General

Rule

................................................................................................ 170

14-310 Agreement of the

Parties

.......................................................................................................... 170

14-320 Tainted Bargaining

History

...................................................................................................... 170

14-330 Inconclusive Bargaining

History

.............................................................................................. 170

14-340 Employees in Different

See also section 23-510.

24-310 The Peerless Ru

378-2100

378-4242

378-8420

378-8480

a. S

peec

The Peerless Plywood rule, applicable to employers and unions alike, forbids election

speeches on company time to massed assemblies of employees within 24 hours before the

scheduled time for an election. Violation of this prohibition is a ground for setting aside the

election whenever valid objections are filed. Peerless Plywood Co., 107 NLRB 427, 429 (1954).

“Such a speech,” said the Board in its rationale, “because of its timing, tends to create a mass

358

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

psychology which overrides arguments made through other campaign media and gives an unfair

advantage to the party, whether employer or union, who in this manner obtains the last most

telling word.” Id. The Board noted that prescribing this type of time limitation paralleled its

prescription on space limitations under its electioneering rules. Id. at 430; see also section 24-440.

Where an election extends over 2 days, with employees voting at separate sites, the rule

requires only that no speeches be given on company time to massed assemblies of employees

who are scheduled to vote within 24 hours. Thus, where there was no evidence of any speech

made to employees at one site within 24 hours of the scheduled polling time for the

employees at that site, the election was upheld. Shop Rite Foods, Inc., 195 NLRB 133 (1972);

see also Dixie Drive-It-Yourself System Nashville Co., 120 NLRB 1608 (1958).

The Peerless Plywood rule does not, however, “prohibit every minor conversation between a

few employees and a union agent or supervisor for a 24-hour before an election.” Business

Aviation, Inc., 202 NLRB 1025 (1973). Thus, the Board did not set an election aside based on a

casual solicitation of three employees, only one of whom was eligible to vote, the night before the

election by a union agent, observing that this conduct could not be characterized as a “speech” to

a “massed assembly of employees.” Id. See also Electro Wire Products, Inc., 242 NLRB 960

(1979) (employer president speaking individually to each employee on the morning of the

election asking them to vote “no” did not violate Peerless Plywood); Associated Milk Producers,

237 NLRB 879 (1978) (same, with respect to plant manager initiating conversations); Comcast

Cablevision of New Haven, 325 NLRB 833, 838 (1998) (brief remarks by union to employees

as they entered and left facility did not violate rule).

This rule forbids mandatory speeches, whether coercive or not, on company time and

property during the 24-hour period. See, e.g., Excelsior Laundry Co., 186 NLRB 914, 915 fn. 4

(1970). It does not “prohibit an employer from making (without granting the union an opportunity

to reply) campaign speeches on company time prior to the 24-hour period, provided, of course,

such speeches are not otherwise violative of Section 8(a)(1).” Peerless Plywood Co., 107 NLRB

427, 430 (1954). It also does not prohibit employers and unions from making campaign speeches

on or off company premises during the 24-hour period “if employee attendance is voluntary and

on the employees’ own time.” Id.; see also Nebraska Consolidated Mills, Inc., 165 NLRB 639

(1967) (union speech not objectionable where started on employees’ time, was voluntary,

extemporaneous, and ran over into company time for no more than about 5 minutes). The rule

does not interfere with the rights of unions and employers to circulate campaign literature on

or off the premises at any time prior to an election. See General Electric Co., 161 NLRB 618

(1966); Andel Jewelry Corp., 326 NLRB 507 (1998); see also Virginia Concrete Corp.,

338

NLRB 1182, 1187 (2003) (analogizing text message sent to drivers in their trucks within 24 hours

of election to campaign literature)

. Nor does it prohibit the use of any other legitimate campaign

propaganda or media. See, e.g., Conroe Creosoting Co., 149 NLRB 1174, 1182 (1964) (rule does

not prohibit distribution of propaganda with paychecks immediately before the election);

American Medical Response, 339 NLRB 23, 23 fn. 1 (2003) (affixing prounion poster on election

day to tree on employer property not visible from polling room did not violate rule).

The rule can, however, be violated by the use of sound trucks, broadcasting short messages or

union songs to employees during a change in shifts. U.S. Gypsum Co., 115 NLRB 734, 735

(1956); see also Purolite, 330 NLRB 37, 39–40 (1999), overruling Bro-Tech Corp., 315 NLRB

1014 (1994).

The Peerless Plywood rule is not limited to a “formal speech in the usual sense,” but is

designed to bar, for example, a question and answer session. Montgomery Ward & Co., 124

NLRB 343, 344 (1959). “Massed assemblies,” as used in Peerless Plywood, is not to be construed

as limited to all or most of the unit employees, or to any certain percentage of them, or to an

assemblage of such employees whose votes would be sufficient in number to affect the outcome

of the election. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 111 NLRB 623, 625–626 (1955); see also

Honeywell, Inc., 162 NLRB 323, 325 (1967) (fact only one section of the employees was

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

involved, or that relatively small percentage of employees constituted the “captive audience,” did

not warrant exception to rule). Compare Business Aviation Inc., 202 NLRB 1025 (1973) (casual

solicitation of 3 employees, only 1 of them an eligible voter, was not “speech” to “massed

employees”).

A meeting ostensibly called for another reason, but in which the party nevertheless engages in

campaign speeches, violates the Peerless Plywood rule. See Mallory Capacitator Co., 167 NLRB

647 (1967) (speech opposing union delivered at meeting called to advise employees election

would not be postponed as communicated in earlier letter).

As noted earlier (see section 24-245), in Showell Poultry Co., 105 NLRB 580 (1953), the

Board declined to set an election aside based on an allegedly coercive speech in which the

employer urged employees to vote against both unions, but one union won decisively (with the

other filing an objection based on the speech). The Board has applied this rationale to find that

employer meetings held within 24 hours of the election that were anti-petitioner in tone did not

warrant setting the election aside where the petitioner nevertheless won the election (and the

intervenor, which filed the objection, was not the target of the employer’s speech), commenting

that invalidating the election in such circumstances would invite “collusion in future cases” by

suggesting that an employer that favors one competing union whose chances “do not appear to be

bright” could secure that union “a second opportunity to woo voters” by deliberately violating the

Peerless Plywood rule. Packerland Packing Co., 185 NLRB 653 (1970).

b. Peerless and mail-ballot

electi

ons

Where an election is conducted by mail, the Regional Director must give all parties 24 hours’

notice of the date when the ballots are to be mailed. The Board’s prior practice in this area was

that the parties were prohibited from making speeches on company time to massed assemblies

from the time and date the ballots are scheduled to be sent out by the region until the time and

date set for their return. Oregon Washington Telephone Co., 123 NLRB 339, 341 (1959); see

also Interstate Hosts, Inc., 130 NLRB 1614, 1622 (1961).

In Guardsmark, LLC, 363 NLRB No. 103 (2016), however, the Board overruled Oregon

Washington Telephone and held that such speeches are prohibited within 24 hours of the mailing

of the ballots, reasoning that this rule was more closely aligned with the application of Peerless

Plywood to manual elections

The presence of the time and date of the mailing of ballots in a stipulated election agreement will

defeat a claim that speeches given after the mailing should nevertheless be excused because the parties

were not informed of the time and date of mailing. See American Red Cross Blood Services, 322

NLRB 401 (1996).

24-311 Paycheck Changes and the Kalin Rule

378-2872

In Kalin Construction Co., 321 NLRB 649, 651–653 (1996), the Board, drawing in large part

on the Peerless Plywood rule, held that four enumerated changes in the paycheck process are also

prohibited within 24 hours of the election. In doing so, the Board distinguished a paycheck from

the distribution of campaign literature which, as noted above, is permissible under the Peerless

Plywood rule. See id. at 652. See also United Cerebral Palsy Assn. of Niagara County, 327 NLRB

40 (1998).

The Board found Kalin inapposite where the complained-of conduct was an election day party

free of any electioneering. See Chicagoland Television News, Inc., 328 NLRB 367, 368 (1999).

Legitimate business considerations may be a defense to a Kalin objection. See, e.g., Tinius

Olsen Testing Machine Co., 329 NLRB 351 (1999) (including retroactive pay increase as required

by collective-bargaining agreement had legitimate business reason). Compare Fred Meyer Stores,

355 NLRB 541, 543 (2010), in which the Board declined to find a Kalin violation based on

paycheck deductions made on election day, but nevertheless found that because the deductions

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

were unusual, substantial, unexplained at the time, and may well have affected employee

sentiment, “‘requisite laboratory conditions’ were so disturbed” that the election had to be set

aside.

24-312 Videotaping

378-4263

a. Employer taping

Absent proper justification, photographing or videotaping employees as they engage in

protected concerted activity violates Section 8(a)(1) of the Act. F. W. Woolworth Co., 310 NLRB

1197, 1197 (1993); Saia Motor Freight Line, 333 NLRB 784, 784–785 (2001). It also constitutes

objectionable conduct. Mercy General Hospital, 334 NLRB 100, 104–105 (2001). These rules

apply not only where footage is shot with a handheld camera, but also where the videotape is

created with a rotatable security camera purposefully directed at protected concerted activity.

See, e.g., Mercy General Hospital, 334 NLRB 100 (2001); U.S. Ecology Corp., 331 NLRB 223,

233–235 (2000). At the same time, the Board “recognize[s] that an employer has the right to

maintain security measures necessary to the furtherance of legitimate business during the course

of union activity.” National Steel & Shipbuilding Co., 324 NLRB 499, 501 (1997), enfd. 156

F.3d 1268 (D.C. Cir. 1998). Thus, it is neither unlawful nor objectionable when a rotatable

security camera, operating in its customary manner, happens to record protected concerted

activity on videotape. Cf. Mercy General Hospital, 334 NLRB 100, 105 (2001) (finding no

justification for videotaping where direction security camera was pointing “did not result from the

established way in which the camera was operating”); Frontier Hotel & Casino, 323 NLRB

815, 837 (1997) (finding no justification for videotaping where security camera focused on

union activity and did not rotate to scan parking lot “as was customarily the case”).

In Saia Motor Freight Line, 333 NLRB 784 (2001), an unfair labor practice case, the Board

accepted an employer’s concern about traffic safety as a legitimate justification for

photographing employees engaged in handbilling. But in Robert Orr-Sysco Food Services, 334

NLRB 977 (2001), the Board distinguished Saia Motor Freight and found no such justification.

For a discussion of employer videotaping as unlawful polling, see Allegheny Ludlum Corp., 333

NLRB 734, 739–745 (2001), discussed in section 24-313.

b. Union

tapi

In Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co., 289 NLRB 736, 736–767 (1988), the Board set aside an

election based on the union’s apparent videotaping of at least two employees as they exited the

employer’s premises and were handed union leaflets, given that the union offered “[n]o

legitimate explanation” for the videotaping. Subsequently, in Mike Yurosek & Son, 292 NLRB

1074 (1989), the Board similarly set an election aside where a union agent photographed

employees, provided no explanation when doing so “to assuage [employee] fears that the

pictures would be the basis for future reprisals,” during the course of photographing made an

arguably threatening remark, and did not offer a valid explanation of the photographing at the

hearing. Compares Nu Skin International, 307 NLRB 223 (1992) (finding photographing of

employees attending union’s voluntary picnic not objectionable as it did not reasonably suggest

a retaliatory purpose and union provided explanation for the photographing).

In Randell Warehouse of Arizona, 328 NLRB 1034 (1999) (Randell I), the Board overruled

Pepsi-Cola Bottling while reaffirming Mike Yurosek & Son, but after a court remand of the

subsequent refusal-to-bargain case, the Board overruled Randell I and “restore[d] the

appropriate standard, i.e., that in the absence of a valid explanation conveyed to employees in a

timely manner, photographing employees engaged in Section 7 activity constitutes

objectionable conduct whether engaged in by a union or an employer.” Randell Warehouse of

Arizona, 347 NLRB 591 (2006) (Randell II); see also Sprain Brook Manor Nursing Home, 348

NLRB 851 (2006) (distinguishing Randell II as identity of photographer was unclear and union

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

obtained signed consent forms prior to using the photographs in campaign materials); Enterprise

Leasing Co.–Southeast LLC, 357 NLRB 1799 (2011) (distinguishing Randell II as photography

was not of protected activity, there was no evidence photographer failed to explain purpose of

photographing, and employer’s objection was not to the taking of the photograph, but to its

allegedly unauthorized use).

24-313 Miscellaneous Party Conduct

The foregoing sections have discussed some of the alleged misconduct the Board most frequently

encounters; the list to this point is by no means exhaustive. As noted earlier, this text does not attempt

to summarize the myriad types of unfair labor practice conduct that warrant setting aside an election.

Nor, for that matter, does it endeavor to enumerate each and every type of conduct considered under

the General Shoe doctrine.

That said, this section seeks to convey a flavor of other types of conduct found objectionable or

unobjectionable in representation cases.

Union agents’ repeated and belligerent refusals—made in front of nearly all unit employees 75

minutes before the election—to leave the employer’s premises (when they had no demonstrated legal

right to be there) was found objectionable. Phillips Chrysler Plymouth, 304 NLRB 16 (1991).

Compare Champaign Residential Services, 325 NLRB 687 (1998); Edward J. DeBartolo Corp.,

313 NLRB 382 (1993); Station Operators, 307 NLRB 263 (1992).

An employer’s increased security following the filing of the petition and on the day of the

election did not, under the circumstances, warrant setting an election aside. Quest International,

338 NLRB 856 (2003). Compare Mental Health Assn., 356 NLRB 1220, 1220 fn. 4 (2011)

(setting aside election based on totality of employer’s election-day conduct, including hiring

security, erecting fence around part of parking lot, and posting private property signs, apparently

without security justification).

In the absence of a previous practice of doing so, an employer’s solicitation of grievances

during an organizational campaign is objectionable if the employer expressly or impliedly

promises to remedy those grievances. Sweetwater Paperboard, 357 NLRB 1687 (2011). This is so

even if the employer does not commit itself to specific correct action, because “employees would

tend to anticipate improved conditions of employment which might make union representation

unnecessary.” Majestic Star Casino, LLC, 335 NLRB 407, 407–408 (2001) (quoting Uarco, Inc.,

216 NLRB 1, 1–2 (1974)); see also American Freightways, 327 NLRB 832 (1999) (single past

instance of soliciting grievances does not establish past practice). Compare MacDonald

Machinery Co., 335 NLRB 319, 320 (2001) (election upheld where solicitation of grievances

predated filing of petition).

In Hale Nani Rehabilitation & Nursing, 326 NLRB 335 (1998), the Board concluded that the

employer did not engage in objectionable conduct when its supervisors distributed flyers in

apparent violation of its (valid) no-distribution rule against employees. Compare Curtin

Matheson Scientific, 310 NLRB 1090, 1091 (1993) (finding employer’s conduct requiring

prounion employee to collect handbills she had distributed in meeting room, parking lot, and

motel lobby amounted to an “unlawfully broad no-distribution rule”).

Promulgation of rules during the critical period that would have a reasonable tendency to

coerce or interfere with the exercise of employee rights under the Act constitutes objectionable

conduct. Steeltech Mfg., 315 NLRB 213 (1994) (employer’s code of ethics and business conduct

manual); see also Purple Communications, Inc., 361 NLRB No. 43, slip op. at 2, 9–10, 12 (2014)

(handbook rule prohibiting disruptions on employer property); Durham School Services, L.P., 360

NLRB 694, 694 fn. 5 (2014) (provisions of social networking policy requiring employee contacts

with certain individuals to be “appropriate” and subjecting employees to investigation and

possible discipline for sharing “unfavorable . . . information related to the company or any of its

employees”); Jurys Boston Hotel, 356 NLRB 927 (2011) (rules against solicitation, loitering,

wearing emblems and buttons); Freund Baking Co., 336 NLRB 847 (2001) (employee handbook

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

policy on confidential information); Waste Management, Inc., 330 NLRB 634, 634 fn. 2 (2000)

(bulletin board policy). Compare Safeway, Inc., 338 NLRB 525, 526 (2003) (confidentiality rule

not objectionable).

The Board has also found that elimination of access to a bulletin board during the election

campaign was an objectionable elimination of benefit. Bon Marche, 308 NLRB 184, 185 fn. 7

(1992). Cf. Intertape Polymer Corp., 360 NLRB 957, 958 (2014), enfd. in relevant part 801 F.3d

224, 233–234 (4th Cir. 2015) (change in enforcement of literature distribution policy in reaction

to union campaign unlawful).

It is objectionable for an employer to facilitate worktime electioneering by one union while

denying the same access to a rival union. Seton Medical Center/Seton Coastside, 360 NLRB 302,

302 fn. 2 (2014); Duane Reade, Inc., 338 NLRB 943, 943–944 (2003), enfd. 99 Fed. Appx. 240

(D.C. Cir. 2004); Raley’s, Inc., 256 NLRB 946, 947 (1981), affd. on remand 272 NLRB 1136,

1136 fn. 2 (1984).

Requiring employees to attend a captive audience speech without fully compensating them

for the time spent at the meeting and without distributing paychecks until after the meeting was

found objectionable. Comet Electric. 314 NLRB 1215 (1994).

Employer polling of employee sentiment is generally assumed to be coercive and elections will be

set aside on this basis. See, e.g., Offner Electronics, Inc., 127 NLRB 991 (1960). Unions, however,

may legitimately measure support among employees. See Longwood Security Services, 364 NLRB

No. 50, slip op. at 2 (2016), and cases cited therein. An employer’s videotaping or photographing of

employees in order to use images in an election campaign may, without certain protections, amount to

unlawful polling. See Enterprise Leasing Co.-Southeast, LLC, 357 NLRB 1799, 1800 (2011)

(discussing Allegheny Ludlum Corp., 333 NLRB 734, 739–745 (2001). The Board has also likened

certain types of contests to unlawful polling. See Sea Breeze Health Care Center, 331 NLRB 1131,

1133 (2000).

24-320 Third-Party Condu

378-1401

378-5625-6700

378-7000

712-5014-0190

To this point, the cases discussed have generally focused on the conduct of the parties and/or

their agents. Elections may, however, also be set aside based on third-party conduct. The test in

such cases is whether the misconduct involved “was so aggravated as to create a general

atmosphere of fear and reprisal rendering a free election impossible.” Westwood Horizons Hotel,

270 NLRB 802, 803 (1984); Mastec Direct TV, 356 NLRB 809, 810 (2011); U.S. Electrical

Motors, 261 NLRB 1343, 1344 fn. 5 (1982); Phoenix Mechanical, 303 NLRB 888 (1991);

O’Brien Memorial, 310 NLRB 943, 943 fn. 1 (1993); Lamar Advertising of Janesville, 340 NLRB

979, 980 (2003); Duralam, Inc., 284 NLRB 1419 (1987).

The Board has set aside elections due to third-party conduct based on objections filed by a

union or by an employer. Compare James Lees & Sons Co., 130 NLRB 290 (1961) (objections

filed by petitioner), with Al Long, Inc., 173 NLRB 447 (1969) (objections filed by employer).

This section considers allegedly objectionable third party conduct in a variety of

circumstances. For an analysis of third party electioneering conduct at or around the polls, see sec.

24-442. For a discussion of racially or ethnically derogatory remarks by third parties, see sec. 24-

308

a. Nature of

ondu

As stated above, the standard for third-party conduct is whether the alleged misconduct

“was so aggravated as to create a general atmosphere of fear and reprisal rendering a free

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

election impossible.” Westwood Horizons Hotel, 270 NLRB 802, 803 (1984); see also Cal-West

Periodicals, 330 NLRB 599, 600 (2000); Robert Orr–Sysco Food Services, 338 NLRB 614, 615

(2002); Associated Rubber Co., 332 NLRB 1588 (2000).

This standard is objective, and accordingly “does not hinge on the subjective reactions of the

prospective voters in a particular election.” Stannah Stairlifts, Inc., 325 NLRB 572, 572 fn. 2

(1998); Picoma Industries, 296 NLRB 498, 499 (1989). But see Monroe Auto Equipment Co.,

186 NLRB 90, 92 (1970), on remand from 406 F.2d 177 (5th Cir. 1969), in which the Board

interpreted the court’s remand as requiring inquiry into subjective evidence of fear and coercion.

See also Home Town Foods, Inc. v. NLRB, 379 F.2d 241, 244 (1967).

The reasoning behind the Board’s willingness to inquire into third party conduct is that a

representation proceeding is, in effect, an investigation to ascertain employee wishes

concerning their choice of a bargaining representative, which warrants inquiry into whether the

election was held in an atmosphere conducive to the kind of free and untrammeled choice

contemplated by the Act, not just into whether one of the parties was responsible for conducted

impeding such a choice. See P. D. Gwaltney, Jr. & Co., 74 NLRB 371, 379–380 (1947). As the

Second Circuit has stated, certain elements, regardless of their course, may make an impartial

choice impossible, thus invalidating an election. NLRB v. Staub Cleaners, Inc., 357 F.2d 1, 3 (2d

Cir. 1966). Put differently, if the standard for objectionable third party conduct is met, “[i]t is not

material that the fear and disorder may have been created by individual employees and

nonemployees and that their conduct cannot be attributed either to the Employer or to the unions.

The important fact is that such conditions existed and that a free election was thereby rendered

impossible.” Diamond State Poultry Co., 107 NLRB 3, 6 (1954); see Al Long, Inc., 173 NLRB

447, 448 (1969); see also Foremost Dairies of the South, 172 NLRB 1242, 1247 (1968).

“Realistically speaking, and in order to near if not arrive at the highly desired laboratory

conditions for an election, this is the most workable approach. Parties to an election and their well

wishers are thus put on notice that prohibited conduct engaged in by anyone may forfeit an

election. This then will serve to put a premium on proper deportment by all parties.” Teamsters

Local 980 (Landis Morgan), 177 NLRB 579, 584 (1969).

The standard for third-party conduct is more difficult to meet than the standards ordinarily

applied to party conduct. In this regard, the Board has held that it “accords less weight to such

[third-party] conduct than to conduct of the parties.” Orleans Mfg. Co., 120 NLRB 630, 633

(1958); Dunham’s Athleisure Corp., 315 NLRB 689 (1994). The explanation for this is that the

Board believes that the conduct of third parties tends to have less effect upon the voters than

similar conduct attributable to the employer who has, or the union which seeks, control over the

employees’ working conditions. Orleans Mfg. Co., 120 NLRB 630, 633 (1958); see also Owens-

Corning Fiberglas Corp., 179 NLRB 219, 223 (1969); Mastec Direct TV, 356 NLRB 809, 811

(2011). Further, the Board recognizes that because unions and employers cannot control

nonagents, “the equities militate against setting aside elections on the basis of conduct by third

parties.” Lamar Advertising of Janesville, 340 NLRB 979, 980 (2003).

The fact that conduct creates confusion is not sufficient to meet the third-party standard. See

Phoenix Mechanical, 303 NLRB 888 (1991) (misleading comment by employee not basis for

setting election aside). Nor does mere name calling meet the standard. Teamsters Local 299

(Overnite Transportation Co.), 328 NLRB 1231, 1231 fn. 1 (1999). But conduct that is

boisterous, sustained, and intrusive into the election process has been found sufficient to set an

election aside. Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co., 291 NLRB 578 (1988) (prounion employees formed

“gauntlet” and forced voters to pass between two lines of chanting and cheering union supports

in order to enter polling place). Compare Cargill, Inc. v. NLRB, 851 F.3d 841, 850–851 (8th Cir.

2017).

The arrest of the union’s principal organizer in the presence of a number of eligible voters

only minutes before they were scheduled to vote has been found sufficient to meet the standard.

Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 120 NLRB 765 (1958). Compare Vita Food Products, Inc.,

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

116 NLRB 1215, 1219 (1957) (mere presence of police at plant during election did not warrant

setting election aside).

Although third-party threats are governed by the usual third-party standard, the Board

applies a particular test to assess the seriousness of such threats, considering “(1) the nature of the

threat itself; (2) whether the threat encompassed the entire bargaining unit; (3) whether reports of

the threat were widely disseminated within the unit; (4) whether the person making the threat was

capable of carrying it out, and whether it is likely that the employees acted in fear of his capability of

carrying out the threat; and (5) whether the threat was “rejuvenated” at or near the time of the

election.” PPG Industries, 350 NLRB 225, 226 (2007); see also Bell Security, 308 NLRB 80, 81

(1992).

Under these factors, the Board has set elections aside based on multiple threats of harm,

physical injury, and property damage against proemployer employees or employees who crossed

a picket line. See id. at 226; Robert Orr-Sysco Food Services, 338 NLRB 614, 615–616 (2002),

enfd. mem. 184 Fed. Appx. 476 (2006); Picoma Industries, 296 NLRB 498, 500 (1989). Cf. Al

Long, Inc., 173 NLRB 447,

448 (1969) (election set aside based on repeated anonymous threats

against 2 employees who crossed picket line, as well as several instances of property destruction

and other threatening and unruly conduct on the picket line).

Compare Manorcare of Kingston

PA, LLC, 360 NLRB 719 (2014), enf. denied 823 F.3d 81 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (employee comments

she would punch people in the face or cause property damage or bodily harm if union lost

unobjectionable as made in joking manner); Cal-West Periodicals, 330 NLRB 599, 600 (2000)

(single conversation containing 2 allegedly threatening statements overheard by one individual

did not meet standard); Bell Trans, 297 NLRB 280 (1989) (isolated statement directed at only

one individual and overheard by small number of voters did not meet standard); Cross Baking

Co. v. NLRB, 453 F.2d 1346, 1348–1349 (1st Cir. 1971), enfg. 191 NLRB 27 (1971) (assault by

prounion employee on two employees who refused to support union not objectionable where

assault took place 2 months before election, assailant was discharged shortly thereafter and did

not return, and there were no further incidents); Foremost Dairies of the South, 172 NLRB

1242, 1246–1247 (1968) (several threats made to one employee 6 weeks before election, only

one of which was known to only two other employees, did not warrant setting election aside).

The Board has also set an election aside based on a third-party threat to call the INS to report

any employee who voted against the union. Q. B. Rebuilders, Inc., 312 NLRB 1141 (1993); see

also Crown Coach Corp., 284 NLRB 1010 (1987) (threats of deportation if union lost). Compare

Mike Yurosek & Sons, 225 NLRB 148 (1976), enfd. 597 F.2d 661 (9th Cir. 1979) (declining to set

election aside based on threat to call INS if union lost that was mitigated and not rejuvenated);

Culinary Foods, Inc., 325 NLRB 664 (1998) (election upheld where at most 45 out of 1158

eligible voters heard statements petitioner would contact INS if it lost); NLRB v. Le Fort

Enterprises, Inc., 791 F.3d 207, 213 (1st Cir. 2015) (threats undocumented employees would be

turned in when union won election not objectionable as made to employees who had already voted,

there was no evidence of dissemination, and threat was more likely to make employee vote against

union, not for it).

b. Who is a third pa

rty

A “third party” can be virtually any individual or group who is not one of the parties to

the election, an agent of one of the parties, or an agent of the Board. As discussed in section

24-220, the Board applies common law principles of agency, including principles of

apparent and actual authority, in determining whether alleged misconduct is attributable to a

party. If the conduct is not attributable to a party, the standard for third-party conduct

applies.

The Board has treated conduct by the following types of persons, among many others,

under the standard for third party conduct: members of the community (James Lees & Sons

Co., 130 NLRB 290 (1961); Dean Industries, 162 NLRB 1078, 1093–1094 (1967); Louisburg

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

Sportswear Co., 173 NLRB 678, 693 (1969)); the mayor of the city (Utica-Herbrand Tool

Div. of Kelsey-Hayes Co., 145 NLRB 1717, 1719–1720 (1964)); members of the police force

(Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 120 NLRB 765 (1958)); employees or nonemployees, (Cal-

West Periodicals, 330 NLRB 599 (2000); Associated Rubber Co., 332 NLRB 1588 (2000); Al

Long, Inc., 173 NLRB 447 (1969); Culinary Foods, Inc., 325 NLRB 664 (1998); employee

committees (Emerson Electric Co. 177 NLRB 75, 100 (1969); Windsor House C & D, 309

NLRB 693 (1992); Q. B. Rebuilders, Inc., 312 NLRB 1141 (1993)); employees from

neighboring plants (Diamond State Poultry Co., 107 NLRB 3 (1954)); a committee headed by

bank presidents (Utica Herbrand Tool Div. of Kelsey-Hayes Co., 145 NLRB 1717, 1723 fn. 10

(1964)); community leaders (Dean Industries, 162 NLRB 1078, 1085–1087 (1967)); businessmen

(Benson Veneer Co., 156 NLRB 781 (1966); newspaper editors (Universal Mfg. Corp. of

Mississippi, 156 NLRB 1459 (1966)); chief of police (Lifetime Door Co., 158 NLRB 13, 24–25

(1966)); an industrial advisory committee (Proctor-Silex Corp., 159 NLRB 598, 610–611 (1966));

and former employees who have been discharged (Apcoa Div.—ITT Consumer Services Corp., 202

NLRB 65, 65 fn. 1 (1973)).

The Board has also applied the third-party standard to statements by government officials.

Affiliated Computer Services, 355 NLRB 899, 900 (2010) (statements by U.S. Congressman and

state senator not objectionable). On a related note, the Board has addressed (and typically

rejected) contentions that elected officials’ statements would mislead reasonable employees into

believing the government or Board supported the petitioning union. Id.; see also Saint-Gobain

Abrasives, Inc., 337 NLRB 82 (2001) (U.S. Congressman); Chipman Union, Inc., 316 NLRB 107

(1995) (U.S. Congresswoman); Ursery Cos., 311 NLRB 399 (1993) (state representative); Trump

Plaza Associates v. NLRB, 679 F.3d 822, 827–829 (D.C. Cir. 2012) (various government

officials). Compare Columbia Tanning Corp., 238 NLRB 899 (1978), where the Board concluded

a letter written in Greek by the state commissioner of labor on his official stationery endorsing the

petitioner could, under the circumstances, confuse employees into thinking the Board was

endorsing the petitioner.

The Board has also applied the third-party standard in assessing whether a state labor law

restricting the use of state funds to encourage or discourage union activity interfered with an election.

Independence Residences, Inc., 355 NLRB 724, 729–732 (2010).

c. Disav

owal

In terms of the necessity for disavowal, the Board has held that an employer is not necessarily

under a duty to disavow a preelection statement by an employee. American Molded Products

Co., 134 NLRB 1446, 1448 (1962); see also Emerson Electric Co., 177 NLRB 75, 100 (1969);

Northrop Aircraft, Inc., 106 NLRB 23, 25 (1953). In like vein, the conduct of rank-and-file

employees is not generally imputed to their labor organization unless there is ratification. Dixie

Gas, Inc., 135 NLRB 1051, 1062 fn. 18 (1962). But see section 24-220 for a discussion of

principles of agency and apparent authority as applied to prounion employees.

Although disavowal of third-party conduct is generally not required, there are instances in

which an employer’s specific public disavowal may neutralize otherwise-actionable third-party

conduct. Thus, for example, although news stories and a statement by a development group

suggested that the employer might move if the union won the election,, “the Employer’s specific

public disavowals of any intention to relocate, coupled with the Petitioner’s republication and

distribution to employees of such disavowals, tended to neutralize any atmosphere of fear and

confusion that otherwise might have been engendered” by third-party conduct. Electra Mfg.

Co., 148 NLRB 494, 497 (1964). Compare Bristol Textile Co., 277 NLRB 1637 (1986) (employee

threat made during conversation with union agent who did not disavow it warranted setting

election aside).

Similar preelection activity was found not to have interfered with the election in the light of

the give-and-take of the campaign, the employer’s disavowal of rumors about the plant’s closing,

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

the absence of any showing by the petitioner that it was dissatisfied with the disavowal, and the

employer’s “straight-forward assurance” to the employees that it had dealt fairly with them,

hoped to do better, and intended to keep the plant going regardless of the outcome of the election.

Claymore Mfg. Co. of Arkansas, Inc., 146 NLRB 1400, 1402 (1964).

d. Ru

ors

On the subject of rumors, the Board, in General Housing Industries, 197 NLRB 24, 25

(1972), found that the rumors (of possible consequences of victory for either union) stood

“revealed to the employees as nothing more than election propaganda,” and the various rumors

neutralized and dissipated the possible coercive effect of the others. So, too, in Staub Cleaners,

Inc., 171 NLRB 332, 333 (1968), the various statements by both the union and the respondent

were sufficient to “neutralize and dissipate the rumor’s coercive edge.” The Board took into

consideration the possibility that by repeating the rumor, the respondent would spread it or

misquote it, and thereby start a new rumor; it was therefore unnecessary for the respondent to risk

quoting the rumor in order to deny it. See also Con-Way Freight, Inc. v. NLRB, 838 F.3d 534 (5th

Cir. 2016) (unsourced, unconfirmed, isolated rumors of termination for those who voted against

the union did not undermine election result).

e. Unidentified wrongdo

On occasion the Board will not be able to identify the persons engaging in misconduct. The

third party standard applies in such situations. Cf. Universal Mfg. Corp. of Mississippi, 156 NLRB

1459, 1466–1467 (1966) (finding actions of newspaper editors and unidentified third parties

rendered a free choice impossible).

Additionally, where those responsible for the conduct cannot be identified, the Board will

not routinely set aside the election until there is final tally. The reason for this policy is that the

Board does not wish to benefit the wrongdoers in circumstances where the election was not in

their favor. See Pine Shores, Inc., 321 NLRB 1437 (1996).

24-330 Prounion Supervisory Condu

378-2889

Efforts of supervisors on behalf of the union may be objectionable. In Harborside Healthcare,

Inc., 343 NLRB 906, 909 (2004), the Board articulated the two-part test for assessing

objectionable conduct:

(1) Whether the supervisor’s prounion conduct reasonably tended to coerce or interfere

with the employees’ exercise of free choice in the election.

This inquiry includes: (a) consideration of the nature and degree of supervisory authority

possessed by those who engage in the prounion conduct; and (b) an examination of the

nature, extent, and context of the conduct in question.

(2) Whether the conduct interfered with freedom of choice to the extent that it materially

affected the outcome of the election, based on factors such as (a) the margin of victory in the

election; (b) whether the conduct at issue was widespread or isolated; (c) the timing of the

conduct; (d) the extent to which the conduct became known; and (e) the lingering effect of

the conduct.

In setting forth this standard, the Board disavowed language in certain decisions that

suggested that prounion supervisory conduct is not objectionable unless it involves a threat or a

promise, commenting this “represent[ed] a departure from established precedent.” Id.

In addition, as part as the second prong of test, the Board stated that an employer’s

antiunion stance is relevant. Id. at 914; see also Terry Machine Co., 356 NLRB No. 120 (2011)

(not reported in Board volumes) (finding employer’s “aggressive antiunion campaign”

mitigated prounion activity of individuals Board assumed to be supervisors).

In Harborside Healthcare itself, the Board set an election aside based on the supervisor’s

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

threats of job loss, advising employees that they had to attend union meetings, and soliciting

employees to sign union authorization cards. 343 NLRB at 910–911. With respect to solicitation

of authorization cards, the Board overruled prior precedent holding supervisory solicitation

unobjectionable where nothing in the words, deeds, or atmosphere of the request suggested

potential reprisal, punishment, or intimidation. See Millsboro Nursing & Rehabilitation Center,

327 NLRB 879, 880 (1999). Instead, the Board held that supervisory solicitation has an inherent

tendency to interfere with an employee’s freedom to choose to sign a card or not, given that

solicitation places employees in a situation where they could be reasonably concerned about

giving the “right” or “wrong” response to their supervisors. Harborside Healthcare, 343 NLRB

at 911.

In applying the Harborside Healthcare test, the Board has indicated that prounion supervisory

conduct is not objectionable where the supervisor has no authority over the employees to whom

the conduct was directed. Glen’s Market, 344 NLRB 294, 295 (2005).

For subsequent cases setting elections aside based on prounion supervisory conduct, see

Madison Square Garden CT, LLC, 350 NLRB 117 (2007), and SNE Enterprises, 348 NLRB

1041 (2006). For cases finding that prounion supervisory conduct was not objectionable under

Harborside Healthcare, see Laguna College of Art & Design, 362 NLRB No. 112, slip op. at 1 fn.

3 (2015); Fidelity Healthcare & Rehab Center, 349 NLRB 1372 (2007); Northeast Iowa

Telephone Co., 346 NLRB 465, 466–468 (2006); see also Veritas Health Services v. NLRB, 671

F.3d 1267, 1272–1273 (D.C. Cir. 2012).

24-400 Interference with the Conduct of

Electi

ons

393-6081

393-7022

Having dealt with various types of preelection campaign activities, this chapter now turns to

issues which arise as a result of conduct at the actual time of the election. As with preelection

conduct, with respect to conduct at or near the polls, full regard is accorded to the rights of

eligible voters in the exercise of their franchise. As the Board put it in New York Telephone Co.,

109 NLRB 788, 790–791 (1954):

The Board is responsible for assuring properly conducted elections and its role in the

conduct of elections must not be open to question. Where . . . the irregularity concerns an

essential condition of an election, and such irregularity exposes to question a sufficient

number of ballots to affect the outcome of the election, in the interest of maintaining our

standards there appears no alternative but to set this election aside and to direct a new

election.

This principle has been stated and restated in a countless number of cases and, in keeping

with it, the Board tests the many types of procedural objections to an election which come before

it. As shown below, elections may be set aside on procedural grounds or because of the conduct,

deliberate or inadvertent, of individuals (whether the parties themselves, including their election

observers, or third parties, such as employees) at the polls, or of Board agents if they fail to live

up to the Agency’s high standards of impartiality and fairness.

The regional director has broad discretion in making election arrangements, and in the

absence of objective evidence that this discretion has been abused, the election is upheld. See,

e.g., Milham Products Co., 114 NLRB 1544, 1546 (1955); Independent Rice Mill, Inc., 111

NLRB 536, 537 (1955); see also Comfort Slipper Corp., 112 NLRB 183 (1955) (discretion to

determine date of election); New York Shipping Assn., 109 NLRB 310 (1954) (use of IBM

voting cards as an additional means of identification of voters). For more on the regional

director’s discretion in this area, see Chapter 22.

The section begins by considering Board agent conduct before turning to issues of election

mechanics. While in a real sense the mechanics of a Board election are inextricably tied in with

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

Board agent conduct, the two areas are discussed separately, to the extent possible, for the sake of

clarity.

24-410 Board Agent Condu

370-9100

378-9067

The conduct of Board agents must be beyond reproach. Where conduct is attributable to a

Board agent, the question is whether “the manner in which the election was conducted raises a

reasonable doubt as to fairness and validity of the election.” Polymers, Inc., 174 NLRB 282

(1969), enfd. 414 F.2d 999 (2d Cir. 1969), cert. denied 396 U.S. 1010 (1970); see also Durham

School Services, LP, 360 NLRB 851, 853 (2014), enfd. 821 F.3d 52 (D.C. Cir. 2016). The Board

has also stated that an election must be set aside “when the conduct of the Board election agent

tends to destroy confidence in the Board’s election process or could reasonably be interpreted as

impairing the election standards the Board seeks to maintain.” Sonoma Health Care Center, 342

NLRB 933 (2004); see also Athbro Precision Engineering Corp., 166 NLRB 966 (1967).

There are no absolute guidelines, however, as clearly stated in Polymers, Inc., 174 NLRB at

282:

Election procedures prescribed by the General Counsel or a Regional Director are obviously

intended to indicate to field personnel those safeguards of accuracy and security thought to

be optimal in typical election situations. These desired practices may not always be met to

the letter, sometimes through neglect, sometimes because of the exigencies of circumstance.

The question which the Board must decide in each case in which there is a challenge to

conduct of the election is whether the manner in which the election was conducted raises a

reasonable doubt as to the fairness and validity of the election.

Thus, an objection relating to the integrity of the election process requires an assessment

of whether the facts indicate that “a reasonable possibility of irregularity inhered” in the conduct

of the election. Peoples Drug Stores, Inc., 202 NLRB 1145 (1973) (in which the Board examined

the theoretical possibility as against the improbabilities of the factual circumstances).

The Board also pointed out in Polymers, Inc., 174 NLRB at 282–283, that, in a given case,

even literal compliance with all of the rules, regulations, and guidelines would not satisfy the

Board that the integrity of the election was not compromised. Conversely, the failure to achieve

absolute compliance with these rules does not necessarily require that a new election be ordered,

“although, of course, deviation from standards formulated by experts for the guidance of those

conducting elections will be given appropriate weight in our determination.”

Where the Regional Director’s investigation of timely filed objections uncovers a matter

relating to the conduct of a Board agent or the functioning of Board processes sufficient to cause

the election to be set aside, the Board will consider such matter even if not within the scope of

those objections. Richard A. Glass Co., 120 NLRB 914, 916 (1958).

a. Ballot and ballot box s

rity

In resolving issues based on allegations of a breach of ballot or ballot box security, the Board

looks at all the facts and the inferences drawn from such facts. Thus, in Polymers, Inc., 174

NLRB at 283, although the Board agent did not retain personal physical custody of the sealed

ballot box and the blank ballots at all times, the facts indicated an “extreme improbability” of any

violation of the ballot box. See also Benavent & Fournier, Inc., 208 NLRB 636, 637–638 & fn. 2

(1974), in which the Board declined to set aside the election even though the Board agent left the

polling area for 5 minutes, leaving unmarked ballots and the unsealed ballot box with the

observers. There was no evidence that anyone touched the ballots in his absence. See also

Dunham’s Athleisure Corp., 315 NLRB 689 (1994); Kirsch Drapery Hardware, 299 NLRB 363

(1990); Trico Products Corp., 238 NLRB 380 (1978); Niagara Wires, Inc., 237 NLRB 1347,

369

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

1347 fn. 2 (1978).

That said, the Board found that leaving the ballot box wholly unattended (during an

altercation that drew attending officials away from the polling place) warrants setting an election

aside, and commented that it will not “speculate on whether something did or did not occur while

the ballot box was left wholly unattended” because it seeks to “maintain the highest standards

possible to avoid any taint of the balloting process; and where a situation exists, which, from its

very nature, casts a doubt or cloud over the integrity of the ballot box itself, the practice has been,

without hesitation, to set aside the election.” Austill Waxed Paper Co., 169 NLRB 1109 (1968).

Compare Anchor Coupling Co., 171 NLRB 1196 (1968) (distinguishing Austill as the ballot

“box was not left wholly unattended” and both the employer’s observers—the employer having

filed the objections—certified that the ballot box was protected in the interest of a fair and secret

election); General Electric Co., 119 NLRB 944, 945 (1957) (no possibility of impropriety where

it was established that at no time did anyone other than a Board agent touch any blank ballots

which, along with the ballot box, were in the polling area in full view of all observers).

Similarly, leaving an unsealed package of blank ballots unprotected during a period when

access to the ballot box was possible is regarded as a serious irregularity on the part of the Board

agent, even in the absence of evidence that any ballots had been removed or that improper voting

had occurred, or that any person had attempted to put more than one ballot in the ballot box.

Hook Drugs, Inc., 117 NLRB 846, 848 (1957). Likewise, the failure to seal the ballot box between

voting sessions, even though it remained in the possession of the Board agent, warranted setting an

election aside. Tidelands Marine Services, 116 NLRB 1222, 1224 (1956). And the temporary

mislaying of a potentially dispositive number of ballots, though they were subsequently found,

warranted setting aside an election where the parties would not stipulate to waiving objections and

counting the “found” ballots. New York Telephone Co., 109 NLRB 788 (1954).

The mere fact that a Board agent opened the ballot box for the start of a second voting session

without waiting for the employer’s observer was not objectionable, as there was no contention that the

ballot box, blank ballots, or polling place was left unattended, and no facts suggested “a reasonable

possibility of a violation of the integrity of the ballot box. Ashland Chemical Co., 295 NLRB 1039,

1039 fn. 2 (1989); see also Queen Kapiolani Hotel, 316 NLRB 655 (1995). But in Madera

Enterprises, Inc., 309 NLRB 774 (1992), the Board set an election aside based on the agent’s

unsealing a challenged ballot envelope and opening it out of the presence of the parties was

objectionable.

A Board agent’s leaving the polling place to notify the employees that it was time to vote, if

the agent carries the ballot box and blank ballots with him or her and does not let them out of

his or her possession and is accompanied by observers, is no ground for invalidating the election.

S. S. Kresge Co., 121 NLRB 374, 376–377 (1958). Cf. Durham School Services, LP, 360 NLRB

851, 853 (2014), enfd. 821 F.3d 52 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (not objectionable for Board agent to carry

election booth and ballot box to employer parking lot in order to permit disabled employee to

vote).

With respect to retrieval of a ballot from the box, the Board does not follow a per se rule but

considers each case on its facts. See K. Van Bourgondien & Sons, 294 NLRB 268, 269 (1989).

Thus, removal of a ballot from the box to explain to observers how a valid ballot should be

marked is not objectionable if secrecy has not been impaired and the ballot is returned to the

ballot box. O. K. Van & Storage Co., 122 NLRB 795, 797 (1958). But the Board has found that

the retrieval of a ballot from the box in order to complete a challenge affected the integrity of the

election. Jakel, Inc., 293 NLRB 615, 616 (1989), finding that retrieval of a ballot from the box

in order to complete a challenge affected the integrity of the election. See also Rheem Mfg.

Co., 309 NLRB 459, 460–461 (1992) (ballots whose handling was not in conformance with

usual Board procedures were neither counted nor determinative). Note that a Board agent may

permit an employee to cast a second, challenged ballot where the voter reports having incorrectly

marked the first ballot. Magnum Transportation, Inc., 360 NLRB 1093 (2014) (but sustaining

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

challenge to second ballot).

b. Other condu

The Board has considered a range of other Board agent conduct in objections cases.

Fraternization: Although the fact of the Board agent’s drinking beer with a union

representative did not affect the votes of the employees, the Board nevertheless set the election

aside to protect the integrity and neutrality of its processes, as this act “could reasonably be

interpreted as impugning” the Board’s election standards. Athbro Precision Engineering Corp.,

166 NLRB 966 (1967), principle affd. 423 F.2d 571, 573 (1st Cir. 1970). Compare Newport

News Shipbuilding Co., 239 NLRB 82, 87 (1978), enf. denied on other grounds 594 F.2d 8 (4th

Cir. 1979), where a Board agent allegedly accepted an observer’s request that he come to the

agent’s room with liquor. As no employees were present, the Board did not set the election aside.

The Board also noted that there were a large number of Board agents at this election and this

was the only such incident. See also Rheem Mfg. Co., 309 NLRB 459, 462 (1992) (election

upheld where the Board agent conversed and laughed with union observer while walking through

the plant); Indeck Energy Services, 316 NLRB 300 (1995) (election upheld where Board agent

and petitioner observer’s fraternization was innocuous conversation not witnessed by any eligible

voters).

Altercations: In Hudson Aviation Services, 288 NLRB 870 (1988), an election was set aside

where the Board agent’s conduct “communicated the impression that the Board was displeased

with and was criticizing the Employer’s assistant manager and, thereby, undermined the

indispensable perception of Board neutrality in the election.” Compare Pacific Grain Products,

309 NLRB 690, 690 fn. 4 (1992) (election not set aside because, even assuming Board agent

spoke to management personnel in a loud and perhaps angry voice, agent was “trying to maintain

the integrity of the election process by getting them to leave the polling place as soon as possible

so as to preclude their presence from being used as a ground for an objection” and thus did not

show bias).

Alleged Conflict of Interest: The Board prefers that, where practicable, regional offices

should keep the conduct of elections completely separate from the investigation or trial of

contemporaneous unfair labor practice charges involving the same parties; thus, where feasible,

the better course is to the election agent to be someone other than a trial attorney representing

the Board in a related unfair labor practice case. Kimco Auto Products of Mississippi, Inc., 184

NLRB 599, 599 fn. 1 (1970). Even so, the Board has rejected objections made on this or similar

bases. Id. (Board agent was co-counsel for the General Counsel at an unfair labor practice

proceeding held more than 2 weeks prior to the election 30 miles from plant and only 2 eligible

voters were present as witnesses); Amax Aluminum Extrusion Products, 172 NLRB 1401, 1401

fn. 1 (1968) (Board agent investigated unfair labor practice charges against employer in between

voting sessions by interviewing 3 employees away from employer’s premises); McCarty-Holman

Co., 114 NLRB 1554 (1955) (Board agent previously investigated unfair labor practice charges);

Sparta Health Care Center, 323 NLRB 526 (1997) (hearing officer in representation case

subsequently served as counsel for the General Counsel in an 8(a)(5) “test of certification”

proceeding); see also S. Lichtenberg & Co., 296 NLRB 1302 (1989) (Board agent quote to

newspaper concerning a pending unfair labor practice complaint was not a basis for setting the

election aside).

Giving Employees Notice to Vote: The Board has consistently held that a primary

consideration in the conduct of any election is whether the employees are given adequate notice

and sufficient opportunity to vote. Cities Service Oil Co., 87 NLRB 324, 329 (1949); Wilson

Athletic Goods Mfg. Co., 76 NLRB 315 (1948). Thus, while an election proceeding was

processed with dispatch (the field examiner set the election for November 13, and mailed

notices of the election to the employer on November 5), the Board agent had not acted

arbitrarily in not conducting a longer investigation before issuing the notice of hearing. The

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

Board held that as nearly 95 percent of the eligible employees voted in the election and there was

no showing that any employee was foreclosed from voting because of the alleged haste in holding

the hearing and the election, the objection to the election was without merit. Arnold Stone Co.,

102 NLRB 1012 (1953). Similarly, a Board agent’s inquiry as to whether two employees had

voted (after the union specifically asked if they had been informed of the election) was not

considered to reflect bias where the Board agent did not know that there were two other

employees similarly situated. Pacific Grain Products, 309 NLRB 690, 691 (1992).

Erroneous Instructions: In Harry Lunstead Designs, 270 NLRB 1163, 1169–1170 (1984), an

election was set aside where the Board agent gave erroneous instructions as to the challenged

ballot procedure and overly broad instructions concerning the propriety of keeping a challenge list.

Cf. Vanity Fair Mills, 256 NLRB 1104, 1105–1106 (1981).

Delegation of Election Process: Where the Board agent instructed the union’s observer to

translate the voting procedure for employees arriving to vote, without any additional guidance,

and did not participate in the conduct of the election (aside from handing ballots to employees)

until the employer complained, the Board set aside the election, stating that the “delegation of an

important part of the election process to the Petitioner’s observer conveyed the impression that the

Petitioner, and not the Board, was responsible for running the election.” Alco Iron & Metal Co.,

269 NLRB 590, 591–592 (1984); see also Monroe Mfg. Co., 200 NLRB 62, 74 (1972) (employer

telling three employees waiting in line they were not eligible and could go home “might well

convey to other the impression that the Employer had some effective connection with, if not

control over, the election itself”). Compare San Francisco Sausage Co., 291 NLRB 384 (1988)

(Board agent allowing petitioner to use intercom to announce employees could vote

unobjectionable delegation of minor task); Regency Hyatt House, 180 NLRB 489, 490 (1969)

(election upheld where Board agent permitted union observer, without objection from employer

observer, to give the only Spanish-speaking employee direction on how to vote, there was no

evidence of electioneering, and the incident involved one employee and could not have affected

the outcome of the election).

Board Agent Statements: With respect to Board agent statements, “[c]onfidence in the Board

election process and standards can be undermined when Board agents fail to maintain strict

neutrality in what they say while conducting Board elections.” Sonoma Health Care Center, 342

NLRB 933 (2004). The board found an unacceptable breach of neutrality where the Board

interpreter asked an employee “Do you know where to put your yes vote?” Renco Electronics,

330 NLRB 368 (1999). Compare Sonoma Health Care Center, 342 NLRB 933 (2004) (election

upheld despite Board agent comment, in response to question from union observer, that

“[c]ompanies don’t like unions because they cannot fire or hire anyone and they cannot take

benefits from the staff”); Wabash Transformer Corp., 205 NLRB 148 (1973), enfd. 509 F.2d 647

(8th Cir. 1975) (election upheld where Board agent stated polls were open and employees could,

if they desired, “now vote for your union representative”); Wald Sound, Inc., 203 NLRB 366

(1973) (agent statement “[y]ou’ve got yourself a winner” after ballot count “unfortunate” but not

objectionable).

Making Challenges: The Board agent normally will not make challenges on behalf of the parties,

even if no observer is present. CHM sec. 11338; Solvent Services, 313 NLRB 645, 646 (1994); Balfre

Gear & Mfg. Co., 115 NLRB 19, 22 (1956). Compare Laubenstein & Portz, Inc., 226 NLRB 804

(1976), where the Board agent was held responsible to make a challenge in order to implement

an unfair labor practice settlement. See also H & L Distributing Co., 206 NLRB 169, 169 fn. 1

(1973), suggesting that if a party faced with an inability to obtain an observer presented facts to

the Board agent sufficient to give the agent reason to believe prospective voters were ineligible,

the Board agent would be able to challenge such individuals and may be under a duty to do so.

See Lakewood Engineering & Mfg. Co., 341 NLRB 699, 700 (2004), for a summary of

Board agent’s challenge duties.

Other Conduct: A Board agent who periodically asked voters waiting in line to stop talking

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

was not remiss because some unspecified conversations nevertheless took place. As stated by the

administrative law judge and upheld by the Board, “There never has been a rule requiring

absolute silence among voters waiting to vote.” Dumas Bros. Mfg. Co., 205 NLRB 919, 929

(1973). Premature disclosure of the Regional Director’s unit determination over a month before

the election was not a basis for setting aside an election. Kleen Brite Laboratories, 292 NLRB

747 (1989). The fact that Board agents are in a collective-bargaining unit does not affect their

neutrality. Monmouth Medical Center, 234 NLRB 328, 331 (1978). Nor does the fact that a

union’s campaign literature represents to employees that the Board endorses the union warrant

setting the election aside. Id. The Third Circuit denied enforcement, see 604 F.2d 820, 828–830

(3d Cir. 1979), but the Board has since cited Monmouth with approval. Dave Transportation

Services, 323 NLRB 562 (1997). A Board agent’s decision not to give observers a badge (upon

discovering only one was available) is not objectionable. Hard Rock Holdings v. NLRB, 672 F.3d

1117, 1123–1124 (D.C. Cir. 2012). Nor is the fact that a Board agent happens to wear clothing

that is the same color as the union’s alleged official color. Avenue Care & Rehabilitation Center,

361 NLRB No. 151 (2014). And a simple mistake in the tally of ballots, later corrected, is

similarly not grounds for setting an election aside. Allied Acoustics, 300 NLRB 1183 (1990).

See also Opening and Closing of the Polls, section 24-422.

24-420 Mechanics of the

Election

Given the many aspects of election mechanics, there are a variety of circumstances in which

the Board has considered whether conduct related to these mechanics warrants setting an election

aside, ranging from the selection of the polling place to the ballot count.

24-421 The Polling

Place

370-1425

370-1450

370-1475

As discussed in more detail in section 22-105, elections are generally held on the employer’s

premises. The final choice of a place for holding an election is within the regional director’s

discretion and is not litigable, although the parties’ positions on the location(s) of the election are

solicited at the preelection hearing. Rules sec. 102.66(g)(1). The Board has also long held that

failure to consult with the parties in this regard is not per se prejudicial. Korber Hats, Inc., 122

NLRB 1000 (1959). Holding an election at the employer’s place of business or near a place of

management responsibility does not require that the election be invalidated. Jat Transportation

Corp., 131 NLRB 122, 126 (1961); Cupples-Hesse Corp., 119 NLRB 1288 (1958). In the event of

picketing, “[m]ere location of the polling place behind a picket line is not of itself prejudicial to

the fair conduct of an election. . . . [without a showing] that the Union was in fact prejudiced or

that the secrecy of the election was impaired because of the location of the polling place.”

Korber Hats, 122 NLRB at 1001. See section 22-105 for a discussion of selecting the site for a

rerun election.

In Growers Warehouse Co., 114 NLRB 1568, 1572–1573 (1955), the Board adopted an

administrative law judge’s conclusion that it was not objectionable for to allow an employee

who was too ill to attend the polling place to vote at home, commenting that such arrangements

are “entirely proper if attended by appropriate safeguards” and the vote is taken without

challenge.

It is not objectionable for a Board agent to fail to post signs designating the polling area.

See Sawyer Lumber Co., 326 NLRB 1331, 1331 fn. 5 (1998); Pacific Grain Products, 309

NLRB 690, 690–691 (1992).

For cases on access to the polling place affecting employees’ opportunity to vote, see

section 24-425.

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

24-422 Opening and Closing of the

Poll

370-9167-4800

370-9167-8800

370-9167-9500

When polls are not opened at their scheduled times, the Board will set the election aside if

“the number of employees possibly disenfranchised thereby is sufficient to affect the election,”

whether or not those voters or any voters at all were actually disenfranchised. The test is an

objective one. Pea Ridge Iron Ore Co., 335 NLRB 161 (2001); see also Jim Kraut

Chevrolet, 240 NLRB 460 (1979). As the test is objective, the Board does not rely on after-the-

fact statements obtained from eligible voters as to the reasons why they did not vote in an

election. Pea Ridge Iron Ore Co., 335 NLRB at 161. Additional voting time provided on the day

of the election does not in and of itself generally remedy the uncertainty caused by starting late.

G.H.R. Foundry Div., 123 NLRB 1707, 1709 fn. 2 (1959). “Proper election procedure

requires every reasonable precaution that a full opportunity to vote be given those eligible. That

opportunity is best assured where the means of determining [opening and] closing time in the

most accurate way available is included in the election arrangements made before the election

occurs.” Repcal Brass Mfg. Co., 109 NLRB 4, 5 (1954).

For cases in which the Board has set an election aside on such grounds, see Garda CL Atlantic,

Inc., 356 NLRB 594 (2011) (agent closed polls early at first voting session and told three voters

arriving thereafter they could vote under challenge or return to vote at second balloting session

later in day); Wolverine Dispatch, Inc., 321 NLRB 796 (1996) (agent closed polls and left polling

area unattended for several minutes and four individuals who did not vote could have affected

result); B & B Better Baked Foods, Inc., 208 NLRB 493 (1974) (agent arrived 40 minutes late and

votes of those possibly excluded by late opening could have been determinative); Nyack Hospital,

238 NLRB 257 (1978) (due to late agent, polls opened 55 minutes late and votes of eligible

employees who did not vote may have affected outcome); Bonita Blue Ribbon Mills, 87 NLRB

1115, 1118 (1949) (polls closed 45 minutes early despite party contending laid-off employees

were eligible and number of laid-off employees who had not voted at close was sufficient to

affect results of election); see also Midwest Canvas Corp., 326 NLRB 58 (1998) (remanding to

determine whether eligible voters who did not vote were determinative in light of a late

opening of the polls).

For cases in which the Board declined to set the election aside, see Arbors at New

Castle, 347 NLRB 544, 545 (2006) (although polls opened late, parties stipulated that the

five eligible employees who did not vote had not appeared at the polls “at any time during the

scheduled polling hours”); Jobbers Meat Packing Co., 252 NLRB 41 (1980) (polls opened 2

hours late, but vote of only employee possibly excluded could not have been determinative);

Smith Co., 192 NLRB 1098, 1102 (1971) (polls opened 2–3 minutes late, all eligible voters

voted except one on leave of absence and another home sick).

Note that the Board has also set aside elections even when the votes of possibly excluded

employees could not have been determinative, but where the record also showed accompanying

circumstances suggesting the vote may have been affected by late opening or early closing of

the polls. See Jobbers Meat Packing Co., 252 NLRB 41, 41 fn. 5 (1980). Cf. Kerona Plastics

Extrusion Co., 196 NLRB 1120 (1972) (setting election aside where it was “impossible to

determine” whether inadvertent early closing of voting session affected outcome of the

election).

With respect to late-arriving voters, in Monte Vista Disposal Co., 307 NLRB 531, 533–534

(1992), the Board clarified an area of law it described as “at best confusing” and held that “an

employee who arrives at the polling place after the designated polling period ends shall not be

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

entitled to have his or her vote counted, in the absence of extraordinary circumstances, unless

the parties agree not to challenge the ballot.” See also Consumers Energy Co., 337 NLRB 752

(2002); Taylor Cadillac, Inc., 310 NLRB 639 (1993). The Board has indicated that a late voter

arriving at the facility in a timely manner but being locked out could constitute “extraordinary

circumstances” under this standard. See Pruner Health Services, 307 NLRB 529, 529–530

(1992). Compare Visiting Nurses Assn., 314 NLRB 404, 404–405 (1994) (employee’s voluntary

choice not to proceed directly to polling area not extraordinary circumstances).

In Rosewood Care Center, 315 NLRB 746, 746–747 (1994), the Board—citing Monte Vista

Disposal—upheld an election where the Board agent sought and secured the parties’ permission

to let an employee vote early, but did not do so for three other employees who did not return to

the facility until after the polls had closed, emphasizing that none of the three late employees ever

appeared at the polls in an attempt to vote. See also Patient Care, 360 NLRB 637, 637–638

(2014) (Board agent has no affirmative obligation to initiate inquiry as to whether parties would

agree to let late arriving voter cast ballot).

It is the Board agent’s responsibility to challenge the ballot of a late arriving voter in the

absence of agreement of the parties that the individual can vote, and an election may be set aside

if the Board agent fails to do so and the vote may have been determinative. See Laidlaw Transit,

Inc., 327 NLRB 315 (1998). Compare Argus-Press Co., 311 NLRB 24 (1993) (declining to set

aside election where Board agent allowed three employees to vote after close but their votes could

not have affected outcome of election).

An election is not set aside because a voting booth is dismantled before closing time unless it

is shown that this conduct deprived any eligible voter of the opportunity to vote. O. K. Van &

Storage Co., 122 NLRB 795, 796–797 (1958). Cf. Sawyer Lumber Co., 326 NLRB 1331 (1998)

(preliminary preparations in anticipation of end of voting period does not constitute early closing

of polls).

For related discussion, see section 24-425.

24-423 Notice of

Electi

370-2800

A standard notice of election (form NLRB-707 for manual election, form NLRB-4910 for

mail ballot elections) is used to inform eligible voters of the balloting details. The notice contains

a sample ballot with the names of the parties inserted, a description of the bargaining unit, the

date, place, and hours of election, and a statement of employee rights under the Act. Other

relevant details are inserted where necessary. Of note, if the direction of election provides for

individuals to vote subject to challenge because their eligibility has not been determined, the

Notice of Election shall so state, and shall advise employees that the individuals are neither

included in, nor excluded from, the bargaining unit, inasmuch as the regional director has

permitted them to vote subject to challenge. The election notice shall further advise employees

that the eligibility or inclusion of the individuals will be resolved, if necessary, following the

election. Rules sec. 102.67(b).

Section 102.67(k) of the Board’s Rules and Regulations sets forth the procedures for posting

notices of election. The notice must (1) be posted in conspicuous places, including all places

where notices to employees in the unit are customarily posted; (2) be posted at least 3 full

working days prior to 12:01 a.m. on the day of the election; (3) be distributed electronically, if the

employer customarily communicates with employees in the unit electronically; and (4) remain

posted until the end of the election.

Section 102.67(k) further provides that failure to comply with these requirements is grounds

for setting aside the election whenever proper and timely objections are filed. Further, a party is

estopped from objecting to nonposting (or nondistribution) of notices if it is responsible for the

nonposting (or nondistribution).

Prior to the 2014 amendments to the Board’s election procedures, the Board conclusively

375

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

presumed the employer had received the notice if the employer did not inform the region to the

contrary within 5 working days; this provision was eliminated in the 2014 amendments. See 79

Fed. Reg. 74406 fn. 446 (Dec. 15, 2014).

The term “working day” means an entire 24-hour period excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and

holidays. Rules sec. 102.67(k); see also Club Demonstration Services, 317 NLRB 349 (1995);

Ruan Transport Corp., 315 NLRB 592 (1994). The Board does not define “working day”

depending on the individual circumstances of a particular employer or industry or on the working

schedules of individual employees. Cleveland Indians Baseball Co., 333 NLRB 579 (2001)

(declining to set election aside based on fact no employees were scheduled to work during most

of the posting period and objecting party had stipulated to date of election).

The notice-posting rule is strictly enforced. Smith’s Food & Drug, 295 NLRB 983, 983 fn. 1

(1989). Thus, the Board set an election aside where the employer was unable to post the notice 3

days in advance of the mailing of mail ballots, even though employees were mailed copies of the

notice with their mail ballots. Terrace Gardens Plaza, 313 NLRB 571 (1993). But see Maple View

Manor, Inc., 319 NLRB 85 (1995) (declining to set aside election involving two unions because

doing so could “invite[] collusion” if employer who favored one of the unions); Madison

Industries, 311 NLRB 865 (1993) (election upheld where an amended notice was posted for a

portion of the time as posting still met purpose of the requirement given .the amendment at issue

(eligibility)).

In Penske Dedicated Logistics, 320 NLRB 373 (1995), the Board affirmed the election

results where the notices were timely posted in a place where notices were customarily

maintained even though the area was locked on Saturday and Sunday pursuant to the employer’s

regular practice.

.See section 24-441 for discussion of policy as to defaced notices and section 22-106 for

notice requirements in cases where the election is rescheduled for administrative reasons.

24-424

rver

370-4900

a. Number and Identity of Observers

Section 102.69(a) states that for manual elections, “any party may be represented by observers

of its own selection, subject to such limitations as the regional director may prescribe.” CHM

section 11310.1 elaborates that each party may be represented at the polling place by an equal,

predesignated number of observers, although one party may be permitted to have an observer if

the other waives the opportunity to have them. Observers usually should be employees of the

employer. CHM sec. 11310.2.

The use of observers at a directed election is a privilege, not a right, and the presence of

observers other than Board agents is not required by the Act. Jat Transportation Corp., 131

NLRB 122, 126 (1961); Simplot Fertilizer Co., 107 NLRB 1211, 1221 (1954); see also Semi-

Steel Casting Co. v. NLRB, 160 F.2d 388, 393 (8th Cir. 1947), cert. denied 332 U.S. 758 (1947)

(antiunion employees not entitled as of right to have own observer).

In an election conducted pursuant to an election agreement, however, the use of observers, if

incorporated in the agreement, is a matter of right since it is a material term of the agreement, and,

if this right is not waived, the election is subject to invalidation if the terms of the agreement

are not complied with. Breman Steel Co., 115 NLRB 247, 249–250 (1956) (employer was not

permitted observer); Asplundh Tree Expert Co., 283 NLRB 1 (1987) (agent allowed employer to

use one more observer than union; see also Summa Corp. v. NLRB, 625 F.2d 293 (9th Cir. 1980)

(Board improperly allowed union to use more observers than employer). One party cannot

successfully object to an election based on the fact that another party did not have (and had never

requested) an observer. Northern Telecom Systems, 297 NLRB 256 (1989).

The right to an equal number of observers may be waived if a party was offered, and it

376

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

refused, a reasonable opportunity to obtain additional observers. Pacific Coast M.S. Industries,

355 NLRB 1422, 1426 (2010); Best Products Co., 269 NLRB 578, 578 fn. 2 (1984); see also

Inland Waters Pollution Control, 306 NLRB 342 (1992) (no breach where party knew observer

was running late at preelection conference but did not designate substitute; Board agent also

acted reasonably by refusing late observer to assume duties); Manhattan Adhesives Corp., 123

NLRB 1096 (1959) (no breach where election began without party’s observer where absence was

due to party’s own inadvertence). Cf. San Francisco Bakery Employers Assn., 121 NLRB 1204,

1206 (1958) (not objectionable that employer refused to release union employee-observer from

work based on employee-observer’s failure to make arrangements for release).

The standard procedure, as already indicated, is to allow the parties to use employees as

observers, it being unusual to use outside observers. It is therefore no abuse of a regional

director’s discretion to decline the use of outside observers at some of several polling places. Jat

Transportation Corp., 131 NLRB 122, 125–126 (1961); Reflector-Hardware Corp., 121 NLRB

1544, 1547 (1958).

The Board has long held, however, that the use of a nonemployee as an observer is not

objectionable, absent evidence of misconduct by that observer or of prejudice to another party by

the choice of that observer. See Equinox Holdings, Inc., 364 NLRB No. 103, slip op. at 1 fn. 1

(2016); Embassy Suites Hotel, 313 NLRB 302 (1993); San Francisco Bakery Employers Assn.,

121 NLRB 1204 (1958). This policy applies even when the nonemployee is an ex-employee,

whether or not the discharge is being litigated. See Embassy Suites Hotel, 313 NLRB at 302

(1993) (discharge not being litigated); Correctional Health Care Solutions, 303 NLRB 835, 835

fn. 1 (1991) (discharge being litigated); Soerens Motor Co., 106 NLRB 1388 (1953) (discharge

being litigated); see also Thomas Electronics, Inc., 109 NLRB 1141, 1143 (1954) (individual

whose eligibility to vote as laid-off employee had not been determined at time of election

entitled to be considered employee for purposes of acting as observer).

With respect to an election agreement requiring that observers be employees of the

employer, the breach of this requirement is not material and thus not per se objectionable. Kelley

& Hueber, 309 NLRB 578, 579 (1992). In such a situation, the Board considers whether the

party’s use of the nonemployee observer was “reasonable under the circumstances.” Id. at 579 fn.

7; see also Browning-Ferris Industries of California, 327 NLRB 704 (1999).

It is general Board policy, in the interest of free elections, that persons closely identified with

management may not act as observers either for the employer. See, e.g., First Student Inc., 355

NLRB 410 (2010); Sunward Materials, 304 NLRB 780 (1991); Mid-Continent Spring Co., 273

NLRB 884 (1985); Peabody Engineering Co., 95 NLRB 952, 953 (1951); Union Switch & Signal

Co., 76 NLRB 205 (1948). Nor may statutory supervisors serve as observers for the union.

Family Services Agency, San Francisco, 331 NLRB 850 (2000). The employer must, however,

raise the alleged supervisory status of a union’s election observer at the preelection conference, or

such an objection will be precluded. Liquid Transporters, Inc., 336 NLRB 420 (2001);

Monarch Building Supply, 276 NLRB 116 (1985); see also St. Joseph Riverside Hospital,

224 NLRB 721 (1976) (rejecting petitioner’s objection to employer’s use of individual closely

identified with the employer). Compare Bosart Co., 314 NLRB 245 (1994) (permitting objection

and setting election aside where the union was unaware of supervisory status of employer’s

observer until after election).

The Board will not allow union officials to serve as observers in decertification proceedings.

See First Student, Inc., 355 NLRB 410 (2010); Butera Finer Foods, 334 NLRB 43 (2001)

(reversing prior precedent in this area). A petitioning union’s use of a union official as an

observer, however, is not grounds for setting aside an election, absent evidence of misconduct.

See Longwood Security, Inc., 364 NLRB No. 50, slip op. at 2 (2016), and cases cited therein. Cf.

FleetBoston Pavilion, 333 NLRB 655 (2001) (overruling objection because, inter alia, union

president used as observer had previously worked for employer and there was possibility he

would return to work).

377

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

In the event a Board agent becomes aware that a party intends to use a potentially

objectionable observer, the proper procedure is for the Board agent to advise the parties of the

potential adverse consequences of using that observer, but then allow the election to proceed with

the parties’ chosen observers, leaving the resolution of any issues raised by the use of the

potentially objectionable observer to the objections process; refusal to permit the potentially

objectionable observer to serve may result in the election being set aside if such action results in a

material breach of an election agreement. Longwood Security Systems, Inc., 364 NLRB No. 50

(2016); Browning-Ferris Industries of California, 327 NLRB 704 (1999); see also Detroit East,

Inc., 349 NLRB 935 (2007).

b. Conduct and Treatment of Observers

The conduct of observers at the election may be grounds for objections. For conversations and

electioneering engaged in by observers, see sections 24-440 and 24-442. For observer listkeeping

and checking off voter names, see section 24-445. For observers wearing campaign insignia, see

section 24-444.

There is no “implication of impropriety” from the mere fact a party compensates employees

to act as observers. Easco Tools, Inc., 248 NLRB 700 (1980). Even so, the Board set aside an

election where a petitioner’s payments to its observers allowed one to take the day off without

loss of pay and the other more than doubled his wages for the day, finding that the observers were

sufficient in number to affect the results of the election and it was questionable whether, given the

payments, the observers could have voted “without a sense of obligation to vote for the

Petitioner.” Id. at 700–701; see also S & C Security, 271 NLRB 1300 (1984). Compare Quick

Shop Markets, 200 NLRB 830, 831 (1972) (declining to set election aside where union payments

to observers “were no so grossly disproportionate to their usual pay rate or to what the Union

could reasonably consider was the value of their 4-1/2 hours work as observers”).

An employer is not required to treat its own observers the same as union observers with

respect to pay and leave during the election. Thus, in American Red Cross Missouri-Illinois

Blood Services Region, 347 NLRB 347, 353–354 (2006), the Board permitted the employer to

compensate its own observers for time spent observing the election while requiring the union

observers to use accumulated paid time off, nor was it objectionable that the employer held a

meeting for its own observers to explain their role but did not invite union observers. For

payments designed to encourage off-duty employees to vote, see section 24-430.

The duties of an observer include making challenges for cause. The Board agent will not

normally make challenges on behalf of the parties even if no observer is present. CHM sec.

11338; Solvent Services, 313 NLRB 645, 646 (1994); Balfre Gear & Mfg. Co., 115 NLRB 19,

22 (1956). For more on a Board agent’s challenge duties, see section 24-410.

The Board affirmed the importance of the observer when it refused to overrule challenges to

purported ballots of employees who later testified they had not voted. The Board discussed the

role of observers and indicated that overruling the challenges would undermine the role of the

observers. Monfort, Inc., 318 NLRB 209 (1995).

For discussion of challenges and postelection challenges, see sections 22-112 and 22-116.

24-425 Opportunity to Vote and Number of Vot

370-3533-2000 et seq.

370-7787

370-9167-6100 et seq.

The Board regards it as its responsibility to establish the proper procedure for the conduct of

its elections. This procedure requires that all eligible employees be given an opportunity to vote.

Yerges Van Liners Inc., 162 NLRB 1259, 1260 (1967); Alterman-Big Apple, Inc., 116 NLRB

1078 (1956).

378

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

The possible effect of a Board agent opening the polls late or closing the polls early is

discussed in section 24-422. This section, by contrast, addresses other situations in which eligible

employees are prevented from voting.

When a party’s conduct causes an employee to miss the opportunity to vote, the Board will

set the election aside if the employee’s vote is determinative and the employee was

disenfranchised through no fault of his or her own. Sahuaro Petroleum & Asphalt Co., 306 NLRB

586, 586–587 (1992); Versail Mfg., 212 NLRB 592, 593 (1974). But if an employee cannot vote

due to sickness or some other situation beyond the control of the Board or the parties, the inability

to vote is not a basis for setting aside the election. Versail Mfg., 121 NLRB at 593. As always, the

burden is on the objecting party to furnish evidence in support of its objections. Sahuaro

Petroleum, 306 NLRB at 587; see also Acme Bus Corp., 316 NLRB 274 (1995) (refusing to set

aside election where employer did not establish petitioner leaflet erroneously stating election had

been postponed led to dispositive number of voters not voting).

The Board has accordingly set aside elections where employees were prevented from voting

because they were performing assignments in the normal course of their duties and their votes

might have proved dispositive. See Y-Tech Services, 362 NLRB No. 7, slip op. at 1 fn. 1 (2015);

Glenn McClendon Trucking Co., 255 NLRB 1304 (1981); Cal Gas Redding, Inc., 241 NLRB

290 (1979); Yerges Van Liners, Inc., 162 NLRB 1259, 1260–1261 (1967); see also Wagner

Electric Corp., 125 NLRB 834, 836 (1959) (employer-created confusion resulted in potentially

dispositive number of eligible voters not voting). Compare Daniel Construction Co., 145 NLRB

1397, 1412 (1964) (individuals whose status was in doubt were omitted from voter list and had

no opportunity to vote, but even had all of them voted it would not have affected results of

election).

The Board has upheld elections where employees were unable to vote through no party’s

fault. See Coast North America (Trucking) Ltd., 325 NLRB 980 (1998), enfd. 207 F.3d 994 (7th

Cir. 2000) (employee on vacation and employees who could have voted in morning session);

Waste Management of Northwest Louisiana, 326 NLRB 1389 (1998) (directive to report to work

at certain hour did not prevent employee from arriving earlier to vote).

The Board has also set aside an election where a third party inadvertently locked the doors to the

polling area, thus potentially contributing to a potentially dispositive number of employees not

voting. Whatcom Security Agency, Inc., 258 NLRB 985 (1981). Compare Robert F. Kennedy

Medical Center, 336 NLRB 765 (2001) (although main entrance was locked for short period

during polling, polling place remained accessible through another door regularly used by

employees); see also Rett Electronics, 169 NLRB 1111, 1113–1114 (1968) (weather conditions

did not disenfranchise determinative group of eligible voters).

If an election agreement provides for a manual election at a designated location, an untimely

request for other arrangements (for example, to allow a hospitalized employee to vote) may

properly be rejected, and a contention that an employee was wrongly disenfranchised on this basis

will be rejected. See Franklin’s Stores Corp., 117 NLRB 793, 795–796 (1957); Red Owl

Stores, Inc., 114 NLRB 176 (1955); see also Community Care Systems, 284 NLRB 1147 (1987)

(overruling objection to date on which election was held based on low turnout where employer

had stipulated to that date).

The requirement that employees be given an adequate opportunity to vote may not be waived

by the parties to an election. Alterman-Big Apple, Inc., 116 NLRB 1078, 1080 (1956)

(citing Active Sportswear Co., 104 NLRB 1057 (1953)).

At one time, the Board would, in some circumstances, set an election aside based on low voter

participation, but in Lemco Construction, 283 NLRB 459, 460 (1987), the Board abandoned any

analysis which was “dependent on a numerical test to determine the validity of a representation

election.” Thus, the Board overruled prior precedent which considered whether the number of

voters actually voting in the election was a representative group. See also Community Care

Systems, 284 NLRB 1147 (1987).

379

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

Likewise, where severe weather on the day of the election reasonably denies eligible voters

and adequate opportunity to vote and a determinative number did not vote, an election will be set

aside. Baker Victory Services, 331 NLRB 1068 (2000); V.I.P. Limousine, 274 NLRB 641 (1985);

see also Goffstown Truck Center, Inc., 354 NLRB 359 (2009), incorporated by reference at 356

NLRB 157, 157 fn. 1 (2010). There must, however, be evidence that weather conditions affected

the ability of eligible employees to vote. See NLRB v. Enterprise Leasing Co. Southeast, LLC, 722

F.3d 609, 618–619 (4th Cir. 2013). Note that Baker Victory Services declined to follow a case

upholding an election where a “representative complement” of eligible voters was able to vote

despite severe weather conditions. See Glass Depot, Inc., 318 NLRB 766 (1995).

Although the number of voters voting in a Board election will not ordinarily affect the

validity of a Board election, a union obtaining recognition by private means must be supported by

a majority of the unit employees whether that support is shown by authorization cards or by a

private election. Autodie International, Inc., 321 NLRB 688, 691 (1996) (recognition unlawful

where votes cast for labor organization were not a majority of the unit); Komatz Construction,

Inc., v. NLRB, 458 F.2d 317, 322–323 (8th Cir. 1972) (unlawful recognition where union won

majority of votes cast but not majority of total unit).

For discussion of late voters, see section 24-422. See also section 24-421

24-426 Secrecy of the

Ball

370-7000

370-7750

Complete secrecy of the ballot is required by the Act and is observed in all Board-conducted

elections. But where an objection alleges that a Board agent failed to ensure the secrecy of

balloting, the election will not be set aside “absent evidence that someone witnessed how a voter

marked his or her ballot.” American Medical Response, 356 NLRB 199 (2010), enfd. 477 Fed.

Appx. 743 (D.C. Cir. 2012); Avante at Boca Raton, Inc., 323 NLRB 555 (1997).

The Board’s duty to preserve the secrecy of the ballot is statutory and a matter of public

concern, rather than a personal privilege subject to waiver by the individual voter. To give effect

to such waivers would, as a practical matter, remove any protection of employees from pressures,

originating with either employers or unions, to prove the way in which their ballots had been cast,

and thereby detract from the laboratory conditions which the Board strives to maintain in

representation elections. J. Brenner & Sons, Inc., 154 NLRB 656, 659 fn. 4 (1965); see also

Space Mark, Inc., 325 NLRB 1140, 1142 (1998) (mail ballot completed by voter’s wife was

properly voided).

The Board has characterized its role in the conduct of elections as one which “must not be

open to question.” New York Telephone Co., 109 NLRB 788, 790 (1954). Thus, where, for

example, improvised voting arrangements were in its opinion “entirely too open and too subject

to observation to secure secrecy of the ballot,” it set aside the election. Imperial Reed & Rattan

Furniture Co., 118 NLRB 911, 913 (1957); Columbine Cable Co., 351 NLRB 1087 (2007).

Compare G. F. Lasater, 118 NLRB 802, 804 (1957) (although some employees marked ballots in

small windowless area outside official voting place, secrecy was not violated); Con-Way Freight,

Inc. v. NLRB, 838 F.3d 534, 537–538 (5th Cir. 2016) (rejecting contention that observers’ ability

to see voters’ upper torso and arms while voting may have intimidated voters into changing their

vote). Where, however, the voting booths were located at one end of a warehouse, and after voting

some of the eligible employees went to another part of the warehouse where they remained until

the polls closed, the election was upheld. The Board noted the absence of electioneering or

interference with voting. Choctaw Provision Co., 122 NLRB 474, 475 (1958). See also Sewell

Plastics, 241 NLRB 887 (1979), overruling objections because, under the facts of the case, “[a]ny

possible impairment of the secrecy of the ballot could not have affected the outcome of the election

or intimidated the voters in making their choice.”

380

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

Where several voters enter an election booth at the same time, an election is susceptible to

invalidation. See Case Egg & Poultry Co., 293 NLRB 941, 941 fn. 3 (1989) (remanding for

hearing to determine if several voters were in voting room at same time and saw how each other

voted). However, the Board agent may remedy the situation by destroying the ballots marked

under such circumstances and allowing each employee to vote again, thus safeguarding the

secrecy of the ballot. Deeco, Inc., 116 NLRB 990, 991–992 (1956); see also St. Vincent

Hospital, LLC, 344 NLRB 586, 587 (2005) (even if two employees were in the booth at the same

time, there was no evidence they communicated or observed how the other was marking the

ballot). Moreover, “where . . . the impugned votes do not appear to be more than isolated

instances and are not sufficient to affect the results of the election, the Board will not set the

election aside.” Machinery Overhaul Co., 115 NLRB 1787, 1788 (1956).

But a ballot will be invalidated if one voter shows it to another. See Sorenson Lighted Controls,

286 NLRB 969 (1987). In General Photo Products, 242 NLRB 1371 (1979), the voter who

revealed his ballot could not vote again.

Ballots which have been signed or marked so that the identity of the voter would or could be

revealed are invalid. Such a situation occurred, for example, in Ebco Mfg. Co., 88 NLRB 983

(1950). In that case, the Board agent during the counting of ballots discovered a capital “R” with

a circle drawn around it outside the voting boxes on the ballot. The Board held that distinguishing

or identifying markings on ballots render such ballots void because to count such ballots “clearly

would open the door to the exertion of influences such as to prevent the exercise of the voter’s

free choice,” and would be inconsistent with the principle of a secret election. Id. at 984. It is not

necessary to establish the identity of the voter who cast the disputed ballot; it is sufficient

that, upon an examination of the ballot, the markings in question appear to have been made

deliberately, rather than accidentally or inadvertently, and that it may serve to reveal the

identity of the voter. Ibid.; see also Eagle Iron Works, 117 NLRB 1053, 1054 (1957); Standard-

Coosa-Thatcher Co., 115 NLRB 1790 (1956). But “[i]n the absence of evidence indicating that

the ballot was deliberately marked for the purpose of identification, we will not disenfranchise

a voter.” F. Strauss & Son, Inc., 195 NLRB 583, 583 fn. 2 (1972).

A voter is not permitted to withdraw his or her ballot, once cast. Great Eastern Color

Lithographic Corp., 131 NLRB 1139, 1140–1141 (1961). Cf. City Stationery, Inc., 340 NLRB

523, 525 (2003). Nor can the parties be allowed to do so. Thus, the Board rejected a stipulation

by the parties that a challenged but comingled ballot be considered as cast for the petitioner.

“Acceptance of such an agreement,” said the Board, “is not consistent with the Board’s purpose of

preserving the secrecy of the ballot and providing sufficient safeguards to prevent possible abuses

of the election processes.” T & G Mfg., 173 NLRB 1503, 1504 (1969). In that case, the ballot

itself was not identifiable and the choice had been recorded in the tally of votes. There was no

way of ascertaining how the vote was cast. The Board added: “We will not permit solicitation of

such information from the voter, nor allow the parties to stipulate how a voter exercised his

franchise, for this would create the very opportunity for collusion, coercion, and election abuse the

Board is committed to prevent.” Id.

For a discussion of cases in which a ballot is returned from the ballot box, see section 24-

410.

Circumstances may be such that a voter’s identity may unavoidably become known. Thus,

where a single professional employee constitutes one voting group in a Sonotone election (see

sections 18-110 and 21-400) while all the other employees constitute a second voting group and

the ballot in one group is different from those of the other, the ballot of the single professional

employee is, of course, distinguishable but unavoidable. Triple J Variety Drug Co., 168 NLRB

988, 989–990 (1967). For similar reasons, the fact that “a voter’s identity may be publicly known

as an unavoidable result of the challenge procedure, does not invalidate his vote in the

determination of the election results.” Marie Antoinette Hotel, 125 NLRB 207, 208 (1959); see

also DeVilbiss Co., 115 NLRB 1164, 1169 (1956). Compare J. C. Brock Corp., 318 NLRB 403

381

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

(1995), where the Board found that a limited use of foreign language ballots was insufficient to

destroy the secrecy of the ballot.

While secrecy of the ballot is of primary concern, the Board is also responsible for expediting

questions concerning representation. In balancing these two goals, the Board has, in narrow

circumstances, permitted challenged ballots to be opened and counted prior to a determination of

voter eligibility. International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, 137 NLRB 1681, 1682–1683

(1962). These circumstances are (1) the challenged ballots were cast by individuals who are

alleged discriminatees in a pending unfair labor practice case; (2) the individuals have clearly

waived their right to secrecy and requested that their ballots be opened; and (3) the

circumstances are such that if some or all of the challenged ballots have been cast for the

union, the union will receive a majority regardless of how the challenges are ultimately

determined. See, e.g., United Insurance Co. of America, 325 NLRB 341 (1998); Garrity Oil Co.,

272 NLRB 158 (1984); Premium Fine Coal, 262 NLRB 428 (1982). Compare J.C.L. Zigor Corp.,

274 NLRB 1477 (1985) (declining to open ballots because tie was theoretically possible). See

also section 22-115.

24-427 Mail

Ball

ots

370-6325 et seq.

370-6350 et seq.

370-6375 et seq.

Voting in appropriate instances may be conducted by mail, in whole or in part. The Regional

Director has discretion to authorize balloting by mail when appropriate. Pacific Gas & Electric

Co., 89 NLRB 938, 940 (1950); Southwestern Michigan Broadcasting Co., 94 NLRB 30, 31

(1951).

Three situations normally suggest the propriety of using mail ballots: (1) where eligible

voters are “scattered because of their job duties over a wide geographic area; (2) where eligible

voters are “scattered” because their work schedules vary significantly so that they are not

present at a common location at common times; and (3) a strike, a lockout, or picketing in in

progress. San Diego Gas & Electric, 325 NLRB 1143, 1145 (1998). If any of these situations

exists, the regional director should also consider “the desires of the parties, the likely ability of

voters to read and understand mail ballots, the availability of addresses for employees, and finally,

what constitutes the efficient use of Board resources”; the Board expects, in the absence of

extraordinary circumstances, that a regional director will exercise discretion within these

guidelines. Ibid.

The Board reviews the direction of a mail ballot (or mixed manual and mail ballot) election

under an abuse of discretion standard. See California Pacific Medical Center, 357 NLRB 197,

198 (2011); GPS Terminal Services, 326 NLRB 839 (1998); North American Plastics Corp., 326

NLRB 835 (1998); Masiongale Electrical-Mechanical, 326 NLRB 493 (1998); London’s Farm

Dairy, 323 NLRB 1057, 1058 (1997); Reynolds Wheels International, 323 NLRB 1062 (1997);

see also Nouveau Elevator Industries, 326 NLRB 470 (1998) (not an abuse of discretion to

direct manual election even though circumstances would have supported mail or mixed election);

Diamond Walnut Growers, Inc., 326 NLRB 28 (1998) (no abuse of discretion to direct manual

election despite existence of strike); Willamette Industries, Inc., 322 NLRB 856 (1997) (finding

abuse of discretion in directing mail ballot based solely on employer distance from Board

office); Shepard Convention Services, 314 NLRB 689 (1994), (finding an abuse of discretion in

the failure to direct a mail ballot election), enf. denied 85 F.3d 671 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

As an example, a mail ballot election was appropriate directed where, because of the nature of

their widespread over-the-road driving duties, eligible voters had places of employment and

residences which were scattered throughout the United States. National Van Lines, 120 NLRB

1343, 1344 (1958).

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Mail balloting is also used at times in the maritime industry. See, e.g., J. Ray McDermott &

Co. v. NLRB, 571 F.2d 850 (5th Cir. 1978). In Pacific Maritime Assn., 112 NLRB 1280, 1281

(1955), the Board explained that there are “unusual problems attendant upon balloting seagoing

employees,” and thus the Board has generally left the method of voting to the regional director in

this industry. See also Shipowners’ Assn. of the Pacific Coast, 110 NLRB 479 (1954) (holding

that fact manual election was conducted previously does not preclude regional director from

conducting election by mail); Continental Bus System, 104 NLRB 599, 601 (1953) (same).

The Board does not approve of one individual picking up the mail ballot of another potential

voter. Brink’s Armored Car, 278 NLRB 141 (1986); see also Fessler & Bowman, Inc., 341 NLRB

932 (2004) (unanimous Board agreed it is objectionable for a party to collect mail ballots for

submission to the Board, evenly divided on whether mere solicitation for collection is

objectionable, and majority declined to set election aside as only 2 nondispositive ballots were

affected by this conduct). Cf. Human Development Assn., 314 NLRB 821 (1994), in which the

Board ordered the employer to pay the costs of a second election where it had interfered with the

voting process in a mail-ballot election by various means.

As mail ballot elections are “more vulnerable to the destruction of laboratory conditions than

are manual elections,” as the Board does not directly supervise voting, the Board requires the use

of envelope identification stubs, and the absence of a stub “raises a reasonable doubt concerning

whether only eligible voters participated in the election and whether each of those eligible voters

cast only one ballot.” Mission Industries, 283 NLRB 1027 (1987). But where mail ballots become

“too closely identified with the names of the voters concerned,” the Board will not count the

ballots. Northwest Packing Co., 65 NLRB 890, 891 (1946) (partial opening of outside envelope

revealed names of four voters).

For a discussion of notice posting in a mail ballot election, see Club Demonstration Services,

317 NLRB 349, 350–351 (1995). For a discussion of the region’s obligation to send duplicate

election kits to employees who do not sign identification stub when returning mail ballots, see

Davis & Newcomer Elevator Co., 315 NLRB 715 (1994).

With respect to the late arrival of mail ballots, ballots received after the tally of ballots is

complete are not counted. Classic Valet Parking, Inc., 363 NLRB No. 23 (2015) (citing Kerrville

Bus Co., 257 NLRB 176, 177 (1981). Ballots received after the due date, but before the count,

however, should be accepted and counted. See, e.g., Watkins Construction Co., 332 NLRB 828

(2000). In Sadler Bros. Trucking & Leasing Co., 225 NLRB 194 (1976), the Board ordered

the Regional Director to accept a stipulation to waive the due date for two ballots.

The Board does not regard mail balloting as a “general course and method by which its

functions are channeled and determined” within the meaning of Section 3(a)(2) of the

Administrative Procedure Act. Consequently, a contention that an election was invalid because of

the Board’s alleged noncompliance with that provision was rejected. F. W. Woolworth Co., 96

NLRB 380, 381–382 (1951).

See also section 22-110. For a discussion of mail ballot elections and Peerless Plywood, see

section 24-310.

24-428 Foreign Language Vot

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Due regard must be given in Board elections to the needs of foreign language voters who are

unable to read English. Where there is a showing of need for a foreign language translation on the

notice of election, the Board will require such translation. See Rattan Art Gallery, Ltd., 260

NLRB 255 (1982). Compare Bally’s Atlantic City, 352 NLRB 316, 316 fn. 3 (2008),

incorporated by reference at 356 NLRB 179 (2010) (employer did no show that regional director’s

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

denial of request to translate notice into 9 languages was inconsistent with agency-wide practice);

see also Fibre Leather Mfg. Corp., 167 NLRB 393 (1967) (setting election aside where

petitioner called attention to need for Portuguese notice and ballots, but none were provided

and although bilingual observers were provided, Portuguese-speaking employees were not

advised of purpose of these observers, no employee approached them for assistance, and

observers only volunteered assistance to 4–6 out of 15–20 Portuguese-speaking employees).

Policies and procedures concerning foreign language notices of elections and/or ballots

(including the factors a regional director should consider in deciding whether to provide such

materials) are set forth in CHM section 11315. The CHM notes that foreign language interpreters

may be provided at the polling cite as an alternative or supplement to such arrangements. Parties

should advise the regional director as early as possible of the need for foreign language

translations and/or interpreters. See also Unibilt Industries, 278 NLRB 825 (1986) (“It is the

parties’ responsibility to notify the Board that bilingual election materials are needed”), and cases

cited therein.

Translated ballots with three or more languages are usually avoided, as they can present

readability problems. CHM sec. 11315.2(b). For example, in Kraft, Inc., 273 NLRB 1484 (1985),

the Board found that a ballot that attempted to indicate four languages was not set up in such

a way as to avoid confusion. Specifically, the Spanish and English translations which were

typed seemed “lost or overshadowed” by the handwritten Vietnamese and Laotian translations.

In the Board’s view, this created “high potential for voter confusion” not cured by the notices of

election or campaign materials. Id. at 1484. Compare Bridgeport Fittings, 288 NLRB 124 (1988),

where a ballot in three languages was laid out in such a way as to avoid confusion.

With respect to the actual translation on the ballot, the “relevant inquiry is whether the

translation provided those who do not read English with the information necessary to cast an

informed vote.” Bridgeport Fittings, 288 NLRB 124, 125 (1988) (citing Tanforan Pack Food

Purveyors Council v. NLRB, 656 F.2d 1358, 1363 (9th Cir. 1981)). In Bridgeport Fittings, the

Board declined to set an election aside where there were only three or four voters affected by a

poor Laotian translation and the election was decided by a margin of 72 votes; the Board also

rejected the argument that the ballot was objectionable because it did not translate certain

proper names. See also Avante at Boca Raton, Inc., 323 NLRB 555, 558–559 (1997) (declining to

set election aside because words “affiliated with” were not translated on notice or ballot).

The Board set aside an election where the parties agreed that bilingual notices would be

posted, but the Spanish-language notice omitted the official notice’s statement of rights of

employees. Flo-Tronic Metal Mfg., 251 NLRB 1546 (1980).

Board policy permits the use of foreign language notices of election and English ballots. See

CHM section 11315.2(c). This policy was approved by the Seventh Circuit in NLRB v. Precise

Castings, Inc., 915 F.2d 1160, 1164 (7th Cir. 1990), enfg. 294 NLRB 1164 (1989), cert.

denied 499 U.S. 959 (1991). The court did so, however, noting that there was no “evidence of

actual confusion.” See also Superior Truss & Panel, Inc., 334 NLRB 916, 918–919 (2001)

(RD’s refusal to provide ballots in Spanish not objectionable; Spanish translation of notice

understandable).

It is the responsibility of the Board agent to assure that the election is conducted fairly and

impartially. In Alco Iron & Metal Co., 269 NLRB 590 (1984), the Board set aside an election

because the Board agent virtually turned over to the union observer the running of the election as

it related to Spanish-speaking voters. Compare Regency Hyatt House, 180 NLRB 489 (1969). See

also section 24-410(b) for a discussion of similar cases involving the appearance that a party is in

control of the election process.

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

24-429 Ballot Count and Ballot Interpretation/Void Ballots

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370-7725

The Board agent conducting the election also conducts the ballot count and the parties to the

election are entitled to an “opportunity to monitor the . . . ballot count” by the Board agent.

Paprikas Fono, 273 NLRB 1326, 1328 (1984); see also Madera Enterprises, 309 NLRB 774

(1992) (parties have opportunity to monitor handling of determinative challenges). Ballot count

procedures at set forth in CHM sec. 11340.

As ballots are counted, the Board agent interprets “other-than-normal ballots,” and the

parties may challenge the Board agent’s interpretation; if the the challenge is based on good

cause, the ballot is segregated in a challenge envelope and listed as a challenged ballot. CHM

sec. 11340.7(a).

In making the determination as to the ballot markings, the Board agent is to give effect to the

unambiguous voter intent even though it may be an irregular marking or may be on the back of

the ballot. Hydro Conduit Corp., 260 NLRB 1352 (1982). Accord: Wackenhut Corp. v. NLRB,

666 F.2d 464, 467–468 (11th Cir. 1982), and cases cited therein. Thus, for example, in

Horton Automatics, 286 NLRB 1413 (1987), the Board found voter intent to vote against the

union when the voter wrote “non” across a ballot which was in both English and Spanish. See

also Kaufman’s Bakery, 264 NLRB 225 (1982) (Board disregarded irregular markings made over

the original “X”); Columbia Textile Services, 293 NLRB 1034, 1034 fn. 4 (1989); (voter

punching a hole through the “yes” box treated as “yes” vote); Brooks Bros., Inc., 316 NLRB 176

(1995) (ballot treated as “no” where voter clearly obliterated “X” in “yes” box and left

unmistakable “X” in “no” box); Daimler-Chrysler Corp., 338 NLRB 982 (2003) (treating ballot

as “yes” vote where there was “X” in the “yes” box, handwritten “?” adjacent to “yes” square, and

no markings in “no” box); Osram Sylvania, Inc, 325 NLRB 758 (1998) (smudged diagonal line in

“yes” box and 7 “X”s in “no” area clearly expressed intent to vote no); Thiele Industries, 325

NLRB 1122, 1222 fn. 1 (1998) (“X” in “yes” box, diagonal line in “No” box, and work “YES”

above “yes” box counted as “yes” vote). Cf. Aesthetic Designs, LLC, 339 NLRB 395 (2003)

(counting as valid sample ballot that had been included in mail-ballot election kit); Ruan

Transport v. NLRB, 674 F.3d 672 (7th Cir. 2012) (heavy mark in box for one union and signs in

erasure for box of other union shows overall intent to vote for first union).

By contrast, in Bishop Mugavero Center, 322 NLRB 209 (1996), the Board found that a

ballot marked with a single diagonal line in the “yes” box and an “X” in the “no” box was a void

ballot. See also TCI West, Inc., 322 NLRB 928 (1997), enf. denied 145 F.3d 1113 (9th Cir.

1998) (well-established “that where a voter marks both boxes on a ballot and the voter’s intent

cannot be ascertained from other markings on the ballot . . . the ballot is void because it fails to

disclose the clear intent of the voter.

The question of the validity of a ballot, as distinguished from a challenge to the eligibility of

the person casting the ballot, may properly be raised by a timely objection after the count and is

not considered a postelection challenge. F. J. Stokes Corp., 117 NLRB 951, 954 (1957);

Sorenson Lighted Controls, 286 NLRB 969 (1987).

24-430 Payments to Off-Duty Employees to Encourage Vot

378-2897-8700

In Sunrise Rehabilitation Hospital, 320 NLRB 212 (1995), the Board held that monetary

payments offered to employees as a reward for coming to a Board election that exceed actual

transportation expenses is objectionable. Accord: Lutheran Welfare Services, 321 NLRB 915

(1996); Perdue Farms, Inc., 320 NLRB 805, 805 fn. 1 (1996); Rite Aid Corp., 326 NLRB

924, 924 fn. 1 (1998). Compare Good Shepard Home, 321 NLRB 426 1996) (finding payments

amounted to actual expenses); Allen’s Electric Co., 340 NLRB 1012 (2003) (payments limited to

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

unavoidable costs clearly related to casting ballots).

The Board does not find payments for transportation or pay objectionable where the

employees did not know of payments before voting. Indiana Hospital, Inc., 326 NLRB 1399

(1998); J.R.T.S. Limited, Inc., 325 NLRB 970 (1998).

The foregoing cases treat such payments as a grant or offer of benefit. For cases involving

other types of benefits, see section 24-302. See also section 24-443 for discussion of the Board’s

policy of barring raffles that are in any way tied to voting in the election.

24-440

Electioneerin

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“It is the Board’s province and duty to safeguard its electoral processes from conduct which

inhibits the free exercise of employee choice.” Boston Insulated Wire Co., 259 NLRB 1118

(1982). As “the Board is especially zealous in preventing intrusions upon the actual conduct of

its elections,” it accordingly prohibits electioneering “at or near the polls.” Claussen Baking

Co., 134 NLRB 111, 112 (1964).

The Board does not, however, set aside elections based on electioneering “at or near the

polls” regardless of the circumstances, as “it is unrealistic to expect parties or employees to

refrain totally from any and all types of electioneering in the vicinity of the polls.” Boston

Insulated Wire, 259 NLRB at 1118. In determining whether electioneering warrants an

inference that it interfered with employee’s free choice, the Board considers (1) the nature and

extent of electioneering, (2) whether it was conducted by a party or employees, (3) whether the

conduct occurred in a designated no electioneering area, and (4) whether the conduct

contravened instructions of a Board agent. See id. at 1119; see also J. P. Mascaro & Sons, 345

NLRB 637, 638 (2005). In the event there is no designated no electioneering area, the Board

will treat the area “at or near the polls” as equivalent for the purposes of this standard. See

Pearson Education, Inc., 336 NLRB 979, 979–980 (2001) (citing Bally’s Park Place, Inc., 265

NLRB 703 (1982)).

Note that a different standard applies to “prolonged conversations” between party

representatives and voters waiting to vote. These types of conversations as subject to the

Milchem rule, discussed in section 24-442.

Applying the general electioneering standard, the Board has found objectionable a union

observer who, in the polling place and acting contrary to the Board agent’s instructions, told

four employees how to vote and gave others a “thumbs up.” Brinks Inc., 331 NLRB 46 (2000).

The Board has also found objectionable an antiunion poster hung in an area curtained off for

the election area (and which every employee had to pass in order to vote) and which the union

told the employer it considered objectionable before the polls opened. Pearson Education,

Inc., 336 NLRB 979, 979–980 (2001); see also Star Expansion Industries Corp., 170 NLRB

364 (1968) (union agent, on three separate occasions, disregarded Board agent instructions not

to electioneer within 50 feet of the polls).

By contrast, the Board has found various other types of electioneering conduct

unobjectionable. See, e.g., J. P. Mascaro & Sons, 345 NLRB 637, 638 (2005) (conversations

that took place outside the front entrance, away from any no-electioneering zone, that did not

violate any Board agent instructions); American Medical Response, 339 NLRB 23, 23 fn. 1

(2003) (prounion poster affixed to tree 100 feet from polling area and distributing prounion

flyers 50 to 80 feet from polling area); Del Ray Tortilleria, 272 NLRB 1106, 1107–1108

(1984) (union organizer shaking hands and speaking briefly with voters outside the polling

place); Boston Insulated Wire, 259 NLRB at 1118–1119 (passing out leaflets and speaking to

employees as they entered building where glass-paneled doors effectively insulated voters

from the electioneering); see also Marvil International Security Service, 173 NLRB 1260

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(1968) (union representatives conversed with voters at foot of 10-foot staircase leading to

second floor where polling area was 20 to 25 feet down a hallway, beyond no-electioneering

area established by Board agent); Harold W. Moore & Son, 173 NLRB 1258 (1968)

(conversations taking place 30 feet from building entrance, which was itself 30 feet from

polling area); Sewanee Coal Operators’ Assn., 146 NLRB 1145, 1147 (1964) (persons wearing

prounion placards circulated about voting line outside of polling area and Board agent had not

designated no-electioneering area); NLRB v. Le Fort Enterprises, Inc., 791 F.3d 207, 213–214

(1st Cir. 2015) (electioneering and name-calling engaged in by employees outside of any no-

electioneering area which could not be heard in polling place not objectionable). Compare

Newark Portfolio JV, LLC v. NLRB, 658 Fed. Appx. 649 (3d Cir. 2016) (denying enforcement

where no evidence supported Board finding agent did not designate no-electioneering area,

thus undermining Board’s Boston Insulated Wire analysis).

Note that picketing at the site of the election is not, by itself, objectionable. See Chrill Care,

Inc., 340 NLRB 1016 (2003) (picketing at site of election, not objectionable).

Although the factors set forth in Boston Insulated Wire clearly contemplate that conduct may

be engaged in by a nonparty, the Board has also stated that in evaluating electioneering by

nonparties, the standard is “whether the conduct at issue so substantially impaired the employees’

exercise of free choice as to require that the election be set aside.” Rheem Mfg. Co., 309 NLRB

459, 463 (1992); Southeastern Mills, 227 NLRB 57, 58 (1976); see also Hollingsworth

Management Service, 342 NLRB 556, 558 (2004).

As described below, the Board takes approaches distinct from those described above with

respect to certain types of conduct that could also be described as “electioneering.” The following

sections consider ballot reproduction, raffles/gifts/parties/contests, the use of union or employer

insignia, and—perhaps most importantly—the Milchem rule, which applies to “prolonged

conversations” between party representatives and voters waiting to cast their ballots.

24-441 Ballot Rep

odu

ction

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4270-6775

The reproduction of a document which purports to be a copy of the Board’s official secret

ballot, but which in fact is altered for campaign purposes, tends to suggest to the voters, directly

or indirectly, that this Agency endorses a particular choice. Allied Electric Products, Inc., 109

NLRB 1270, 1272 (1954).

After Allied Electric, the Board tended to follow a per se rule that an altered ballot or other

Board material which tended to undermine the Board’s neutrality would cause the election to be

set aside. In SDC Investment, 274 NLRB 556, 557 (1985), the Board determined that this rule

failed to account for employees’ ability to recognize altered sample ballots as campaign

propaganda and to evaluate them as such (see Midland National Life Insurance Co., 263 NLRB

127 (1982)), and therefore modified its approach, stating that the “crucial question” in ballot

alteration cases is whether the document “is likely to have given voters the misleading impression

that the Board favored one of the parties to the election.” 274 NLRB at 557. To resolve that

question, the Board articulated a two-part test that turned on whether an altered ballot clearly

identified the party responsible for it, and if not, whether the document tended to mislead

employees into believing the Board favored one of the parties. Ibid.

In 1993, the Board added a disclaimer to its notice of election disavowing the Board’s

participation in the alteration of any sample ballot and pronouncing the Board’s neutrality. As

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a result, the Board essentially held that the SDC Investment analysis was not required where

the notice’s disclaimer language was available (see Brookville Healthcare Center, 312 NLRB

594 (1993), but continued to apply that analysis where the notice’s disclaimer was not readily

available to employees (see Sofitel San Francisco Bay, 343 NLRB 769 (2004)).

Then, in Ryder Memorial Hospital, 351 NLRB 214, 216 (2007), the Board added explicit

disclaimer language to the actual ballot cast by employees in the election and to the sample

ballot contained on the notice of election. Both the sample and actual ballot accordingly now

state that the Board does not endorse any choice in the election, and any marking voters may

have seen on a sample ballot was not put there by the Board. As a result of this change, the

SDC Investment analysis is no longer necessary. Instead, altered ballot reproductions that

include the disclaimer are not objectionable; by contrast, an altered ballot reproduction that

does not contain the disclaimer is per se objectionable, because it is highly unlikely that the

omission of the disclaimer would be inadvertent (as the disclaimer now appears on all sample

ballots). See also Goffstown Truck Center, Inc., 356 NLRB 157, 158 (2010).

See also section 24-423 for a discussion of the requirements for posting the Notice of

Election.

24-442 The Milchem Ru

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In Milchem, Inc., 170 NLRB 362 (1968), the Board set forth a rule that prohibits “prolonged

conversations between representatives of any party to the election and voters waiting to cast

ballots.” A “chance, isolated, innocuous comment or inquiry” does not “necessarily void the

election” under this standard, however. Id. at 363. The Board does not inquire into the nature of the

conversation under this rule. Id. at 362.

To find objectionable conduct under Milchem, there must accordingly be (1) conduct by a

party (2) that involves prolonged conversations with employees waiting in line to vote. Tyson

Fresh Meats, Inc., 343 NLRB 1335, 1336 (2004). The Board has repeatedly stated that Milchem

does not apply to third-party conduct. See Lamar Advertising of Janesville, 340 NLRB 979, 979

fn. 4 (2003); Crestwood Convalescent Hospital, 316 NLRB 1057 (1995); Rheem Mfg. Co., 309

NLRB 459, 463 (1992).

In Milchem itself, during the voting period, a union official stood for several minutes near the

line of employees waiting to vote, engaging them in conversation. While the union official

said that his remarks concerned the weather and like topics, the Board found that “the sustained

conversation with prospective voters waiting to cast their ballots, regardless of the content of the

remarks exchanged, constitutes conduct which, in itself, necessitates a second election.” 170

NLRB at 362; see also Volt Technical Corp., 176 NLRB 832, 836–837 (1970) (election set aside

where supervisor went from person to person in line—which varied from 15 to 50 employees—

and engaged in conversational and handshaking activity).

As the foregoing quote illustrates, the Milchem rule is applied “without inquiry into the nature

of the conversations.” 170 NLRB at 362. Thus, although his remarks were not shown to be

electioneering, the Board set aside an election where the petitioner’s observer engaged in

conversations “beyond a mere hello” (and culminated in a gratuitous loan offer to a prospective

voter). Modern Hard Chrome Service Co., 187 NLRB 82, 83 (1970).

Social pleasantries or chance remarks are not considered objectionable under the Milchem

rule absent more. See Sawyer Lumber Co., 326 NLRB 1331, 1333 (1998); Dubovsky & Sons,

324 NLRB 1068 (1997); see also NLRB v. Oesterlein Services for Youth, 649 F.2d 399, 400–401

(6th Cir. 1981), enfg. 243 NLRB 563 (1979) (pleasantries and innocuous conversations not

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INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

objectionable). Rather, once again, the conversation must be “prolonged.” Lowe’s HIW, Inc., 349

NLRB 478, 479 (2007); see also Clothing & Textile Workers v. NLRB, 815 F.2d 225, 228–229 (2d

Cir. 1987), enfg. 280 NLRB 864 (1986) (two-minute conversation not necessarily “prolonged”).

Cf. Sir Francis Drake Hotel, 330 NLRB 638 (2000) (brief and innocuous comments by

observer to 5 or 6 employees not objectionable); Con-Way Freight, Inc. v. NLRB, 838 F.3d 534

(5th Cir. 2016) (union observer’s brief, isolated, ambiguous remarks to voters did not constitute

objectionable conduct).

The Board has indicated that Milchem does not apply if the conversation in question does not

involve voters waiting in line to vote. See C&G Heating & Air Conditioning, 356 NLRB 1054,

1055 (2011) (no violation where there was no allegation union representative engaged in any

conversation with employees waiting in line to vote, much less prolonged conversations); U-Haul

Co. of Nevada, Inc., 341 NLRB 195, 196 (2004) (union representative’s conversations with voters

did not take place in polling area, waiting area, or near line of voters); Golden Years Rest Home,

289 NLRB 1106 (1988) (conversation did not take place within polling place or corridor leading

to it and employee was not waiting in line to vote); Stevenson Equipment Co., 174 NLRB 865, 867

(1969) (remarks not addressed to employees waiting in line to vote and were not by union agent).

As previously stated, the Board has stated that “isolated” remarks need not violate Milchem.

In Mead Corp., 189 NLRB 190 (1971), the Board declined to set the election aside based on an

apparent isolated violation of the Milchem rule where the vote of the employee addressed was

not dispositive of the election. Compare Bio-Medical of Puerto Rico, 269 NLRB 827 (1984)

(speaking to four voters in no-electioneering area and agent’s extended presence in waiting room

amounted to more than “chance, isolated, innocuous comment or inquiry”). See also Pacific

Grain Products, 309 NLRB 690, 691 (1992) (declining to set election aside based on observer

remark that only affected one employee whose ballot would not affect the election’s outcome).

For an example of a court decision distinguishing between types of remarks alleged to be

objectionable under Milchem, see NLRB v. Vista Hill Foundation, 639 F.2d 479 (9th Cir. 1980),

enfg. 239 NLRB 667 (1978). In that case, the court held that four conversations consisting of

greetings and comments on the weather did not violate Milchem, nor did the union agent’s brief

reply to an employee’s question (as to whether the observer would be the union representative if

employees selected the union). Id. at 484. The court commented that the sixth conversation—in

which the observer commented that if the employees voted for the union he (the observer) would

not be in so much trouble with the employer—“begins to approach the kind of electioneering

condemned” under Milchem, but deferred to the Board’s finding that this comment was also

innocuous. Ibid.

Milchem may apply in the absence of a “conversation” so long as there is a party message

directed at employees waiting to vote. See Fieldcrest Cannon, Inc., 318 NLRB 470, 566–567

(1995) (displaying poster listing union’s history of strikes to voters waiting to vote objectionable).

But a conversation not directed at voters that voters may be able to overhear does not violate the

Milchem rule. See Longs Drug Stores California, 347 NLRB 500, 501–502 (2006) (although

employees may have overheard statements made by alleged agents, such statements were not

conversations with employees waiting to vote); Midway Hospital Medical Center, 330 NLRB

1420, 1420 fn. 1 (2000) (union observer’s outbursts against employer were directed union

representative, management officials, and Board agent, and could not reasonably be viewed as

attempting to communicate with employees waiting to vote).

An election will not be set aside where the Milchem rule was violated by the observer for the

losing party in the election. General Dynamics Corp., 181 NLRB 874, 875 (1970).

The Board has declined to extend Milchem to find that a party-sponsored luncheon held

outside the polling area when the polls are open interferes with an election. Lach-Simkins Dental

Laboratories, 186 NLRB 671, 672 (1970).

For discussion of other types of electioneering see section 24-440; for third party conduct, see

section

24-320.

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24-443 Raffles, Gifts, Parties, and Contests

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378-4284

A party’s use of raffles, gifts, parties, and contests could fairly be described as forms of

electioneering, but the standards involved here differ from the Boston Insulated Wire standard

discussed in section 24-440 and the Milchem standard discussed in section 24-442. Indeed, this

conduct could also be described as possible preelection campaign interference, and in many instances

the standard applied to such conduct is the same standard applied to the grant of benefits. Accordingly,

for a much more detailed discussion of this area, see section 24-303.

That said, particular considerations apply to raffles. In Atlantic Limousine, 331 NLRB 1025,

1029 (2000), the Board adopted a new rule barring “employers and unions from conducting a

raffle if (1) eligibility to participate in the raffle or win prizes is in any way tied to voting in the

election or being at the election site on election day or (2) the raffle is conducted at any time

during a period beginning 24 hours before the scheduled opening of the polls and ending with the

closing of the polls.” Conducting a raffle includes announcing one, distributing raffle tickets,

identifying raffle winners, and awarding prizes. Id. Accord: Ryder Student Transportation

Services, 332 NLRB 1590 (2000) (conditioning a raffle on a certain number of employees

voting); Allen-Brooke Healthcare Center, 331 NLRB 1065 (2000) (raffle conducted during

balloting). For a summary of prior precedent in this area, see Atlantic Limousine, 331 NLRB at

1026–1028.

If, however, election raffles are held outside of the 24-hour period, the Board scrutinizes

them to determine whether “they involve promises or grants of benefit that would improperly

affect employee free choice; or whether they allow the employer to identify employees who might

or might not be sympathetic, and thus to learn were to direct additional pressure or campaign

efforts.” Atlantic Limousine, 331 NLRB at 1029 fn. 13. In such circumstances, the test set out in B

& D Plastics, 302 NLRB 245 (1991), applies. See BFI Waste Systems, 334 NLRB 934 (2001)

(setting election aside based on this test).

The B & D Plastics standard also applies to grants of benefit (section 24-302) and gifts

(section 24-303). The Board also applies B & D Plastics to determine whether special

circumstances warrant setting the election aside based on a campaign party. See section 24-303.

As for contests, it is objectionable to hold a contest involving the answering of question about the

eletion campaign if the employees are required to sign their names. See Melampy Mfg. Co., 303

NLRB 845 (1991), and section 24-303.

24-444 Campaign In

sig

378-2847-8400 et seq.

378-8440

The Board has consistently held that wearing stickers, buttons, and similar campaign insignia

by participants as well as observers at an election is, without more, not prejudicial. R. H Osbrink

Mfg. Co., 114 NLRB 940, 942 (1955); see also Furniture City Upholstery Co., 115 NLRB

1433, 1434–1435 (1956). The Board discourages observers from wearing insignia, but does not

prohibit such conduct. U-Haul Co. of Nevada, Inc., 341 NLRB 195, 196 (2004); see also CHM

sec. 11310.4. Thus, precedent is clear that the wearing at the polls by observers of buttons or

other insignia merely bearing the name of their union is not prejudicial to the fair conduct of an

election. Electric Wheel Co., 120 NLRB 1644, 1646 (1958). And viewing the identity and

special interests of employer observers as not reasonably presumed to be less well known than

that of union observers, the Board holds that the impact on voters is not materially different

“whether the observers wear prounion or antiunion insignia of this kind.” Larkwood Farms,

178 NLRB 226 (1969) (observer wearing “Vote No” hat not objectionable).; see also Fiber

390

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

Industries, 267 NLRB 840, 850 (1983) (appearance of words “yes” or “no” in polling area,

without more, not grounds to set aside election); Delaware Mills, Inc., 123 NLRB 943, 946

(1959) (overruling objection based on employee—who, because her vote was challenged, was

required to sit at polling place—wearing union T-shirt and “Vote Yes” button and allegedly

waving and smiling at other voters).

The display of insignia outside the polling area just before or during the polling period

similarly has been found unobjectionable. Thus, in Mar-Jac Poultry Co., 123 NLRB 1571, 1572–

1573 (1959), the Board overruled an objection where, during the half-hour before voting (during

which the employer’s operations were shut down), some employees walked around the plant at

such time wearing handmade paper hats lettered with words “Vote No.” Similarly, in Chrill

Care, Inc., 340 NLRB 1016 (2003), the presence of picketers displaying union signs and insignia

outside the voting area was not objectionable.

A significant distinction should be drawn between the situation involved in the above cases

and one in which the employer makes badges or other campaign insignia available to employees.

In such cases, the Board has found objectionable conduct where the offer of such materials

pressures employees to make an open or observable choice, thus demonstrating support for, or

rejection of, the union. See, e.g., 2 Sisters Food Group, Inc., 357 NLRB 1816, 1818–1819 (2011);

Circuit City Stores, 324 NLRB 147 (1997); Barton Nelson, Inc., 318 NLRB 712 (1995); A. O.

Smith Automotive Products Co., 315 NLRB 994 (1994); Gonzales Packing Co., 304 NLRB 805

(1991) (citing Pillowtex Corp., 234 NLRB 560 (1978)); Macklanburg-Duncan Co., 179 NLRB

848 (1969); Garland Knitting Mills, 170 NLRB 821 (1968), enfd. in material part 414 F.2d 1214

(D.C. Cir. 1969); Chas. V. Weise Co., 133 NLRB 765 (1961).

It is not objectionable, however, for an employer to merely make antiunion paraphernalia

available. See, e.g., Columbia Alaska Regional Hospital, 327 NLRB 876 (1999); Black Dot, Inc.,

239 NLRB 929 (1978).

24-445 Checking Off Names of Vot

s/Listkeeping

370-3533-4050-2500

378-2857

378-4260

378-5625-7000

Board policy prohibits the keeping of a list, apart from the official voting list, of persons

who have voted in the election. International Stamping Co., 97 NLRB 921 (1951). Thus, where

one of the union representatives had a sheet of paper in his hand and, as employees passed

him to enter the store where a Board election was being conducted, he made notations of the

names of employees who had voted, the election was set aside. Piggly-Wiggly #011, 168

NLRB 792 (1967). Although it is the policy of the Board to prohibit the keeping of a list of

persons who have voted in the election, it is necessary to affirmatively show or to infer from

the circumstances that the employees knew that their names were being recorded. See Days Inn

Management Co., 299 NLRB 735,736–737 (1992); Hallandale Rehabilitation Center, 313

NLRB 835, 836–837 (1994). Where no such affirmative evidence of this exists or where it cannot

be inferred from the circumstances of the case, the election is sustained. A. D. Juilliard & Co.,

110 NLRB 2197, 2199 (1954); see also Southland Containers, 312 NLRB 1087 (1993) (and

cases cited therein); Textile Service Industries, 284 NLRB 1108 (1987) (finding unobjectionable

observer’s writing, in addition to hash marks, ‘unknown words’ not recognized as names while

attempting to conceal the paper); Cross-Pointe Corp., 315 NLRB 714 (1994) (observer writing

something unknown on piece of paper not objectionable). Compare Cross Pointe Paper Corp.,

330 NLRB 658, 662 (2000).

For example, an observer for the employer, during the morning voting session at one of the

polling places, used a copy of the voting list to determine whether the voters as they appeared to

391

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

vote were among those he had been instructed to challenge. Although he began by checking off

voters on his list, doing so only as to the first few voters, he discontinued such practice when

warned against it by the Board agent, nor was it clear that any voter was aware his name was

being checked off. The Board concluded that any breach of the rule which may have occurred

was de minimis and did not constitute a basis for invalidating the election. Tom Brown Drilling

Co., 172 NLRB 1267 (1968).

Lists of those to be challenged are of course permitted. See Avante at Boca Raton, Inc., 323

NLRB 555, 557 (1997); Cerock Wire & Cable Group, 273 NLRB 1041 (1984), and CHM section

11338.2. The Board prefers that the observer not use a duplicate Excelsior list, Mead Southern

Wood Products, 337 NLRB 497 (2002).

The Board has permitted the employer to maintain lists where they were unrelated to the actual

polling itself. American Nuclear Resources, 300 NLRB 567 (1990) (list maintained as part of

normal security procedure); Red Lion, 301 NLRB 33 (1991) (list maintained for payroll

reasons).

See also the discussion of observers at section 24-424.

24-446 Agents Stationed Near Polling Place

378-8430-5050

In Performance Measurements Co., 148 NLRB 1657 (1964), the Board set aside an election

due to “the continued presence of the Employer’s president at a location where employees were

required to pass in order to enter the polling place.” Similarly, in Electric Hose & Rubber Co.,

262 NLRB 186, 216 (1982), the Board set aside an election based, in part, on the fact that a

supervisor was stationed within 10 to 15 feet of the entrance of the voting area. In Nathan Katz

Realty, LLC v. NLRB, 251 F.3d 981, 993 (D.C. Cir. 2001), the court stated that these two cases

“seem to stand for the proposition that a party engages in objectionable conduct sufficient to set

aside an election if one of its agents is continually present in a place where employees have to

pass in order to vote.” As the Board had denied review of the regional director’s finding that the

presence of union agents outside the entrance to the polling place was not objectionable, the court

remanded the case, stating that the Board had not acted consistent with prior adjudications and

had failed to offer a reasoned explanation for this departure. Ibid. The Board has since stated that

there “is no indication, however, that the court was presented with, or considered, an argument

that Electric Hose and Performance Measurements were distinguishable on the basis that those

cases involved employer agents rather than union agents.” Longwood Security Services, 364

NLRB No. 50, slip op. at 3 (2016).

24-500 The Lufkin Rul

370-2817-3366

Before 1964, the Board had “seldom heretofore exercised its discretion to incorporate in the

election notice any language which might explain the basis for the holding of a new election.” 29

NLRB Ann. Rep. 63 (1964).

In Lufkin Rule Co., 147 NLRB 341 (1964), at the request of the party whose objections to

election conduct had been sustained, the Board directed its Regional Director to include in the

notice of the repeat election the fact that a new election would be conducted because the

employer’s preelection conduct had interfered with the employees’ exercise of a free and reasoned

choice and thus warranted setting aside the original election. Fieldcrest Cannon, Inc., 327

NLRB 109, 110 fn. 3 (1998).

The employer, in opposition to the union’s request, contended that to grant the motion would

unduly prejudice it because such a statement, having the imprimatur of the Board, would suggest

to the employees that in view of the employer’s misconduct the Board favored a vote for the

petitioner in the second election. The Board rejected this contention, stating that it did “not

believe that the notice in any way indicated that the Board favors the petitioner in the second

392

INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTIONS

election” and that the “primary purpose of the notice is to provide official notification to all

eligible voters, without detailing the specific conduct involved, as to the reason why the elections

were set aside.” 147 NLRB at 342 fn. 2.

The notice, set forth in CHM sec. 11452.3, reads as follows:

NOTICE TO ALL VOTERS

The election conducted on [insert date] was set aside because the National Labor Relations

Board found that certain conduct of the (Employer) (Union) interfered with the

employees’ exercise of a free and reasoned choice. Therefore, a new election will be held in

accordance with the terms of this notice of election. All eligible voters should understand

that the National Labor Relations Act, as amended, gives them the right to cast their ballots

as they see fit, and protects them in the exercise of this right, free from interference by any

of the parties.

For an application to this rule, see, e.g., Snap-On Tools, Inc., 342 NLRB 5, 5 fn. 3 (2004);

Bush Hog, Inc., 161 NLRB 1575, 1595 (1966). See also Monfort of Colorado, 298 NLRB

73, 86 fn. 46 (1990); SDC Investment, 274 NLRB 556, 558 fn. 6 (1985). In Miller Industries,

Towing Equipment, Inc., 342 NLRB 1074, 1074 fn. 4 (2004), the Board denied a request for a

special notice but did direct a notice of election in accordance with Lufkin rule.

Inclusion of Lufkin language is standard when requested. See Purple Communications, Inc.,

361 NLRB No. 43, slip op. at 1 fn. 2 (2014).

If the Lufkin language is not used, the notice of election should be modified to the extent that

it should explain that the election being announced is a “rerun of the election held on [date of

original election].” CHM sec. 11452.3.

See section 22-106, for discussion of Board policy of including statement of reasons for

rescheduling elections in the Notice of Election.

24-600 Postelection Unit

ification

Under certain circumstances, the Second Circuit has held that a postelection unit modification

may affect the outcome of an election. See Hamilton Test Systems v. NLRB, 743 F.2d 136 (2d Cir.

1984). See also section 3-880.

393

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

“M” System, Inc., 115 NLRB 1316 (1956) ............................................................................................. 63, 149

2 Sisters Food Group, Inc., 357 NLRB 1816 (2011) .................................................31, 237, 300, 307, 331, 390

20th Century-Fox Film Corp., 234 NLRB 172 (1978) ................................................................................... 192

220 Television, Inc., 172 NLRB 1304 (1968) ........................................................................................ 130, 131

3 Beall Bros. 3, 110 NLRB 685 (1954) ........................................................................................................... 81

30 Sutton Place Corp., 240 NLRB 752 (1979) ............................................................................................. 11

55 Liberty Owners Corp., 318 NLRB 308 (1995) ..................................................................................... 261

77 Operating Co., 160 NLRB 927 (1966) ...................................................................................................... 190

800 River Road Operating Co. v. NLRB, 846 F.3d 378 (D.C. Cir. 2017)...................................................... 306

A & J Cartage, 309 NLRB 319 (1992) ........................................................................................................... 314

A & M Trucking, 314 NLRB 991 (1994) ........................................................................................................ 89

A A Electric Co., 177 NLRB 504 (1969), enf. denied on other grounds 435 F.2d 1296 (1971),

revd. and remanded 405 U.S. 117 (1971) .............................................................................................. 8

A. A. Mathews Associates, 200 NLRB 250 (1972) ..................................................................................... 258

A. Barton Hepburn Hospital, 238 NLRB 95 (1978) .......................................................................................... 269

A. C. Pavement Striping Co., 296 NLRB 206 (1989) ............................................................................... 181

A. D. Juilliard & Co., 110 NLRB 2197 (1954) ............................................................................................ 390

A. Harris & Co., 116 NLRB 1628 (1957) ........................................................................................... 204, 205

A. J. Schneider & Associates, 227 NLRB 1305 (1977) ............................................................................ 126

A. J. Tower Co.; NLRB v., 329 U.S. 324 (1946) ........................................................................................... 302

A. L. Mechling Barge Lines, 192 NLRB 1118 (1971) ................................................................................ 146

A. O. Smith Automotive Products Co., 315 NLRB 994 (1994) ............................................................. 331, 390

A.O. Smith Corp.

166 NLRB 845 (1967) ................................................................................................................. 134, 140

195 NLRB 955 (1972) ....................................................................................................................... 184

A. Rebello Excavating Contractors, 219 NLRB 329 (1975) .......................................................................... 343

A. Russo & Sons, Inc., 329 NLRB 402 (1999) .......................................................................................... 205

A. S. Abell Co.

185 NLRB 144 (1970) ......................................................................................................................... 222

224 NLRB 425 (1976) ......................................................................................................................... 74

A. W. Schlesinger Geriatric Center, 267 NLRB 1363 (1983) ........................................................................ 261

A. Werman & Sons, 114 NLRB 629 (1956) .................................................................................................... 52

A.D.T. Co., 112 NLRB 80 (1955) ............................................................................................................ 62, 262

A.S.V., Inc., 360 NLRB 1252 (2014) ............................................................................................................. 144

A-1 Linen Service, 227 NLRB 1469 (1977) .................................................................................................. 91

AAA Cab Services, 341 NLRB 462 (2004) ........................................................................................ 222, 223

Aardvark Post, 331 NLRB 320 (2000) ................................................................................................... 233, 247

Abbott Ambulance of Illinois v. NLRB, 522 F.3d 447 (D.C. Cir. 2008) ....................................................... 314

ABM Onsite Services – West, Inc. v. NLRB, 849 F.3d 1137 (D.C. Cir. 2017) ............................................... 20

ABS Corp., 299 NLRB 516 (1990) ................................................................................................................ 273

Absorbent Cotton Co., 137 NLRB 908 (1962) ........................................................................................... 70, 94

Accetta Millwork, 274 NLRB 141 (1985) ...................................................................................................... 168

Accubuilt, Inc., 340 NLRB 1337 (2003) ..................................................................................... 327, 335, 342

Ace Car & Limousine Service, 357 NLRB 359 (2011) .................................................................................. 109

Ace Doran Hauling & Rigging Co. v. NLRB, 462 F.2d 190 (6th Cir. 1972) ............................................... 219

Ace Heating & Air Conditioning Co., 364 NLRB No. 22 (2016) ........................................................... 236, 331

394

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Acme Brewing Co., 72 NLRB 1005 (1947) ................................................................................................ 101

Acme Bus Corp.

316 NLRB 274 (1995) ......................................................................................................................... 378

320 NLRB 458 (1995) .......................................................................................................................... 227

Acme Markets, Inc., 328 NLRB 1208 (1999) ................................................................................ 31, 140, 160

Action Automotive; NLRB v., 469 U.S. 490 (1985) ...................................................................................... 270

Active Sportswear Co., 104 NLRB 1057 (1953) .................................................................................... 317, 378

Adco Electric, 307 NLRB 1113 (1992), enfd. 6 F.3d 1110 (5th Cir. 1993) .................................................... 246

Adelphi University, 195 NLRB 639 (1972) ................................................................... 202, 203, 237, 253, 287

ADIA Personnel Services, 322 NLRB 994 (1997) ......................................................................... 45, 336, 341

ADT LLC, 365 NLRB No. 77 (2017) .............................................................................................................. 74

ADT Security Services Inc., 355 NLRB 1388 (2010) ................................................................................. 145

ADT Security Services; NLRB v., 689 F.3d 628 (6th Cir. 2012) ................................................................... 145

Advance Electric, 268 NLRB 1001 (1984)..................................................................................................... 177

Advance Pattern Co., 80 NLRB 29 (1949) ....................................................................................................... 69

Advance Products Corp., 304 NLRB 436 (1991) ........................................................................................... 331

Advanced Architectural Metals, Inc., 347 NLRB 1279 (2006) ................................................................ 71, 134

Advanced Disposal Services East, Inc. v. NLRB, 820 F.3d 592 (3d Cir. 2016) .............................................. 30

Aerojet General Corp.

131 NLRB 1094 (1961) ....................................................................................................................... 275

144 NLRB 368 (1963) ......................................................................................................................... 126

163 NLRB 890 (1967) ....................................................................................................................... 212

185 NLRB 794 (1970) ................................................................................................................. 157, 158

Aerospace Corp., 331 NLRB 561 (2000) .................................................................................... 143, 206, 276

Aesthetic Designs, LLC, 339 NLRB 395 (2003)............................................................................................ 384

Aetna Freight Lines, Inc., 194 NLRB 740 (1972) ............................................................................................ 66

Aetna Iron & Steel Co., 35 NLRB 136 (1941) ........................................................................................... 149

Affiliated Computer Services, 355 NLRB 899 (2010) ................................................................................... 365

Afro Jobbing & Mfg. Corp., 186 NLRB 19 (1970) ....................................................................................... 289

AG Communication Systems Corp., 350 NLRB 168 (2007) ................................................................... 175

Agar Supply Co., 337 NLRB 1267 (2002) ............................................................................................. 311, 314

AGI Klearfold, LLC, 350 NLRB 538 (2007) ................................................................................................. 195

AgriGeneral L.P., 325 NLRB 972 (1998) .............................................................................................. 217, 218

Air California, 170 NLRB 18 (1968)................................................................................................................ 21

Air Lacarte, Florida, Inc., 212 NLRB 764 (1974) .......................................................................................... 31

Air Line Pilots Assn., 97 NLRB 929 (1951) .................................................................................................. 267

Air Liquide America Corp., 324 NLRB 661 (1997) ...................................................................................... 287

Air Transit, 271 NLRB 1108 (1984) ...................................................................................................... 220, 222

Airborne Express, 338 NLRB 597 (2002) ....................................................................................................... 176

Airborne Freight Corp., 142 NLRB 873 (1963) ............................................................................................... 89

Airco, Inc., 273 NLRB 348 (1984) ........................................................................................................ 140, 182

Aircraft Turbine Service, 173 NLRB 709 (1969) ........................................................................................... 99

Airstream, Inc., 304 NLRB 151 (1991) .......................................................................................................... 334

Airway Cleaners, LLC, 363 NLRB No. 166 (2016) ................................................................................... 21, 41

Akron Cablevision, 191 NLRB 4 (1971)........................................................................................................ 121

Akron Engraving Co., 170 NLRB 232 (1968)........................................................................................ 315, 316

Al J. Schneider & Associates, 227 NLRB 1305 (1977) ................................................................................. 135

Al Long, Inc., 173 NLRB 447 (1969) .................................................................................... 362, 363, 364, 365

Alabama Metal Products, 280 NLRB 1090 (1986) ...................................................................................... 175

395

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Aladdin Hotel, 179 NLRB 362 (1969) ........................................................................................................... 186

Aladdin Hotel, 270 NLRB 838 (1984) ........................................................................................................... 236

Alamo Rent-A-Car, 330 NLRB 897 (2000) ..................................................................... 55, 160, 162, 163, 164

Alanis Airport Services, 316 NLRB 1233 (1995) ............................................................................................ 65

Alaska Salmon Industry, 90 NLRB 168 (1950) ............................................................................................. 115

Alaska Steamship Co., 172 NLRB 1200 (1968) ..................................................................................... 131, 132

Albany Medical Center, 273 NLRB 485 (1984) ........................................................................................ 250, 251

Albany Medical College, 239 NLRB 853 (1978) .......................................................................................... 13

Albert Lea Cooperative Creamery Assn., 119 NLRB 817 (1957) .................................................................. 224

Albertson’s Inc.

270 NLRB 132 (1984) ......................................................................................................................... 174

273 NLRB 286 (1984) .......................................................................................................................... 78

307 NLRB 338 (1992) ................................................................................................................... 77, 104

Albertson’s/Max Food Warehouse, 329 NLRB 410 (1999) ................................................................... 117, 136

Albuquerque Insulation Contractor, 256 NLRB 61 (1981) .............................................................................. 74

Alco Iron & Metal Co., 269 NLRB 590 (1984)...................................................................................... 371, 383

Alcoa, Inc. v. NLRB, 849 F.3d 250 (5th Cir. 2017) ...................................................................................... 175

Alcohol & Drug Dependency Services, 326 NLRB 519 (1998) .................................................................. 355

Alexander Bistritzky, 323 NLRB 524 (1997) ................................................................................................. 175

ALJUD Licensed Home Care Services, 345 NLRB 1089 (2005) ................................................................ 104

All County Electric Co., 332 NLRB 863 (2000) ...................................................................................... 44, 177

All Seasons Climate Control, Inc., 357 NLRB 718 (2011) ............................................................................ 119

Allan, Lane & Scott, 137 NLRB 223 (1962) .............................................................................................. 294

Allegheny General Hospital, 230 NLRB 954 (1977) ..................................................................................... 116

Allegheny Ludlum Corp., 333 NLRB 734 (2001) ..................................................................................... 360, 362

Allegheny Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co., 222 NLRB 1298 (1976) ........................................................................ 116

Allen B. Dumont Laboratories, Inc., 88 NLRB 1296 (1950) ........................................................................ 64

Allen Health Care Services, 332 NLRB 1308 (2000) ............................................................................ 40, 140

Allen Services Co., 314 NLRB 1060 (1994) ........................................................................ 225, 231, 261, 271

Allen’s Electric Co., 340 NLRB 1012 (2003) ............................................................................................... 384

Allen-Bradley Co., 168 NLRB 15 (1968) ....................................................................................................... 210

Allen-Brooke Healthcare Center, 331 NLRB 1065 (2000) ............................................................................ 389

Allen-Morrison Sign Co., 138 NLRB 73 (1962) ......................................................................................... 352

Allentown Mack Sales & Service v. NLRB, 522 U.S. 359 (1998) .................................................................. 75

Alley Drywall, Inc., 333 NLRB 1005 (2001) ................................................................................................ 145

Alliance of Television Film Producers, Inc., 126 NLRB 54 (1960) ............................................................ 170

Allied Acoustics, 300 NLRB 1183 (1990) ..................................................................................................... 372

Allied Aviation Service Co. of New Jersey v. NLRB, 854 F.3d 55 (D.C. Cir. 2017) ...................................... 20

Allied Beverage Distributing Co., 143 NLRB 149 (1963) ..................................................................... 101, 103

Allied Chemical Corp.

165 NLRB 235 (1967) ............................................................................................................ 49, 52, 209

196 NLRB 483 (1972) ............................................................................................................................. 97

Allied Electric Products, Inc., 109 NLRB 1270 (1954) ........................................................................ 351, 386

Allied Gear & Machine Co., 250 NLRB 679 (1980) .................................................................................... 142

Allied Mechanical Services

352 NLRB 662 (2008) ................................................................................................................... 76, 129

356 NLRB 2 (2010) ....................................................................................................................... 76, 129

Allied Mechanical Services, Inc. v. NLRB, 668 F.3d 758 (2012)................................................................. 112

Allied Stores of Ohio, Inc., 175 NLRB 966 (1969) ........................................................................................ 279

396

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Allied Super Markets, Inc., 167 NLRB 361 (1967) ................................................................................ 121, 200

Allied Trades Council, 342 NLRB 1010 (2004) ............................................................................................. 71

Allied-Chalmers Corp., 278 NLRB 561 (1986) ............................................................................................. 342

Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co.

117 NLRB 749 (1957) ......................................................................................................................... 275

179 NLRB 1 (1969) .............................................................................................................................. 107

Allstate Insurance Co.

171 NLRB 142 (1968) ......................................................................................................................... 191

176 NLRB 94 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 116

191 NLRB 339 (1971) ......................................................................................................................... 191

332 NLRB 759 (2000) ........................................................................................................... 232, 247, 267

Allways East Transportation, Inc., 365 NLRB No. 71 ................................................................................ 159

All-Work, Inc., 193 NLRB 918 (1971) .......................................................................................................... 282

Almacs Inc., 176 NLRB 671 (1969) ........................................................................................................ 93, 297

Alois Box Co., 326 NLRB 1177 (1998) .............................................................................................. 226, 231

Alpha School Bus Co., 287 NLRB 698 (1987) .............................................................................................. 288

Alter Barge Line, Inc., 336 NLRB 1266 (2001) ............................................................................................. 226

Alterman Transport Lines, 178 NLRB 122 (1969) ............................................................................. 183, 184

Alterman-Big Apple, Inc., 116 NLRB 1078 (1956) ............................................................................ 377, 378

Alto Plastics Mfg. Corp., 136 NLRB 850 (1962) ..................................................................................... 59, 60

Alton Box Board Co., 164 NLRB 919 (1967) ................................................................................................ 210

Alyeska Pipeline Service Co.

261 NLRB 125 (1982) ......................................................................................................................... 345

348 NLRB 808 (2006) ........................................................................................................................ 197

AM Property Holding Corp., 350 NLRB 998 (2007) .................................................................................... 176

Amalgamated Bank of New York, 92 NLRB 545 (1951) ............................................................................ 4

Amax Aluminum Extrusion Products, 172 NLRB 1401 (1968) ............................................................... 370

Amerace Corp., 217 NLRB 850 (1975) ................................................................................................. 341, 342

Ameraglass Co., 323 NLRB 701 (1997) ....................................................................................................... 344

America Beef Packers, Inc., 169 NLRB 215 (1968) ...................................................................................... 110

American Arbitration Assn., 225 NLRB 291 (1976) ..................................................................................... 66

American Automobile Assn.

172 NLRB 1276 (1968) ....................................................................................................................... 191

242 NLRB 722 (1979) ......................................................................................................................... 191

American Bosch Arma Corp., 163 NLRB 650 (1967) .................................................................................. 209

American Bridge Div., U.S. Steel Corp., 156 NLRB 1216 (1966) ................................................................ 115

American Broadcasting Co., 153 NLRB 259 (1965) ..................................................................................... 200

American Building Maintenance Co., 126 NLRB 185 (1960) ...................................................................... 141

American Commercial Barge Line Co., 337 NLRB 1070 (2002) ................................................ 224, 226, 252

American Concrete Pipe of Hawaii, Inc., 128 NLRB 720 (1960) ........................................................ 93, 118

American Cyanamid Co., 131 NLRB 909 (1961)........................................................................................... 213

American District Telegraph Co.

128 NLRB 345 (1960) ......................................................................................................................... 261

160 NLRB 1130 (1966) ....................................................................................................................... 261

American District Telegraph Co.; NLRB v., 205 F.2d 86 (3d Cir. 1953) ....................................................... 260

American Dyewood, 99 NLRB 78 (1952) ........................................................................................................ 89

American Federation of Labor, 120 NLRB 969 (1958) ................................................................................. 269

American Federation of Labor v. NLRB, 308 U.S. 401 (1940) ....................................................................... 43

American Freightways, 327 NLRB 832 (1999).............................................................................................. 361

397

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

American Hospital Assn. v. NLRB, 499 U.S. 606 (1991) .............................................................................. 189

American Laundry Machinery Division, 234 NLRB 630 (1978) ................................................................... 355

American Lawn Mower Co., 108 NLRB 1589 (1954) ..................................................................................... 69

American League of Professional Baseball Clubs, 180 NLRB 190 (1970) ...................................................... 15

American Lung Assn., 296 NLRB 12 (1989) ................................................................................................... 26

American Medical Response

339 NLRB 23 (2003) ................................................................................................................... 358, 385

356 NLRB 199 (2010), enfd. 477 Fed. Appx. 743 (D.C. Cir. 2012) ................................................... 379

American Medical Response, Inc., 344 NLRB 1406 (2005) ............................................................... 257, 296

American Metal Products Co., 139 NLRB 601 (1962) .......................................................................... 126, 317

American Molded Products Co., 134 NLRB 1446 (1962) ......................................................................... 365

American Motors Corp., 206 NLRB 287 (1973) ............................................................................................ 275

American Nuclear Resources, 300 NLRB 567 (1990) ................................................................................... 391

American Oil Co., 188 NLRB 438 (1971) ...................................................................................................... 223

American Potash & Chemical Corp., 107 NLRB 1418 (1954) ...................................................... 207, 208, 298

American Publishing Corp., 121 NLRB 115 (1958) ...................................................................... 168, 169, 170

American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp.

114 NLRB 1151 (1956) ....................................................................................................................... 152

119 NLRB 1715 (1958) ....................................................................................................... 265, 266, 268

American Red Cross Blood Services, 322 NLRB 401 (1996) ..................................................................... 359

American Red Cross Missouri-Illinois Blood Services Region, 347 NLRB 347 (2006) ............................. 377

American River Transportation Co., 347 NLRB 925 (2006) ......................................................................... 226

American Safety Equipment Corp., 234 NLRB 501 (1978) ........................................................................... 329

American Sunroof Corp.

243 NLRB 1128 (1979) ................................................................................................................ 82, 100

248 NLRB 748 (1980) ......................................................................................................................... 345

American Telecommunications Corp., 249 NLRB 1135 (1980) .................................................................... 342

American Tobacco Co.

9 NLRB 579 (1938) ............................................................................................................................ 149

115 NLRB 218 (1956) ......................................................................................................................... 294

American Totalisator Co., 264 NLRB 1100 (1982) ......................................................................................... 24

American Zoetrope Productions, 207 NLRB 621 (1973) ............................................................................... 320

American-Republican, Inc., 171 NLRB 43 (1968) ................................................................................. 194, 195

Americare-New Lexington Health Care Center, 316 NLRB 1226 (1995) ..................................................... 117

Americold Logistics, LLC, 362 NLRB No. 58 (2015) ................................................................................... 127

Ameriguard Security Services, 362 NLRB No. 160 (2015) ........................................................................... 106

AmeriHealth Inc.

326 NLRB 509 (1998) ........................................................................................................................... 38

329 NLRB 870 (1999) ......................................................................................................................... 224

Ameron, Inc., 288 NLRB 747 (1988) ............................................................................................................. 157

AMF Electro Systems Division, 193 NLRB 1113 (1971) .............................................................................. 133

Amoco Oil Corp., 289 NLRB 280 (1988) ...................................................................................................... 311

Amperex Electric Corp., 109 NLRB 353 (1954) .............................................................................................. 73

Anamag, 284 NLRB 621 (1987) .................................................................................................................... 247

Anchor Coupling Co., 171 NLRB 1196 (1968) ........................................................................................... 369

Anchortank, Inc., 233 NLRB 295 (1977) .......................................................................................................... 2

Andel Jewelry Corp., 326 NLRB 507 (1998) ................................................................................................ 358

Andes Fruit Co., 124 NLRB 781 (1959) ............................................................................................................ 4

Andrews Industries, 105 NLRB 946 (1953) ................................................................................................... 149

398

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Angelus Furniture Mfg. Co., 192 NLRB 992 (1971) ................................................................................. 161

Anheuser-Busch, Inc.

170 NLRB 46 (1968) ........................................................................................................................... 214

246 NLRB 29 (1979) ............................................................................................................................. 72

Anheuser-Busch, LLC, 365 NLRB No. 70 (2017) .......................................................................................... 302

Animated Film Producers Assn., 200 NLRB 473 (1973) .............................................................................. 211

Ankh Services, 243 NLRB 478 (1979) ........................................................................................................... 219

Ansted Center, 326 NLRB 1208 (1998) ....................................................................................................... 287

AP Automotive Systems, 333 NLRB 581 (2001) ...................................................................................... 339, 340

Apcoa Div.—ITT Consumer Services Corp., 202 NLRB 65 (1973) ............................................................. 365

Apex Paper Box Co., 302 NLRB 67 (1991) .................................................................................................. 314

Apex Tankers Co., 257 NLRB 685 (1981) ......................................................................................... 64, 89, 99

APF Carting, Inc., 336 NLRB 73 (2001) ..................................................................................................... 177

Appalachian Shale Products Co., 121 NLRB 1160 (1958) .................................................... 85, 87, 89, 90, 105

Appollo Systems, Inc., 360 NLRB 687 (2014)................................................................................................. 71

Aramark Corp. v. NLRB, 179 F.3d 872 (10th Cir. 1998) ................................................................................ 12

Aramark School Services, 337 NLRB 1063 (2002).................................................................................. 43, 100

Aramark Sports & Entertainment Services, 327 NLRB 47 (1998) ........................................................ 42, 90

Aramark Uniform & Career Apparel, 364 NLRB No. 120 (2016) ................................................................ 304

Arbor Construction Personnel, Inc., 343 NLRB 257 (2004) ................................................................ 168, 169

Arbors at New Castle, 347 NLRB 544 (2006) ........................................................................................... 373

Arcata Plywood Corp., 120 NLRB 1648 (1958)............................................................................................ 146

Archer Daniels Midland Co., 333 NLRB 673 (2001) ......................................................................... 75, 132

Archer Laundry Co., 150 NLRB 1427 (1965) ........................................................................................... 353

Archer Mills, Inc., 115 NLRB 674 (1956) ..................................................................................................... 234

Archer Services, 298 NLRB 312 (1990) ........................................................................................................ 335

Architectural Contractors Trade Assn., 343 NLRB 259 (2004) ......................................................... 168, 169

Arcus Data Security Systems, 324 NLRB 496 (1997) ................................................................................... 261

Argix Direct, Inc., 343 NLRB 1017 (2004) .................................................................................................... 221

Argus-Press Co., 311 NLRB 24 (1993) .......................................................................................................... 374

Aria, 363 NLRB No. 24 (2015) ........................................................................................................................ 69

Aristocrat Linen Supply Co., 150 NLRB 1448 (1965) ................................................................................... 353

Arizona Public Service Co.

256 NLRB 400 (1981) ......................................................................................................................... 156

310 NLRB 477 (1993) ................................................................................................. 229, 239, 242, 251

Arizona Republic Co., 349 NLRB 1040 (2007) ........................................................................................... 222

Arlington Electric, 332 NLRB 845 (2000) ................................................................................................ 231

Arlington Hotel Co., 126 NLRB 400 (1960) .................................................................................................. 190

Arlington Masonry Supply, Inc., 339 NLRB 817 (2003) .................................................... 231, 277, 288, 311

Armco Steel Co., 312 NLRB 257 (1993) ................................................................................. 48, 134, 135, 158

Armour & Co.

40 NLRB 1333 (1942) ........................................................................................................................ 293

119 NLRB 122 (1958) ....................................................................................................................... 148

119 NLRB 623 (1958) ....................................................................................................................... 271

Armstrong Cork Co., 80 NLRB 1328 (1949) .............................................................................................. 212

Armstrong Machine Co., 343 NLRB 1149 (2004) ................................................................................ 231, 246

Armstrong Rubber Co.

144 NLRB 1115 (1963) ....................................................................................................... 152, 272, 298

180 NLRB 410 (1970) ........................................................................................................................ 157

399

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Arnold Constable Corp., 150 NLRB 788 (1965) ........................................................................................... 198

Arnold Stone Co., 102 NLRB 1012 (1953) ................................................................................................... 371

Arrow Co., 147 NLRB 829 (1964) ............................................................................................................. 88, 92

Arrow Rock Materials, 284 NLRB 1 (1987) ...................................................................................................... 3

Arrow Uniform Rental, 300 NLRB 246 (1990) ........................................................................................... 78, 174

Artcraft Displays, Inc., 262 NLRB 1233 (1982) ...................................................................................... 87, 168

Arthur C. Logan Memorial Hospital, 231 NLRB 778 (1977) .................................................................... 132

Asamera Oil (U.S.), Inc., 251 NLRB 684 (1980) ........................................................................................... 136

ASG Industries, 190 NLRB 557 (1971) ......................................................................................................... 212

Ashland Chemical Co., 295 NLRB 1039 (1989) ............................................................................................ 369

Ashland Facility Operations, LLC v. NLRB, 701 F.3d 983 (4th Cir. 2012) .......................................... 331, 354

Aspen Skiing Corp., 143 NLRB 707 (1963) .......................................................................................... 9, 285

Asplundh Tree Expert Co.

283 NLRB 1 (1987) ............................................................................................................................. 375

336 NLRB 1106 (2001) ........................................................................................................................ 24

Assn. for Retarded Citizens (Opportunities Unlimited), 327 NLRB 463 (1999) ........................................ 109

Associated Builders & Contractors of Texas, Inc. v. NLRB, 826 F.3d 215 (5th Cir. 2016) ........................ 32, 35

Associated Constructors, 315 NLRB 1255 (1995) ...................................................................................... 314

Associated Dry Goods Corp.

117 NLRB 1069 (1957) ........................................................................................................................ 64

150 NLRB 812 (1965) ........................................................................................................................... 66

Associated General Contractors, 201 NLRB 311 (1973) ........................................................................... 219

Associated Grocers, Inc., 142 NLRB 576 (1963) ....................................................................................... 150

Associated Milk Producers

237 NLRB 879 (1978) ........................................................................................................................ 358

251 NLRB 1407 (1970)....................................................................................................................... 142

Associated Milk Producers, Inc. v. NLRB, 193 F.3d 539 (D.C. Cir. 1999) ................................................ 323

Associated Rubber Co., 332 NLRB 1588 (2000) ........................................................................ 306, 363, 365

AT Systems West, Inc., 341 NLRB 57 (2004) ......................................................................................... 125, 128

AT Wall Co., 361 NLRB No. 62 (2014) ....................................................................................... 132, 154, 157

Athbro Precision Engineering Corp., 166 NLRB 966 (1967) ........................................................................ 368

Athbro Precision Engineering Corp., 166 NLRB 966 (1967),

principle affd. 423 F.2d 571 (1st Cir. 1970) ....................................................................................... 370

Atlanta Hilton & Towers, 273 NLRB 87 (1984) .................................................................................... 142, 191

Atlantic Dairies Cooperative, 283 NLRB 327 (1987).................................................................................. 313

Atlantic Industrial Constructors, Inc., 324 NLRB 355 (1997) ............................................................... 302, 319

Atlantic Limousine, 331 NLRB 1025 (2000) ....................................................................................... 347, 389

Atlantic Refinery Co., 106 NLRB 1268 (1953) .............................................................................................. 302

Atlantic-Pacific Mfg. Corp., 121 NLRB 783 (1958) ........................................................................................ 74

Atlas Sheet Metal Works, Inc., 148 NLRB 27 (1964) .................................................................................... 173

Atlas Transit Mix Corp., 323 NLRB 1144 (1997) ....................................................................................... 173

ATS Acquisition Corp., 321 NLRB 712 (1996) ............................................................................. 133, 157, 158

Attleboro Associates, Ltd.; NLRB v., 176 F.3d 154 (3d Cir. 2003) ............................................................... 248

Auburn Rubber Co., 140 NLRB 919 (1963) ................................................................................................. 106

Auciello Iron Works, 317 NLRB 364 (1995) ................................................................................................... 75

Audio Visual Services Group, Inc. d/b/a PSAV Presentation Services, 365 NLRB No. 84 (2017)

............... 308

Audiovox Communications Corp., 323 NLRB 647 (1999) ............................................................................ 274

Augusta Chemical Co., 124 NLRB 1021 (1959) .................................................................................... 236, 274

Aurora Fast Freight, 324 NLRB 20 (1997) ..................................................................................................... 272

400

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Aurora Moving & Storage Co., 175 NLRB 771 (1969) ................................................................................ 4

Austal USA, L.L.C., 349 NLRB 561 (2007) ................................................................................. 226, 228, 229

Austal USA, LLC, 357 NLRB 329 (2011) ....................................................................................... 31, 300, 307

Austill Waxed Paper Co., 169 NLRB 1109 (1968) ........................................................................................ 369

Austin Powder Co., 201 NLRB 566 (1973) ..................................................................................................... 86

Austin Tupler Trucking, Inc., 261 NLRB 183 (1983) .................................................................................... 221

Auto West Toyota, 284 NLRB 659 (1987) .................................................................................................... 252

Auto Workers Local 254 (Fanelli Ford), 133 NLRB 1468 (1961) .................................................................. 82

Autodie International, Inc., 321 NLRB 688 (1996) ..................................................................................... 379

Autohaus-Bugger Inc., 173 NLRB 184 (1969) ................................................................................................. 82

Automated Business Systems, 189 NLRB 124 (1971) ..................................................................................... 99

Automatic Fire Systems, 357 NLRB 2340 (2012) ................................................................................. 356, 357

Automatic Heating & Equipment Co., 100 NLRB 571 (1951) .................................................................. 180

Automatic Heating & Service Co., 194 NLRB 1065 (1972) ........................................................................... 67

Automobile Workers, Local 55 (Don Davis Pontiac), 233 NLRB 853 (1977) ............................................... 82

Avante at Boca Raton, Inc.

323 NLRB 555 (1997) ................................................................................................................. 383, 391

334 NLRB 381 (2001) ................................................................................................................... 76, 129

Avante at Wilson, Inc., 348 NLRB 1056 (2006) ............................................................................ 226, 228, 248

Avco Corp.

308 NLRB 1045 (1992) ....................................................................................................................... 288

313 NLRB 1357 (1994) ....................................................................................................................... 258

Avco Lycoming Div., 173 NLRB 1199 (1969) .............................................................................................. 274

Avecor, Inc., 309 NLRB 73 (1992) ................................................................................................................ 272

Avenue Care & Rehabilitation Center, 361 NLRB No. 151 (2014) ............................................................... 372

Averill Plumbing Corp., 153 NLRB 1595 (1965) .......................................................................................... 169

Aviation Safeguards, 338 NLRB 770 (2003) ................................................................................................... 21

Avis Rent-A-Car, 324 NLRB 445 (1997) ....................................................................................................... 305

Avis Rent-A-Car System

173 NLRB 1366 (1968) ....................................................................................................................... 224

173 NLRB 1368 (1968) ..................................................................................................................... 224

280 NLB 580 (1986) ............................................................................................................................ 334

Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 174 NLRB 73 (1969) ............................................................................................. 53

AWB Metal, 306 NLRB 109 (1992) .............................................................................................................. 351

Awning Research Institute, 116 NLRB 505 (1957) ......................................................................................... 64

Azusa Ranch Market, 321 NLRB 811 (1996) ............................................................... 229, 239, 242, 243, 249

B & B Beer Distributing Co., 124 NLRB 1420 (1960) ........................................................................................ 97

B & B Better Baked Foods, Inc., 208 NLRB 493 (1974) ............................................................................... 373

B & D Plastics, 302 NLRB 245 (1991) .................................................................................. 344, 346, 347, 389

B. Brody Seating Co., 167 NLRB 830 (1967) ................................................................................... 168, 172

B. F. Goodrich Co., 115 NLRB 722 (1956) ........................................................................................... 265, 267

B. J. Titan Service Co., 296 NLRB 668 (1989) ........................................................................................ 329

B.P. Oil, Inc., 256 NLRB 1107 (1981) ............................................................................................................ 227

Baddour, Inc., 303 NLRB 275 (1991) ............................................................................................................ 342

Baggett Bulk Transport, Inc., 193 NLRB 287 (1971) ...................................................................................... 93

Bailey Department Stores Co., 120 NLRB 1239 (1958) ..................................................................... 279, 280

Baja’s Place, 268 NLRB 868 (1984) .............................................................................................................. 334

Baker Victory Services, 331 NLRB 1068 (2000) ........................................................................................... 379

401

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Bakersfield Californian

152 NLRB 1683 (1965) ..................................................................................................................... 195

316 NLRB 1211 (1995) ....................................................................................................... 232, 266, 268

Baldwin Auto Co., 180 NLRB 488 (1970) ....................................................................................................... 86

Baldwin Co., 81 NLRB 927 (1949) ........................................................................................................ 101, 103

Balfre Gear & Mfg. Co., 115 NLRB 19 (1956) ......................................................................................... 371, 377

Bally’s Atlantic City, 352 NLRB 316 (2008), incorporated by reference at 356 NLRB 179 (2010) ........... 382

Bally’s Park Place, Inc.

255 NLRB 63 (1981) ........................................................................................................................... 186

259 NLRB 829 (1982) ........................................................................................................................ 187

265 NLRB 703 (1982) ........................................................................................................................ 385

Baltimore Gas & Electric Co., 330 NLRB 3 (1999) ........................................................................................ 83

Baltimore Luggage Co., 162 NLRB 1230 (1967) ........................................................................................... 353

Baltimore Sun Co., 296 NLRB 1023 (1989) .................................................................................................. 133

Bama Co., 145 NLRB 1141 (1964) ................................................................................................................ 253

Bamberger’s Paramus, 151 NLRB 748 (1965) .............................................................................................. 139

Bambury Fashions, Inc., 179 NLRB 447 (1969) .............................................................................................. 65

Banco Credito y Ahorro Ponceno v. NLRB, 390 F.2d 110 (1st Cir. 1968) .................................................... 179

Banco Credito y Ahorro Ponceno, 160 NLRB 1504 (1966) ........................................................ 179, 180, 268

Bancroft Mfg. Co., 210 NLRB 1007 (1974), enfd. 515 F.2d 436 (5th Cir. 1975) ................................... 352, 353

Bank of America National Trust & Savings Assn.; NLRB v., 130 F.2d 624 (9th Cir. 1942) ........................... 4

Bank of America, 196 NLRB 591 (1972) .................................................................................... 142, 161, 179

Banner Bedding, Inc., 214 NLRB 1013 (1974) .............................................................................................. 322

Barber-Colman Co., 130 NLRB 478 (1961) ................................................................................ 53, 161, 163

Barceloneta Shoe Corp., 171 NLRB 1333 (1968) .......................................................................................... 324

Bargain City, U.S.A., Inc., 131 NLRB 803 (1961) ........................................................................................... 88

Bargain Town U.S.A., 162 NLRB 1145 (1967) .......................................................................................... 194

Barnard College, 204 NLRB 1134 (1973) ...................................................................................................... 286

Barnert Memorial Hospital Center, 217 NLRB 775 (1975) ........................................................................... 274

Barnes-Hind Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 183 NLRB 301 (1970) ......................................................................... 257

Barre-National, Inc., 316 NLRB 877 (1995) ................................................................................................... 39

Barron Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc., 343 NLRB 450 (2004) ......................................................... 145, 181

Barry Controls, Inc., 113 NLRB 26 (1955) .................................................................................................. 311

Barstow Community Hospital, 356 NLRB 88 (2010) ..................................................................................... 226

Bartlett Collins Co., 334 NLRB 484 (2001) ....................................................................................... 139, 148

Barton Nelson, Inc., 318 NLRB 712 (1995) ................................................................................................... 390

Bashas’, Inc., 337 NLRB 710 (2002) ............................................................................................................. 160

Batesville Casket Co., 283 NLRB 795 (1987)................................................................................................ 157

Batley-Janss Enterprises, 195 NLRB 310 (1972) ........................................................................................... 218

Baton Rouge Hospital, 283 NLRB 192 (1987)............................................................................................... 334

Baton Rouge Water Works Co., 170 NLRB 1183 (1968) ........................................................................... 155

Battelle Memorial Institute, 363 NLRB No. 119 (2016) ....................................................................... 207, 208

Baugh Chemical Co., 150 NLRB 1034 (1965) .............................................................................. 72, 285, 318

Baumer Foods, Inc., 190 NLRB 690 (1971) .......................................................................................... 283, 285

Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., 108 NLRB 1555 (1954) ................................................................................ 65

Bay Area-Los Angeles Express, 275 NLRB 1063 (1985) ............................................................................. 248

Bay State Gas Co., 253 NLRB 538 (1980) ..................................................................................................... 132

Bayou Manor Health Center, 311 NLRB 955 (1993) ........................................................................................ 249

Bayside Enterprises, Inc. v. NLRB, 429 U.S. 298 (1977) ...................................................................... 217, 218

402

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Beacon Journal Publishing Co., 188 NLRB 218 (1971) ................................................................................ 222

Beacon Photo Service, 163 NLRB 706 (1967) .............................................................................................. 93

Bear Truss, Inc., 325 NLRB 1162 (1998) ...................................................................................................... 356

Beatrice Grocery Products, Inc., 287 NLRB 302 (1987) ........................................................................... 353

Beaunit Corp., 224 NLRB 1502 (1976) .......................................................................................... 208, 209, 210

Bedford Gear & Machine Products, Inc., 150 NLRB 1 (1964) ..................................................................... 130

Beech Aircraft Corp., 170 NLRB 1595 (1968) ............................................................................................ 273

Bekaert Steel Wire Corp., 189 NLRB 561 (1971) ................................................................................ 122, 123

Bell & Howell Airline Service Co., 185 NLRB 67 (1970) ................................................................... 77, 280

Bell & Howell Co., 230 NLRB 420 (1977) .................................................................................................... 110

Bell Aerospace Co.

190 NLRB 509 (1971) ......................................................................................................................... 122

196 NLRB 827 (1972) ........................................................................................................................ 268

Bell Aerospace, 219 NLRB 384 (1975) ........................................................................................................ 267

Bell Aerospace; NLRB v., 416 U.S. 267 (1974)........................................................................................... 268

Bell Bakeries of St. Petersburg, 139 NLRB 1344 (1962) ..................................................................... 297, 298

Bell Convalescent Hospital, 337 NLRB 191 (2001) ....................................................................................... 323

Bell Glass Co., 293 NLRB 700 (1989)............................................................................................................. 26

Bell Security, 308 NLRB 80 (1992) ............................................................................................................... 343

Bell Trans, 297 NLRB 280 (1989) ................................................................................................................. 364

Belleville Employing Printers, 122 NLRB 350 (1959) ............................................................................. 14, 169

Belleville News Democrat, Inc., 185

NLRB 1000 (1970)

............................................................................ 172

Beloit Corp., 310 NLRB 637 (1993) .............................................................................................................. 298

Benavent & Fournier, Inc., 208 NLRB 636 (1974) ........................................................................................ 368

Benchmark Industries, 262 NLRB 247 (1982), enfd. mem. 724 F.2d 974 (5th Cir. 1984)

............................ 308

Benchmark Mechanical Contractors, Inc., 327 NLRB 829 (1999) ....................................................... 225, 234

Bendix Corp.

150 NLRB 718 (1965) ......................................................................................................................... 275

168 NLRB 371 (1968) ......................................................................................................................... 133

Benjamin Coal Co., 294 NLRB 572 (1989) ................................................................................................... 353

Benjamin Franklin Paint Co., 124 NLRB 54 (1959) ........................................................................................ 94

Benjamin H. Realty Corp., 361 NLRB No. 103 (2014) ................................................................................. 226

Bennett Industries, 313 NLRB 1363 (1994) ................................................................................................. 40

Bennett Stone Co., 139 NLRB 1422 (1962) .................................................................................... 99, 168, 169

Benson Veneer Co., 156 NLRB 781 (1966) ................................................................................................... 365

Bentonite Performance Materials v. NLRB, 456 Fed. Appx. 2 (D.C. Cir. 2012) .............................................. 125

Bentson Contracting Co. v. NLRB, 941 F.2d 1262 (D.C. Cir. 1991) ............................................................. 289

Berea Publishing Co.,

140 NLRB 516 (1963)

......................................................................... 14, 142, 279, 287

Bergdorf Goodman, 361 NLRB No. 11 (2014) ...................................................................................... 144, 198

Bergen Knitting Mills, Inc., 122 NLRB 801 (1959) ...................................................................................... 73

Berger Transfer & Storage, 253 NLRB 5 (1980), enfd. 678 F.2d 679 (7th Cir. 1982),

supplemented by 281 NLRB 1157 (1986) .......................................................................................... 247

Berlitz School of Languages of America, 231 NLRB 766 (1977).................................................. 279, 280, 321

Bernalillo Academy, 361 NLRB No. 127 (2014) ......................................................................................... 347

Bernhardt Bros. Tugboat Service, 142 NLRB 851 (1963), enfd. 328 F.2d 757 (7th Cir. 1964) ..................... 226

Bernson Silk Mills, Inc., 106 NLRB 826 (1953) ............................................................................................. 76

Berry Schools, 234 NLRB 942 (1978) ........................................................................................................... 253

Best Products Co., 269 NLRB 578 (1984) .................................................................................................... 376

403

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Best Western City View Motor Inn

325 NLRB 1186 (1998) ....................................................................................................................... 306

327 NLRB 468 (1999) ......................................................................................................................... 306

Bethlehem Steel Corp.

329 NLRB 241 (1999) ......................................................................................................................... 132

329 NLRB 243 (1999) .............................................................................................................. 131, 132

329 NLRB 245 (1999) ......................................................................................................................... 132

Bethlehems’ Globe Publishing Co., 74 NLRB 392 (1947) ............................................................................ 195

Better Electric Co., 129 NLRB 1012 (1961) ...................................................................................................... 3

Beverly Enterprises v. NLRB, 148 F.3d 1042 (8th Cir. 1998) ....................................................................... 228

Beverly Farm Foundation, Inc., 218 NLRB 1275 (1975) ............................................................................. 13

Beverly Health & Rehabilitation Services, 335 NLRB 635 (2001) .................................................................. 226

Beverly Health & Rehabilitation Services, 335 NLRB 635 (2001),

enfd. in pertinent part 317 F.3d 316 (D.C. Cir. 2003) .............................................................................. 242

Beverly Manor Convalescent Centers, 275 NLRB 943 (1985)................................................................... 243, 248

Beverly Manor Health Care Center, 322 NLRB 881 (1997) .......................................................................... 117

Beverly Manor Nursing Home, 310 NLRB 538 (1993) ............................................................... 278, 286, 311

Beverly Manor-San Francisco, 322 NLRB 968 (1997) ................................................................................ 154

BFI Newby Island Recyclery, 362 NLRB No. 186 (2015)............................................................................. 176

BFI Waste Systems, 334 NLRB 934 (2001) ........................................................................................... 347, 389

Bibb Mfg. Co., 82 NLRB 338 (1949) ............................................................................................................ 352

Biewer Wisconsin Sawmill, Inc., 312 NLRB 506 (1993) ...................................................................... 235, 245

Big “N,” Department Store No. 307, 200 NLRB 935 (1972) ........................................................... 63, 236, 290

Big East Conference, 282 NLRB 335 (1986) ................................................................................................. 220

Big Rivers Electric Corp., 266 NLRB 380 (1983) ......................................................................................... 227

Big Three Industries, 201 NLRB 197 (1973) ................................................................................................. 124

Big Y Foods, 238 NLRB 855 (1978) ............................................................................................................ 146

Big Y Foods, Inc., 238 NLRB 860 (1978) ................................................................................................... 198

Big Y Supermarkets, 161 NLRB 1263 (1966) ................................................................................................ 200

Bill Heath, Inc., 89 NLRB 1555 (1949) ......................................................................................................... 311

Billows Electric Supply, 311 NLRB 878 (1993) ..................................................................................... 235, 236

Bi-Lo Foods, 315 NLRB 695 (1994) ............................................................................................................. 328

BI-LO, 303 NLRB 749 (1991) ....................................................................................................................... 340

Bio-Medical Applications of San Diego, Inc., 216 NLRB 631 (1975) ............................................................ 13

Bio-Medical of Puerto Rico, 269 NLRB 827 (1984) .............................................................................. 331, 388

Birmingham Cartage Co., 193 NLRB 1057 (1971) ........................................................................................ 312

Birmingham Fabricating Co., 140 NLRB 640 (1963) ............................................................ 235, 239, 245, 251

Bishop Hansel Ford Sales, 180 NLRB 987 (1970) ....................................................................................... 354

Bishop Mugavero Center, 322 NLRB 209 (1996) ......................................................................................... 384

Bi-States Co., 117 NLRB 86 (1957) ............................................................................................................... 65

BKN, Inc., 333 NLRB 143 (2001) ................................................................................................................. 224

Black & Decker Mfg. Co., 147 NLRB 825 (1964) ........................................................................................ 164

Black Dot, Inc., 239 NLRB 929 (1978) .......................................................................................................... 390

Blaser Tool & Mold Co., 196 NLRB 374 (1972) .............................................................................................. 340

Bloch Enterprises, Inc., 172 NLRB 1678 (1968) ............................................................................................. 26

Blockbuster Pavilion, 314 NLRB 129 (1994) ................................................................................................ 321

Blue Grass Industries, 287 NLRB 274 (1987) ............................................................................................ 276

Blue Onion, 175 NLRB 9 (1969) ................................................................................................................... 357

Blue Star Ready-Mix Concrete Corp., 305 NLRB 429 (1991) ...................................................... 232, 252, 270

404

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Bluefield Hospital Co.; NLRB v., 821 F.3d 534 (4th Cir. 2016) ...................................................................... 30

Bluff City Transfer & Storage Co., 184 NLRB 604 (1970) ............................................................................. 97

Blumenfeld Theatres Circuit, 240 NLRB 206 (1979) .................................................................................. 175

Board of Jewish Education, 210 NLRB 1037 (1074) ..................................................................................... 24

Boaz Spinning Co. v. NLRB, 439 F.2d 876 (6th Cir. 1971) .......................................................................... 341

Bob’s Ambulance Service, 178 NLRB 1 (1969) ........................................................................................ 3, 278

Bob’s Big Boy Family Restaurants

235 NLRB 1227 (1978) ................................................................................................................ 89, 104

259 NLRB 153 (1981) ....................................................................................................................... 101

Bob’s Big Boy Family Restaurants; NLRB v., 625 F.2d 850 (9th Cir. 1980) .................................................. 89

BOC Group, Inc., 323 NLRB 1100 (1997) .................................................................................................... 120

Bodine Produce Co., 147 NLRB 832 (1964) .......................................................................................... 217, 218

Boeing Airplane Co., 86 NLRB 368 (1949) ..................................................................................................... 55

Boeing Co.

169 NLRB 916 (1968 ......................................................................................................................... 275

328 NLRB 128 (1999) ......................................................................................................................... 261

337 NLRB 152 (2001) ......................................................................................................................... 139

349 NLRB 957 (2007) ................................................................................................................ 155, 156

Bogus Basin Recreation Assn., 212 NLRB 833 (1974) .................................................................... 56, 285, 318

Boire v. Greyhound Corp., 376 U.S. 473 (1964) ........................................................................................ 176

Boise Cascade Corp., 178 NLRB 673 (1969) ................................................................................................ 101

Bolivar-Tees, Inc., 349 NLRB 720 (2007) ..................................................................................................... 175

Bon Appetit Management Co., 334 NLRB 1042 (2001) ................................................................ 334, 335, 355

Bon Harbor Nursing & Rehabilitation Center, 348 NLRB 1062 (2006) .......................................................... 45

Bon Marche, 308 NLRB 184 (1992) .............................................................................................................. 362

Bond Stores, Inc., 99 NLRB 1029 (1951) ..................................................................................................... 199

Bonded Armored Carrier, Inc., 195 NLRB 346 (1972) ......................................................................... 141, 263

Bonita Blue Ribbon Mills, 87 NLRB 1115 (1949) ........................................................................................ 373

Borg-Warner Corp., 113 NLRB 152 (1955) ............................................................................................... 154

Bosart Co., 314 NLRB 245 (1994) ................................................................................................................. 376

Boston Cab Assn., 177 NLRB 64 (1969) ....................................................................................................... 4

Boston College, 187 NLRB 133 (1971) ........................................................................................................ 10

Boston Insulated Wire Co., 259 NLRB 1118 (1982) .................................................................................... 385

Boston Medical Center Corp., 330 NLRB 152 (1999) ............................................................................ 246, 287

Boston University, 281 NLRB 798 (1986) .................................................................................................. 203

Bowie Hall Trucking, 290 NLRB 41 (1988) ................................................................................ 159, 162, 183

Bowling Green Foods, 196 NLRB 814 (1972) ............................................................................................... 103

Bowman Dairy Co., 123 NLRB 707 (1959) ..................................................................................................... 91

Bowman Transportation, Inc.

120 NLRB 1147 (1958) .................................................................................................................. 50, 56

142 NLRB 1093 (1963) ................................................................................................................... 73, 74

Bowne of Houston, 280 NLRB 1222 (1986) .......................................................................................... 229, 235

BP Alaska, Inc., 230 NLRB 986 (1977) ......................................................................................................... 294

Bradford College, 261 NLRB 565 (1974) ...................................................................................................... 202

Bradford-Robinson Printing Co., 193 NLRB 928 (1971) .............................................................................. 133

Bradley Steel, Inc., 342 NLRB 215 (2004) ............................................................................................ 142, 143

Branch Cheese, 307 NLRB 239 (1992)........................................................................................................... 87

Brand Precision Services, 313 NLRB 657 (1994) ....................................................................................... 143

Brannan Sand & Gravel, 289 NLRB 977 (1988) ........................................................................................... 113

405

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Brattleboro Retreat, 310 NLRB 615 (1993) .......................................................................................... 188, 276

Brazeway, Inc., 119 NLRB 87 (1958) ........................................................................................................... 82

Bredero Shaw, 345 NLRB 782 (2005)........................................................................................................... 288

Breman Steel Co., 115 NLRB 247 (1956) ..................................................................................................... 375

Brennan’s Cadillac, 231 NLRB 225 (1977) .................................................................................................. 121

Brentwood at Hobart v. NLRB, 675 F.3d 999 (6th Cir. 2012) ....................................................................... 329

Brescome Distributors Corp., 197 NLRB 642 (1972) ...................................................................................... 86

Brevard Achievement Center, 342 NLRB 982 (2004) ................................................................................... 290

Bricklayers Local 6 (Key Waterproofing), 268 NLRB 879 (1984) ............................................................. 232, 247

Bridgeport Brass Co., 110 NLRB 997 (1955) ................................................................................................ 96

Bridgeport Fittings, 288 NLRB 124 (1988) .................................................................................................... 383

Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., 337 NLRB 133 (2001) ..................................................................................... 118

Bridgeton Transit, 123 NLRB 1196 (1959) .................................................................................................... 270

Briggs Indiana Corp., 63 NLRB 1270 (1945) ................................................................................................ 106

Bright Foods, Inc., 126 NLRB 553 (1960) ............................................................................................ 315, 317

Brightview Care Center, 292 NLRB 352 (1989) ............................................................................................ 353

Brink’s Armored Car, 278 NLRB 141 (1986) ................................................................................................ 382

Brink’s Inc.

272 NLRB 868 (1984) ........................................................................................................... 62, 134, 261

274 NLRB 970 (1985) .......................................................................................................................... 62

281 NLRB 468 (1986) .......................................................................................................................... 62

331 NLRB 46 (2000) .......................................................................................................................... 385

Bristol Textile Co., 277 NLRB 1637 (1986) .................................................................................................. 365

British Auto Parts, Inc., 160 NLRB 239 (1966) ............................................................................................. 356

Brockton Taunton Gas Co., 178 NLRB 404 (1969) ...................................................................................... 133

Brodart, Inc., 257 NLRB 380 (1981) ............................................................................................................ 266

Brookdale Hospital Medical Center, 313 NLRB 592 (1993) ................................................................. 133, 176

Brookhaven Memorial Hospital, 214 NLRB 1010 (1974) ............................................................................. 116

Brooklyn Piers, Inc., 88 NLRB 1364 (1950) ................................................................................................... 62

Brooklyn Borough Gas Co., 110 NLRB 18 (1955) .......................................................................................... 52

Brooklyn Bureau of Community Service, 320 NLRB 1148 (1996) ................................................................. 25

Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 123 NLRB 441 (1959) .......................................................................................... 197

Brooks Bros., Inc., 316 NLRB 176 (1995) ..................................................................................................... 384

Brooks Research & Mfg., Inc., 202 NLRB 634 (1973) .................................................................................. 316

Brooks v. NLRB, 348 U.S. 96 (1954) ................................................................................................. 117, 136

Brooksville Citrus Growers Assn., 112 NLRB 707 (1955) ........................................................................ 285

Brookville Healthcare Center, 312 NLRB 594 (1993) ................................................................................ 387

Bro-Tech Corp., 315 NLRB 1014 (1994) ..................................................................................................... 358

Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen & Enginemen, 145 NLRB 1521 (1964) .............. 48, 131, 147, 255, 297

Broward County Launderers & Cleaners Assn., 125 NLRB 256 (1960) ................................................... 170

Brown & Root Braun, 310 NLRB 632 (1993) ............................................................................................ 180

Brown & Root, Inc.

258 NLRB 1002 (1981) ..................................................................................................................... 180

314 NLRB 19 (1994) ........................................... 227, 231, 233, 235, 236, 242, 245, 251, 252, 271, 319

Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Co., 87 NLRB 1031 (1949) ....................................................................................... 249

Brown Cigar Co., 124 NLRB 1435 (1959) ..................................................................................................... 284

Brown Instruments Division, 115 NLRB 344 (1956) ............................................................................ 272, 273

Brown Transport Corp., 296 NLRB 1213 (1989) .............................................................................. 49, 55, 101

Brown University, 342 NLRB 483 (2004) ............................................................................................ 203, 287

406

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Brown-Ely Co., 87 NLRB 27 (1950) ............................................................................................................ 50

Browning-Ferris Industries of California, 327 NLRB 704 (1999) ......................................................... 376, 377

Browning-Ferris Industries of Pennsylvania, Inc.; NLRB v., 691 F.2d 1117 (3d. Cir. 1982) ... 1, 167, 174, 175

Brunswick Bowling Products, LLC, 364 NLRB No. 96 (2016) ................................................................. 39, 41

Brunswick Pulp & Paper Co., 152 NLRB 973 (1965)...................................................................................... 64

Brunswick Quick Freezer, Inc., 117 NLRB 662 (1957) ................................................................................... 55

Brusco Tug & Barge Co., 359 NLRB 486 (2012),

incorporated by reference at 362 NLRB No. 28 (2015) ........ 226, 228, 229, 230, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242

Bryant Infant Wear, 235 NLRB 1305 (1978) ............................................................................................. 156

Brylane, L.P., 338 NLRB 538 (2002) .............................................................................................................. 74

Buchanan Marine, L.P., 363 NLRB No. 58 (2015) ................................................. 226, 229, 231, 233, 241, 232

Buckeye Cellulose Corp., 184 NLRB 606 (1970) ............................................................................................ 97

Buckeye Village Market, Inc., 175 NLRB 271 (1969) ................................................................................ 199

Buckhorn, Inc., 343 NLRB 201 (2004) .......................................................................................................... 214

Budd Co.

136 NLRB 1153 (1962) ....................................................................................................................... 275

154 NLRB 421 (1965) ................................................................................................................. 107, 152

Buddy L. Corp., 167 NLRB 808 (1967) ................................................................................................. 210, 211

Budget Rent A Car Systems, 337 NLRB 884 (2002) .................................................................... 159, 161, 162

Buffalo Broadcasting Co., 242 NLRB 1105 (1979) ....................................................................................... 145

Builders Emporium, 97 NLRB 1113 (1952) .............................................................................................. 91, 92

Builders Insulation, Inc., 338 NLRB 793 (2003) ........................................................................................... 300

Building Construction Employers Assn., 147 NLRB 222 (1964) .......................................................... 150, 152

Building Contractors Assn., 364 NLRB No. 74 (2016) .................................................................................. 171

Bunker Hill Co.

165 NLRB 730 (1967) ......................................................................................................................... 210

197 NLRB 334 (1972) ........................................................................................................................ 130

Burnett Construction Co., 149 NLRB 1419 (1964), enfd. 350 F.2d 57 (10th Cir. 1965).......................... 118

Burns & Roe Services Corp., 313 NLRB 1307 (1994) ................................................................. 180, 207, 208

Burns International Security Service, 257 NLRB 387 (1981) ............................................................... 90, 171

Burns International Security Services, 256 NLRB 959 (1981) .............................................................. 305, 329

Burns International Security Services; NLRB v., 406 U.S. 272 (1972) .......................................................... 93

Burns Security Services

256 NLRB 959 (1981) ......................................................................................................................... 305

278 NLRB 565 (1986) ......................................................................................................................... 262

300 NLRB 298 (1990), enf. denied 942 F.2d 519 (8th Cir. 1991) ..................................................... 260

Burrows & Sanborn, Inc., 84 NLRB 304 (1949) ............................................................................................ 286

Bush Hog, Inc., 161 NLRB 1575 (1966) ................................................................................................... 392

Bush Terminal Co., 121 NLRB 1170 (1958) ................................................................................................ 50

Business Aviation Inc., 202 NLRB 1025 (1973) .................................................................................... 358, 359

Business Records Corp., 300 NLRB 708 (1990) ............................................................................................ 324

Bussey-Williams Tire Co., 122 NLRB 1146 (1959) .......................................................................................... 3

Butera Finer Foods, 334 NLRB 43 (2001) ..................................................................................................... 376

Butler Mfg. Co., 167 NLRB 308 (1967) ......................................................................................................... 60

Byers Engineering Corp., 324 NLRB 740 (1997) ................................................................................. 229, 242

C & M Construction Co., 147 NLRB 843 (1964) ........................................................................................... 173

C&G Heating & Air Conditioning, 356 NLRB 1054 (2011) .......................................................................... 388

C. A. Blinne, 135 NLRB 1153 (1963).............................................................................................................. 73

C. C. Eastern, Inc., 309 NLRB 1070 (1992) ................................................................................................... 221

407

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

C. G. Willis, Inc., 119 NLRB 1677 (1958) ..................................................................................................... 89

C. J. Pearson Co.; NLRB v., 420 F.2d 695 (1st Cir. 1969) ........................................................................... 339

C. P. Clare & Co., 191 NLRB 589 (1971) ........................................................................................................ 23

C. T. L. Testing Laboratories, 150 NLRB 982 (1965) ................................................................................... 278

C. W. Post Center, 189 NLRB 904 (1971) ........................................................................................... 202, 253

Cab Operating Corp., 153 NLRB 878 (1965) ............................................................................... 168, 278, 320

Cab Service & Parts Corp., 114 NLRB 1294 (1956) ..................................................................................... 51

Cabot Carbon Co.; NLRB v., 360 U.S. 203 (1959)................................................................................... 59, 60

Cabrillo Lanes, 202 NLRB 921 (1973) ................................................................................................ 104, 323

Cadmium & Nickle Plating, 124 NLRB 353 (1959) ................................................................................... 72

Caesar’s Palace

194 NLRB 818 (1972) ........................................................................................................................... 61

209 NLRB 950 (1974) ........................................................................................................................ 131

Caesars Tahoe, 337 NLRB 1096 (2002) ................................................................................................. 271, 323

Cajun Co., 349 NLRB 1031 (2007) ................................................................................................................ 319

Cal Gas Redding, Inc., 241 NLRB 290 (1979) ............................................................................................. 378

Cal-Central Press, 179 NLRB 162 (1969) ..................................................................................................... 135

Calco Plating, 242 NLRB 1364 (1979) .......................................................................................................... 182

California Beverage Co., 283 NLRB 328 (1987) ........................................................................................... 248

California Blue Shield, 178 NLRB 716 (1969) ...................................................................................... 205, 273

California Cornice Steel & Supply Corp., 104 NLRB 787 (1953) ........................................................ 272, 273

California Gas Transport, 347 NLRB 1314 (2006), enfd. 507 F.3d 847 (5th Cir. 2007) ......................... 24, 344

California Institute of Technology, 192 NLRB 582 (1971) ......................................................................... 204

California Labor Industries, 249 NLRB 600 (1980) ........................................................................................ 91

California Offset Printers, 181 NLRB 871 (1970) ....................................................................................... 103

California Pacific Medical Center v. NLRB, 87 F.3d 304 (9th Cir. 1996) ..................................................... 145

California Pacific Medical Center, 357 NLRB 197 (2011) ................................................................... 166, 381

California Parts & Equipment, 196 NLRB 1108 (1972) ............................................................................... 103

California Vegetable Concentrates, Inc., 137 NLRB 1779 (1962) ............................................. 283, 284, 285

Callahan-Cleveland, Inc., 120 NLRB 1355 (1958) .................................................................................... 281

Cal-Maine Farms, 307 NLRB 450 (1992) ...................................................................................................... 218

Cal-Neva Lodge, 235 NLRB 1167 (1978) ..................................................................................................... 124

Cal-West Periodicals, 330 NLRB 599 (2000) ............................................................................ 363, 364, 365

Cal-Western Van & Storage Co., 170 NLRB 67 (1968) .................................................................................. 86

Cambridge Tool & Mfg. Co., 316 NLRB 716 (1995) ............................................................................ 334, 335

Camden Regional Legal Services, 231 NLRB 224 (1977) ............................................................................... 14

Cameron Iron Works, 195 NLRB 797 (1972) ................................................................................................ 212

Campbell Soup Co.

111 NLRB 234 (1955) ................................................................................................................... 77, 209

175 NLRB 452 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 100

Campbell-Harris Electric, Inc., 263 NLRB 1143 (1983) ........................................................................... 270

Campbells Fresh, Inc., 298 NLRB 432 (1990) .............................................................................................. 218

Camsco Produce Co., 297 NLRB 905 (1990) ............................................................................................... 218

Camvac International, 297 NLRB 853 (1991)............................................................................................. 116

Canal Carting, Inc., 339 NLRB 969 (2003) ........................................................................................... 89, 145

Canonie Transportation Co., 289 NLRB 299 (1988) .............................................................................. 234, 236

Canter’s Fairfax Restaurant, Inc., 309 NLRB 883 (1992) ................................................................................ 65

Canterbury of Puerto Rico, Inc., 225 NLRB 309 (1976) ................................................................................ 124

Cape Girardeau Care Center, 278 NLRB 1018 (1986)..................................................................................... 19

408

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Capital Bakers, Inc., 168 NLRB 904 (1968) ............................................................................................... 139

Capital Cities Broadcasting Corp., 194 NLRB 1063 (1972) ........................................................................ 296

Capital Coors Co., 309 NLRB 322 (1992) ............................................................................................. 159, 163

Capitol EMI Music, 311 NLRB 997 (1993) ................................................................................................ 176

Capitol Market No. 1, 145 NLRB 1430 (1964) ............................................................................................... 82

Capitol Records, Inc., 118 NLRB 598 (1957) .................................................................................................. 44

Capri Sun, Inc., 330 NLRB 1124 (2000) ........................................................................................................ 213

Caradco Corp., 267 NLRB 1356 (1983) ........................................................................................................ 341

Cardinal McCloskey Services, 298 NLRB 434 (1992) .................................................................................. 224

Care Enterprises, 306 NLRB 491 (1992)................................................................................................ 329, 351

Carey Mfg. Co., 69 NLRB 224 (1946) ........................................................................................................... 53

Carey Transportation, Inc., 119 NLRB 332 (1957) .................................................................................... 65, 227

Carey v. Westinghouse, 375 U.S. 261 (1964) ................................................................................................. 71

Cargill Nutrena, Inc., 344 NLRB 1125 (2005) ....................................................................................... 100, 103

Cargill, Inc. v. NLRB, 851 F.3d 841 (8th Cir. 2017) .................................................................................... 363

Cargill, Inc., 336 NLRB 1114 (2001) ..................................................................................................... 161, 162

Caribe General Electric, Inc., 175 NLRB 773 (1969).................................................................................. 318

Caribe Lumber & Trading Corp., 148 NLRB 277 (1964) .................................................................................. 6

Carl B. King Drilling Co., 164 NLRB 419 (1967)......................................................................................... 320

Carl Buddig & Co., 328 NLRB 929 (1999) ................................................................................................... 152

Carl’s Jr., 285 NLRB 975 (1987) ................................................................................................................. 323

Carling Brewing Co., 126 NLRB 347 (1960) .............................................................................................. 271

Carlisle Engineered Products, 330 NLRB 1359 (2000) .............................................................. 231, 236, 252

Carlson Furniture Industries, 157 NLRB 851 (1966) ..................................................................................... 125

Carol Cable Co. West, 309 NLRB 326 (1992) ............................................................................................... 317

Carol Management Corp., 133 NLRB 1126 (1961).................................................................................. 16, 283

Carolina Supplies & Cement Co., 122 NLRB 88 (1958) ................................................................................. 16

Caron International, Inc., 246 NLRB 1120 (1979) .................................................................................... 332, 333

Carpenter Baking Co., 112 NLRB 288 (1955) .......................................................................................... 27, 83

Carpenter Trucking, 266 NLRB 907 (1983) ................................................................................................... 184

Carr-Gottstein Foods Co., 307 NLRB 1318 (1992) .............................................................................. 154, 297

Carroll Associates, 300 NLRB 698 (1990) ....................................................................................................... 26

Carroll College, Inc. v. NLRB, 558 F.3d 568 (D.C. Cir. 2009)........................................................................ 22

Carroll College, Inc.

345 NLRB 254 (2005), reaffirmed at 350 NLRB No. 30 (2007) ..................................................... 22, 25

350 NLRB No. 30 (2007) .......................................................................................................... 203, 269

Carroll-Naslund Disposal, 152 NLRB 861 (1965) ............................................................................................. 3

Carry Cos. of Illinois, 310 NLRB 860 (1993) ..................................................................................... 341, 350

Carson Cable TV; NLRB v., 795 F.2d 879 (9th Cir. 1986) ................................. 139, 143, 159, 160, 164, 165

Carson International, Inc., 259 NLRB 1073 (1982) ...................................................................................... 328

Carter Camera & Gift Shops, 130 NLRB 276 (1961) ............................................................................. 149, 161

Carter Machine & Tool Co., 133 NLRB 247 (1961) ...................................................................................... 105

Carteret Towing Co., 135 NLRB 975 (1962) ..................................................................................................... 4

Carter-Lee Lumber Co., 119 NLRB 1374 (1958) .......................................................................................... 31

Casa Italiana Language School, 326 NLRB 40 (1998) .............................................................................. 23, 25

Casale Industries, 311 NLRB 951 (1993) ................................................................................................ 55, 112

Case Corp., 304 NLRB 939 (1991) ................................................................................................................ 268

Case Egg & Poultry Co., 293 NLRB 941 (1989) ....................................................................................... 380

Casey-Metcalf Machinery Co., 114 NLRB 1520 (1956) ................................................................................ 118

409

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Casino Aztar, 349 NLRB 603 (2007) .................................................................................................... 142, 200

Castle Instant Maintenance/Maid, Inc., 256 NLRB 130 (1981) ....................................................................... 5

Catalytic Industrial Maintenance, 209 NLRB 641 (1974) ........................................................................... 66

Caterair International, 322 NLRB 64 (1996) .................................................................................................. 120

Catherine’s, Inc., 316 NLRB 186 (1995) ....................................................................................................... 353

Catholic Bishop of Chicago; NLRB v., 440 U.S. 490 (1979) .................................................................... 11, 21

Catholic Community Services, 254 NLRB 763 (1981) ................................................................................ 52

Catholic Social Services, Diocese of Belleville, 355 NLRB 929 (2010).......................................................... 22

Catholic University of America

201 NLRB 929 (1973) ..................................................................................................................... 5, 202

205 NLRB 130 (1973) ....................................................................................................................... 281

Cavanaugh Lakeview Farms, 302 NLRB 921 (1991) ..................................................................................... 322

Cavendish Record Mfg. Co., 124 NLRB 1161 (1959) ................................................................................... 170

CCI Construction Co., 326 NLRB 1319 (1998) .............................................................................................. 60

Cedar Tree Press, Inc., 324 NLRB 26 (1997), enf. 169 F.3d 794 (3d Cir. 1999) ........................................ 302

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center

223 NLRB 251 (1976) ......................................................................................................................... 287

342 NLRB 596 (2004) ................................................................................................................. 327, 334

Celotex Corp., 180 NLRB 62 (1970).............................................................................................................. 122

Centennial Development Co., 218 NLRB 1284 (1975) ........................................................................... 49, 101

Centennial Turf Club, Inc., 192 NLRB 698 (1971)......................................................................................... 24

Centerville Clinics, Inc., 181 NLRB 135 (1970) ............................................................................................. 66

Central Cartage, Inc., 236 NLRB 1232 (1978) ................................................................................................ 227

Central Coat, Apron & Linen Service, 126 NLRB 958 (1960) ................................................................ 69, 150

Central Illinois Construction (Staunton Fuel), 335 NLRB 717 (2001) ....................................................... 112

Central Maine Power Co., 151 NLRB 42 (1965) .......................................................................................... 268

Central Parking System, 335 NLRB 390 (2001) ...................................................................................... 71, 108

Central Plumbing Specialties, 337 NLRB 973 (2002) ........................................................................... 229, 252

Central Power & Light Co., 195 NLRB 743 (1972) ........................................................................... 151, 195

Central Services, 202 NLRB 862 (1973) ............................................................................................................ 6

Central Soya Co., 281 NLRB 1308 (1986) ...................................................................................................... 75

Central Supply Co. of Virginia, Inc., 217 NLRB 642 (1975) ..................................................................... 103

Central Taxi Service, 173 NLRB 826 (1969) ................................................................................................... 7

Central Transport, Inc.

299 NLRB 5 (1990) ............................................................................................................................. 221

328 NLRB 407 (1999) ........................................................................................................................ 168

Central Valley National Bank, 154 NLRB 995 (1965) ............................................................................... 179

Centralia Convalescent Center, 295 NLRB 42 (1989) ........................................................................ 259, 295

Centr-O-Cast & Engineering Co., 100 NLRB 1507 (1951) ........................................................................... 117

Centurion Auto Transport, 329 NLRB 394 (1999) ......................................................................... 159, 175, 270

Century Electric Co., 146 NLRB 232 (1964) ..................................................................................... 148, 297

Cerni Motor Sales, 201 NLRB 918 (1973) ..................................................................................................... 270

Cerock Wire & Cable Group, 273 NLRB 1041 (1984) .................................................................................. 391

Cessna Aircraft Co., 123 NLRB 855 (1959) .................................................................................................. 107

CEVA Logistics U.S., Inc., 357 NLRB 628 (2011)................................................................................ 31, 355

CF&I Steel Corp., 196 NLRB 470 (1972) ................................................................................................ 157

CGE Caresystems, Inc., 328 NLRB 748 (1999) ............................................................................................. 189

Chamber of Commerce v. NLRB, 118 F. Supp. 3d 171 (D.D.C. 2015) ............................................... 31, 32, 35

Champaign Residential Services, 325 NLRB 687 (1998) ...................................................................... 350, 361

410

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Champion Farm Div. of Koehring Co., 193 NLRB 513 (1971) ..................................................................... 313

Charles D. Bonnano Linen Service v. NLRB, 454 U.S. 404 (1982) .............................................................. 173

Charles D. Bonnano Linen Service, 243 NLRB 1093 (1979), affd. 454 U.S. 404 (1982) ............................. 174

Charles H. Tompkins Co., 185 NLRB 195 (1970) ......................................................................................... 181

Charleston Transit Co., 123 NLRB 1296 (1959) .............................................................................................. 17

Charrette Drafting Supplies, 275 NLRB 1294 (1985) .................................................................................... 205

Charter Hospital of Orlando South, 313 NLRB 951 (1994 ......................................................................... 274

Charter School Administration Services, 353 NLRB 394 (2008) ............................................................. 17, 19

Chas. S. Winner, Inc., 289 NLRB 62 (1988) .............................................................................................. 129

Chas. V. Weise Co., 133 NLRB 765 (1961) ................................................................................................... 390

Checker Cab Co., 141 NLRB 583 (1963) .................................................................................... 6, 7, 278, 320

Checker Cab Co.; NLRB v., 367 F.2d 692 (6th Cir. 1966) ........................................................................ 7, 176

Chel LaCort, 315 NLRB 1036 (1994) ............................................................................................................ 172

Chelsea Catering Corp., 309 NLRB 822

(1992)

........................................................................................ 17, 21

Chelsea Industries, 331 NLRB 1648 (2000), enfd. 285 F.3d 1073 (D.C. Cir. 2002) ..................................... 117

Chemical Workers v. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., 404 U.S. 157 (1971) ....................................................... 314

Cheney Bigelow Wire Works, Inc., 197 NLRB 1279 (1972) ........................................................... 91, 142, 162

Cherokee Textile Mills, Inc., 117 NLRB 350 (1957) ................................................................................ 290

Cherry Lane Farms, Inc., 190 NLRB 299 (1971) ........................................................................................... 218

Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co., 192 NLRB 483 (1971) ................................................................. 258

Chester County Beer Distributors Assn., 133 NLRB 771 (1961) ................................................................. 279

Chevron Shipping Co., 317 NLRB 379 (1995) ...................................................................... 226, 228, 230, 244

Chevron U.S.A., 309 NLRB 59 (1992) ........................................................................................................... 235

Chicago Bridge & Iron Co., 88 NLRB 402 (1950) ...................................................................................... 101

Chicago Daily News, Inc., 98 NLRB 1235 (1951) ......................................................................................... 194

Chicago Health & Tennis Clubs, 251 NLRB 140 (1980) ............................................................................ 119

Chicago Mathematics & Science Academy Charter School, Inc., 359 NLRB 455 (2012) ............................. 18

Chicago Metropolitan Home Builders Assn., 119 NLRB 1184 (1958) ................................................ 168, 170

Chicago Pottery Co., 136 NLRB 1247 (1962) .................................................................................................. 61

Chicago Printing Pressmen’s Union No. 3 (Moore Laminating, Inc.), 137 NLRB 729 (1962) .............. 73, 309

Chicago Tribune, 326 NLRB 1057 (1998).................................................................................................... 347

Chicago Truck Drivers Local 101 (Bake-Line Products), 329 NLRB 247 (1999) ................................. 136, 343

Chicagoland Television News, Inc., 328 NLRB 367 (1999) ................................................................ 347, 359

Child & Family Service, 315 NLRB 13 (1994) ............................................................................................... 26

Child’s Hospital, 307 NLRB 90 (1992) ....................................................................................................... 187

Children’s Farm Home, 324 NLRB 61 (1997) ............................................................................... 230, 233, 238

Children’s Hospital of Michigan

299 NLRB 430 (1990) ................................................................................................................... 62, 262

317 NLRB 580 (1995) ............................................................................................................. 62, 63, 262

Children’s Hospital, 312 NLRB 920 (1993) ................................................................................................... 145

Children’s Village, Inc., 197 NLRB 1218 (1972) ............................................................................................ 17

Chin Industries, 232 NLRB 176 (1977) ....................................................................................................... 182

Chipman Union, Inc., 316 NLRB 107 (1995) ................................................................................................ 365

Choc-Ola Bottlers, Inc. v. NLRB, 478 F.2d 461 (7th Cir. 1973) ................................................................. 313

Choc-Ola Bottlers, Inc., 192 NLRB 1247 (1971) ......................................................................................... 313

Choctaw Provision Co., 122 NLRB 474 (1958) ............................................................................................. 379

Chrill Care, Inc., 340 NLRB 1016 (2003) .............................................................................................. 386, 390

Chrome Deposit Corp., 323 NLRB 961 (1997) .............................................................. 239, 242, 245, 250, 251

411

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Chrysler Corp.

119 NLRB 1312 (1958) ....................................................................................................................... 146

153 NLRB 578 (1965) ......................................................................................................................... 105

154 NLRB 352 (1965) ........................................................................................................................ 258

173 NLRB 1046 (1969) ............................................................................................................... 153, 265

192 NLRB 1208 (1971) ....................................................................................................................... 295

194 NLRB 183 (1972) ......................................................................................................................... 273

CHS, Inc., 355 NLRB 914 (2010) ................................................................................................................ 131

CHS, Inc., 357 NLRB 514 (2011) .......................................................................................................... 302, 303

Churchill’s Restaurant, 276 NLRB 775 (1985) ................................................................................................. 340

CID-SAM Management Corp., 315 NLRB 1256 (1995) ............................................................................... 7, 9

Cincinnati Bronze, 286 NLRB 39 (1987) ....................................................................................................... 273

Cind-R-Lite Co., 239 NLRB 1255 (1979) ...................................................................................................... 94

Circuit City Stores, 324 NLRB 147 (1997) .................................................................................................... 390

Cities Service Oil Co.

87 NLRB 324 (1949) ......................................................................................................................... 370

200 NLRB 470 (1972) ....................................................................................................................... 152

Citizen News Co., 97 NLRB 428 (1951) ........................................................................................................ 222

City Cab of Orlando, 285 NLRB 1191 (1987) .............................................................................................. 222

City Electric, Inc., 225 NLRB 325 (1976) .................................................................................................... 293

City Line Open Hearth, Inc., 141 NLRB 799 (1963)........................................................................................ 16

City Markets, Inc., 266 NLRB 1020 (1983) ........................................................................................... 117, 136

City of Austell Natural Gas System, 186 NLRB 280 (1970) ........................................................................... 19

City Public Service Board of San Antonio, 197 NLRB 312 (1972)................................................................. 19

City Stationery, Inc., 340 NLRB 523 (2003) ...................................................................................... 49, 54, 380

City Wide Insulation, 307 NLRB 1 (1992) ............................................................................................. 76, 130

Citywide Corporate Transportation, Inc., 338 NLRB 444 (2002) .................................................................. 270

Claremont University Center, 198 NLRB 811 (1972) .................................................................................... 202

Clark Concrete Construction Corp., 116 NLRB 321 (1956) .............................................................................. 2

Clark Equipment Co., 278 NLRB 498 (1986) ................................................................................................ 333

Clark Machine Corp., 308 NLRB 555 (1992) ................................................................................................ 232

Clark Oil & Refining Corp., 129 NLRB 750 (1960) ..................................................................................... 223

Clarostat Mfg. Co., 88 NLRB 723 (1950) ........................................................................................................ 57

Classic Valet Parking, Inc., 363 NLRB No. 23 (2015)........................................................................... 302, 382

Claussen Baking Co., 134 NLRB 111 (1964) ............................................................................................... 385

Claymore Mfg. Co. of Arkansas, Inc., 146 NLRB 1400 (1964) ..................................................................... 366

Clayton & Lambert Mfg. Co., 128 NLRB 209 (1960)...................................................................................... 97

Clement-Blythe Cos., 182 NLRB 502 (1970) ................................................................................................ 123

Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., 117 NLRB 668 (1957)......................................................................................... 53

Cleveland Indians Baseball Co., 333 NLRB 579 (2001) .............................................................................. 375

Clohecy Collision, 176 NLRB 616 (1969) ....................................................................................................... 77

Clothing & Textile Workers v. NLRB, 815 F.2d 225 (2d Cir. 1987), enfg. 280 NLRB 864 (1986) .............. 388

Club Cal-Neva, 194 NLRB 797 (1972) ....................................................................................................... 186

Club Demonstration Services, 317 NLRB 349 (1995) ........................................................................ 375, 382

Clyde J. Merris, 77 NLRB 1375 (1948) ........................................................................................................... 76

CMT, Inc., 333 NLRB 1307 (2001) ................................................................................................................. 66

CNN America, Inc., 361 NLRB No. 47 (2014) .............................................................. 176, 229, 230, 238, 239

Coast North America (Trucking) Ltd., 325 NLRB 980 (1998), enfd. 207 F.3d 994 (7th Cir. 2000) ............. 378

Coatings Application Co., 307 NLRB 806 (1992) ....................................................................................... 131

412

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Coca Cola Bottling of Miami, 237 NLRB 936 (1978) ................................................................................... 303

Coca-Cola Bottling Co. Consolidated, 232 NLRB 717 (1977) ...................................................................... 353

Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Baltimore, 156 NLRB 450 (1966) ................................................................... 145

Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Buffalo, 299 NLRB 989 (1990) .......................................................................... 158

Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Buffalo, 325 NLRB 312 (1998).......................................................................... 158

Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Dubuque, 325 NLRB 1275 (1995) ...................................................................... 344

Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Memphis, 273 NLRB 444 (1984) ........................................................................ 353

Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of Wisconsin, 310 NLRB 844 (1993) ...................................................... 131, 133, 157

Coca-Cola Co. Foods Division, 202 NLRB 910 (1973) ................................................................................. 355

Cockatoo, Inc., 145 NLRB 611 (1964) ........................................................................................................... 82

Coinmach Laundry Corp., 337 NLRB 1286 (2003) ......................................................................................... 59

Colecraft Mfg., 162 NLRB 680 (1967) .......................................................................................................... 286

College of English Language, 277 NLRB 1065 (1985) .................................................................................... 10

College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 197 NLRB 959 (1972) .......................................................................... 203

Collins & Aikman Corp., 143 NLRB 15 (1963) ............................................................................................... 31

Collyer Insulated Wire, 192 NLRB 837 (1971) .............................................................................................. 71

Colombia Music & Electronics, 196 NLRB 388 (1972)................................................................................. 281

Colonial Catering Co., 137 NLRB 1607 (1962) ................................................................................................. 5

Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 224 NLRB 718 (1976) .............................................................................. 9

Colorado Fire Sprinkler Inc., 364 NLRB No. 55 (2016) ................................................................................ 112

Colorado Interstate Gas Co., 202 NLRB 847 (1973) ............................................................................. 195, 197

Colson Corp. v. NLRB, 347 F.2d 128 (8th Cir. 1965) ................................................................................. 331

Columbia Alaska Regional Hospital, 327 NLRB 876 (1999) ......................................................................... 390

Columbia College, 346 NLRB 726 (2006) ................................................................................................... 289

Columbia Park & Recreation Assn., 289 NLRB 123 (1988) .............................................................................. 19

Columbia Records, 125 NLRB 1161 (1960) .................................................................................................. 56

Columbia Tanning Corp., 238 NLRB 899 (1978) .......................................................................................... 365

Columbia Textile Services, 293 NLRB 1034 (1989).............................................................................. 272, 384

Columbia University

97 NLRB 424 (1951) ....................................................................................................................... 10, 14

364 NLRB No. 90 (2016) ................................................................................... 203, 282, 285, 286, 287

Columbine Cable Co., 351 NLRB 1087 (2007) ........................................................................................ 379

Columbus Plaza Motor Hotel, 148 NLRB 1053 (1964) ............................................................... 190, 277, 280

Columbus Symphony Orchestra, 350 NLRB 523 (2007) ............................................................................... 278

Columbus Transit, LLC, 357 NLRB 1717 (2011) ...................................................................................... 333

Combined Century Theatres, 120 NLRB 1379 (1959) ....................................................................................... 3

Combustion Engineering, 195 NLRB 909 (1972) .................................................................................. 155, 156

Comcast Cablevision of New Haven, 325 NLRB 833 (1998) .................................................................... 358

Comcast Cablevision-Taylor, 338 NLRB 1089 (2000) .................................................................................. 346

Comet Electric. 314 NLRB 1215 (1994) ........................................................................................................ 362

Comet Rice Mills, 195 NLRB 671 (1972) ....................................................................................................... 60

Comfort Slipper Corp., 112 NLRB 183 (1955) .......................................................................................... 367

Commercial Fleet Wash, Inc., 190 NLRB 326 (1971) .................................................................................... 235

Commonwealth Gas Co., 218 NLRB 857 (1975) ............................................................................................. 71

Communication Workers v. Beck, 487 U.S. 735 (1988) ............................................................................... 109

Community Action Commission of Fayette County, 338 NLRB 664 (2003) ................................................ 313

Community Affairs, Inc., 326 NLRB 311 (1998)....................................................................................... 54, 57

Community Bus Lines, 341 NLRB 474 (2004) .............................................................................................. 220

Community Care Systems, 284 NLRB 1147 (1987) ...................................................................................... 378

413

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Community Education Centers, Inc., 360 NLRB 85 (2014) ............................................ 229, 240, 241, 250, 251

Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989)....................................................... 219

Community Service Publishing, Inc., 216 NLRB 997 (1975)........................................................................ 63

Community Services Planning Council, 243 NLRB 798 (1979) ....................................................................... 5

Community Support Network, 363 NLRB No. 78 (2016)

.............................................................................. 308

Computer Sciences Raytheon, 318 NLRB 966 (1995) ..................................................................................... 24

Computer Systems, Inc., 204 NLRB 255 (1973) ........................................................................................... 275

Comtel Systems Technology, 305 NLRB 287 (1991) .................................................................................... 171

Concordia Electric Cooperative, Inc., 315 NLRB 752 (1994) ............................................................................ 19

Concourse Village, Inc., 276 NLRB 12 (1985) ................................................................................................. 243

Coney Island, Inc., 140 NLRB 77 (1963) ..................................................................................................... 9

Connecticut Distributors, 255 NLRB 1255 (1981)........................................................................................... 227

Connecticut Light & Power Co.

121 NLRB 768 (1958) ....................................................................................................................... 227

222 NLRB 1243 (1976) ....................................................................................................................... 196

Conroe Creosoting Co., 149 NLRB 1174 (1964) ........................................................................................... 358

Consolidated Fibres, Inc., 205 NLRB 557 (1973) ............................................................................................ 92

Consolidated Freightways Corp. of Delaware, 196 NLRB 807 (1972) .................................................... 227, 231

Consolidated Novelty Co., 186 NLRB 197 (1970) ........................................................................................... 91

Consolidated Packaging Corp., 178 NLRB 564 (1969) ................................................................................. 184

Consolidated Papers, Inc., 220 NLRB 1281 (1975) ..................................................................................... 151

Consolidated Print Works, 260 NLRB 978 (1982) ........................................................................................ 324

Consolidated Supply Co., 192 NLRB 982 (1971) .......................................................................................... 278

Constellation Brands, U.S. Operations, Inc. v. NLRB, 842 F.3d 784 (2d Cir. 2016) ..................................... 144

Consumers Energy Co., 337 NLRB 752 (2002) ..................................................................................... 328, 374

Container Corp. of America, 121 NLRB 249 (1958) ..................................................................................... 274

Container Research Corp., 188 NLRB 586 (1971) ......................................................................................... 182

Contemporary Cars, Inc.; NLRB v., 667 F.3d 1364 (11th Cir. 2012) .............................................................. 45

Continental Bus System, 104 NLRB 599 (1953) ............................................................................................ 382

Continental Cablevision, 298 NLRB 973 (1990) ........................................................................................... 288

Continental Can Co.

116 NLRB 1202 (1956) ....................................................................................................................... 236

128 NLRB 762 (1960) ......................................................................................................................... 259

145 NLRB 1427 (1964) ............................................................................................................... 106, 147

Continental Hotel, 133 NLRB 1694 (1961)...................................................................................................... 13

Continental Packaging Corp., 327 NLRB 400 (1998) ...................................................................................... 26

Con-Way Freight, Inc. v. NLRB, 838 F.3d 534 (5th Cir. 2016) ..................................................... 366, 379, 388

Cook Composites & Polymers Co., 313 NLRB 1105 (1994) ......................................................................... 271

Cook Inlet Tug & Barge, Inc., 362 NLRB No. 111 (2015) ............................. 226, 228, 230, 232, 238, 240, 241

Cooper Industries, 328 NLRB 145 (1999) .................................................................................................... 331

Cooper International, 205 NLRB 1057 (1973) ............................................................................................... 123

Cooper Mattress Mfg. Co., 225 NLRB 200 (1976) ........................................................................................ 322

Cooper Supply Co., 120 NLRB 1023 (1958) .................................................................................................. 44

Cooper Tank & Welding Corp., 328 NLRB 759 (1999) ......................................................................... 86, 87

Cooper Tire & Rubber Co.

181 NLRB 509 (1970) ........................................................................................................................... 94

340 NLRB 958 (2003) ........................................................................................................................ 341

Cooper Union of Science & Art, 273 NLRB 1768 (1985) ............................................................................ 203

Cooperativa Azucarera Los Canos, 122 NLRB 817 (1959) ................................................................... 102, 103

414

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Copeland Refrigeration Corp., 118 NLRB 1364 (1957) .............................................................................. 271

Copier Care Plus, 324 NLRB 785

(1997)

...................................................................................................... 148

Coplay Cement Co., 288 NLRB 66 (1988) ................................................................................................... 164

Coradian Corp., 287 NLRB 1207 (1988) .......................................................................................................... 340

Cornell Forge Co., 339 NLRB 733 (2003) ..................................................................................................... 331

Cornell University

183 NLRB 329 (1970) ........................................................................................................... 10, 201, 203

202 NLRB 290 (1973) ................................................................................................................. 203, 286

Corner Furniture Discount Center, Inc., 339 NLRB 1122 (2003) .................................................................. 331

Corporacion de Servicios Legales, 289 NLRB 612 (1988) ..................................................... 89, 259, 295, 296

Corporate Express Delivery Systems, 332 NLRB 1522 (2000) ...................................................................... 221

Correction Corp. of America v. NLRB, 234 F.3d 1321 (D.C. Cir. 2000) ........................................................ 17

Correctional Health Care Solutions, 303 NLRB 835 (1991) .......................................................................... 376

Correctional Medical Systems, 299 NLRB 654 (1990) .................................................................................... 25

Corrections Corp. of America, 327 NLRB 577 (1999) ................................................................................... 89

Cortland Transit, Inc., 324 NLRB 372 (1997) ................................................................................................ 119

Country Lane Food Store, 142 NLRB 683 (1963) ....................................................................................... 7, 27

Courier Dispatch Group, 311 NLRB 728 (1993) ................................................................................... 162, 163

Court Square Press, Inc., 151 NLRB 861 (1965) ......................................................................................... 294

Covenant Aviation Security, LLC, 349 NLRB 699 (2007) ................................................................. 53, 54, 136

Coventry Health Center, 332 NLRB 52 (2000) ............................................................................................ 254

CPA Trucking Agency, 185 NLRB 452 (1970) ................................................................................. 217, 218

CPP Pinkerton, 309 NLRB 723 (1992) .......................................................................................................... 341

CPS Chemical Co., 324 NLRB 1018 (1997) ................................................................................................ 129

Craftmatic Comfort Mfg. Corp., 299 NLRB 514 (1990) ........................................................................ 304, 328

Crawford Door Sales Co., 226 NLRB 1144 (1976) ..................................................................................... 177

Credit Bureau of Greater Boston, 73 NLRB 410 (1947) .................................................................................. 12

Credit Union National Assn., 199 NLRB 682 (1972) .................................................................................... 132

Crenulated Co., 308 NLRB 1216 (1992) ........................................................................................................ 237

Crest Mark Packing Co., 283 NLRB 999 (1987) ................................................................................... 265, 266

Crest Wine & Spirits, 168 NLRB 754 (1967) ................................................................................................ 286

Crestwood Convalescent Hospital, 316 NLRB 1057 (1995) .................................................................. 331, 387

Crew One Productions, Inc. v. NLRB, 811 F.3d 1305 (11th Cir. 2016) ........................................................ 224

Cristal USA, Inc.

365 NLRB No. 74 (2017) .................................................................................................................... 144

365 NLRB No. 82 (2017) .................................................................................................................... 144

Crittenton Hospital, 328 NLRB 879 (1999) ................................................................................... 188, 231, 249

Croft Metals, Inc.

337 NLRB 688 (2002) ........................................................................................................................... 38

348 NLRB 717 (2006) ................................................................................................. 228, 229, 230, 241

Crompton Co., 260 NLRB 417 (1982) ............................................................................................... 94, 96, 102

Cross Baking Co. v. NLRB, 453 F.2d 1346 (1st Cir. 1971), enfg. 191 NLRB 27 (1971) ........................... 364

Cross Pointe Paper Corp., 330 NLRB 658 (2000) ........................................................................................ 390

Cross-Pointe Corp., 315 NLRB 714 (1994) .................................................................................................... 390

Crossroads Community Correctional Center, 308 NLRB 558 (1992) ............................................................ 261

Crothall Hospital Services, 270 NLRB 1420 (1984) ........................................................................................ 87

Crown Bolt, Inc., 343 NLRB 776 (2004) ....................................................................................................... 335

Crown Coach Corp., 284 NLRB 1010 (1987) ................................................................................................ 364

Crown Cork & Seal Co., 203 NLRB 171 (1973) ........................................................................................... 132

415

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Crown Electrical Contracting, Inc., 338 NLRB 336 (2002) ........................................................................... 344

Crown Nursing Home Associates, 299 NLRB 512 (1990) ......................................................................... 53, 55

Crown Simpson Pulp Co., 163 NLRB 796 (1967) ......................................................................................... 213

Crown Zellerbach Corp., 246 NLRB 202 (1979) ................................................................................... 146, 147

Cruis Along Boats, 128 NLRB 1019 (1960) .................................................................................................. 323

Crystal Bay Club, 169 NLRB 838 (1968) ...................................................................................................... 186

CTS, Inc., 340 NLRB 904 (2003) ........................................................................................................... 172, 174

Culinary Foods, Inc., 325 NLRB 664 (1998) ................................................................................. 331, 364, 365

Cumberland Farms, 272 NLRB 336 (1984)................................................................................................... 270

Cumberland Shoe Corp., 144 NLRB 1268 (1963) ........................................................................................ 290

Cuneo Eastern Press, Inc., 106 NLRB 343 (1953)........................................................................................ 149

Cupples-Hesse Corp., 119 NLRB 1288 (1958) .............................................................................................. 372

Curcie Bros., Inc., 146 NLRB 380 (1964) ...................................................................................................... 149

Curtin Matheson Scientific, 310 NLRB 1090 (1993) ..................................................................................... 361

Curtis Industries

218 NLRB 1447 (1975) ....................................................................................................................... 290

310 NLRB 1212 (1993) ....................................................................................................... 313, 316, 318

Cushman’s Sons, Inc., 88 NLRB 121 (1950) ................................................................................................. 105

Custom Bronze & Aluminum Corp., 197 NLRB 397 (1972) ................................................................. 231, 239

Custom Color Contractors, 226 NLRB 851 (1976) ........................................................................................ 169

Custom Deliveries, 315 NLRB 1018 (1994) ................................................................................................. 122

Custom Mattress Mfg., 327 NLRB 111 (1998) ............................................................................. 234, 249, 252

CVS Albany, LLC, 364 NLRB No. 21 (2016) ....................................................................................... 323, 324

CWM, Inc., 306 NLRB 495 (1992) ............................................................................................................... 312

D & B Contracting Co., 305 NLRB 765 (1991) ............................................................................................. 177

D & T Limousine Service, 320 NLRB 859 (1996) .................................................................................. 12, 20

D&F Industries, 339 NLRB 618 (2002) ......................................................................................................... 331

D&L Transportation, 324 NLRB 160 (1997) ......................................................................................... 161, 163

D. A. Nolt, Inc., 340 NLRB 1279 (2004) ....................................................................................................... 173

D. H. Farms Co., 206 NLRB 111 (1973) ................................................................................................ 314

D. V. Displays Corp., 134 NLRB 568 (1962) ................................................................................................ 297

D’Arrigo Bros. Co. of California, 171 NLRB 22 (1968) ....................................................................... 217, 218

Dai-Ichi Hotel Saipan Beach, 326 NLRB 458 (1998) .................................................................................... 353

Daikichi Sushi, 335 NLRB 622 (2001) .................................................................................................. 339, 340

Daily Grind, 337 NLRB 655 (2002) .............................................................................................................. 328

Daily Press, Inc.

110 NLRB 573 (1954) ......................................................................................................................... 194

112 NLRB 1434 (1955) ....................................................................................................................... 194

Daimler-Chrysler Corp., 338 NLRB 982 (2003) ............................................................................................ 384

Dakota Fire Protection Inc., 337 NLRB 92 (2001)......................................................................................... 312

Dale’s Super Valu, 181 NLRB 698 (1970) ...................................................................................................... 57

Dal-Tex Optical Co., 137 NLRB 1782 (1962) ............................................................................... 332, 333, 338

Dalton Sheet Metal Co.; NLRB v., 472 F.2d 257 (5th Cir. 1973) .............................................................. 311

Dan’s Star Market, 172 NLRB 1393 (1968) .................................................................................................. 161

Dana Corp.

351 NLRB 343 (2007) ......................................................................................................................... 121

356 NLRB 256 (2010) ............................................................................................................................ 87

416

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Daniel Construction Co.

133 NLRB 264 (1961) ................................................................................................................. 180, 181

145 NLRB 1397 (1964) ....................................................................................................................... 378

167 NLRB 1078 (1967) ...................................................................................................................... 319

Dart Container Corp., 294 NLRB 798 (1989) ............................................................................................... 50, 53

Data Technology Corp., 281 NLRB 1005 (1986) ................................................................................ 290, 327

Dattco, Inc., 338 NLRB 49 (2002) ......................................................................................... 159, 161, 162, 163

Dave Transportation Services, 323 NLRB 562 (1997) ................................................................................... 372

Davenport Lutheran Home; NLRB v., 244 F.3d 660 (8th Cir. 2001) ............................................................... 84

Davey McKee Corp., 308 NLRB 839 (1992) ................................................................................................. 124

David Buttrick Co., 167 NLRB 438 (1967) ................................................................................................... 66

David Buttrick Co.; NLRB v., 361 F.2d 300 (1st Cir. 1966) ....................................................................... 65

Davis & Newcomer Elevator Co., 315 NLRB 715 (1994) ........................................................................ 382

Davis Cafeteria, Inc., 160 NLRB 1141 (1966) ............................................................................................ 150

Davis Grain Corp., 203 NLRB 319 (1973) ........................................................................................ 217, 218

Davis Memorial Goodwill Industries, 318 NLRB 1044 (1995) ................................................................ 291

Davis Supermarkets, 306 NLRB 426 (1992) .................................................................................................. 289

Davis Transport, 169 NLRB 557 (1968) ........................................................................................................ 288

Davison-Paxon Co., 185 NLRB 21 (1970) ............................................................................. 277, 278, 280, 320

Davlan Engineering, 283 NLRB 803 (1987) ................................................................................................ 348

Daw Drug Co., 127 NLRB 1316 (1960) ......................................................................................................... 160

Daylight Grocery Co. v. NLRB, 678 F.2d 905 (11th Cir. 1982) .................................................................... 328

Days Inn Management Co., 299 NLRB 735 (1992) ...................................................................................... 390

Dayton Aviation Radio & Equipment Corp., 124 NLRB 306 (1959) ............................................................ 274

Dayton Newspapers, Inc., 119 NLRB 566 (1958) ......................................................................................... 195

Dayton Transport Corp., 270 NLRB 1114 (1984) ......................................................................................... 183

De Jana Industries, 305 NLRB 294 (1991) ................................................................................................... 348

Deaconess Medical Center, 341 NLRB 859 (2004) ..................................................................................... 341

Dean & Deluca New York, Inc., 338 NLRB 1046 (2003) ..................................... 226, 227, 231, 245, 252, 311

Dean Industries, 162 NLRB 1078 (1967) ..................................................................................... 331, 364, 365

Dean Witter & Co., 189 NLRB 785 (1971) ............................................................................................ 142, 274

Deaton Truck Lines, Inc. v. NLRB, 337 F.2d 697 (5th Cir. 1964), cert. denied 381 U.S. 903 (1965),

affg. 143 NLRB 1372 (1963) ................................................................................................................ 232

DeCoster Egg Farms, 325 NLRB 350 (1998) .................................................................................................. 25

Deeco, Inc., 116 NLRB 990 (1956) ............................................................................................................... 380

Dejana Industries, Inc., 336 NLRB 1202 (2001) .............................................................................................. 52

Del Ray Tortilleria, 272 NLRB 1106 (1984) ............................................................................................... 385

Delaware Mills, Inc., 123 NLRB 943 (1959) ................................................................................................ 390

Delaware Park, 325 NLRB 156 (1997) ............................................................................................................ 12

Del-Mont Construction Co., 150 NLRB 85 (1965).................................................................................... 180

Delta Diversified Enterprises, Inc., 314 NLRB 946 (1994) ...................................................................... 319

Delta Mfg. Division, 89 NLRB 1434 (1950) ................................................................................................. 150

Delta Mills, 287 NLRB 367 (1987) .............................................................................................................. 157

Delta Pine Plywood Co., 192 NLRB 1272 (1971) ......................................................................................... 313

Deluxe Metal Furniture Co., 121 NLRB 995 (1958) ............................................... 100, 101, 102, 103, 104. 105

DeMarco Concrete Block Co., 221 NLRB 341 (1975) ....................................................................................... 3

Denart Coal Co., 315 NLRB 850 (1994) ........................................................................................................ 175

Dennis Chemical Co., 196 NLRB 226 (1972) ............................................................................................... 103

Dennison Mfg. Co., 296 NLRB 1034 (1989) ................................................................................................. 156

417

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Denny’s Restaurant, Inc., 186 NLRB 48 (1970) ............................................................................................ 81

Denver Athletic Club, 164 NLRB 677 (1967) ........................................................................................... 204

Denver Building Trades Council; NLRB v., 341 U.S. 675 (1951) ......................................................... 1, 2, 23

Denver Heating, Piping & Air Conditioning Contractors, 99 NLRB 251 (1951) ......................................... 180

Denver Post, Inc., 196 NLRB 1162 (1972) .................................................................................................... 222

Denver Publishing Co., 238 NLRB 207 (1978) ............................................................................................. 84

Denver-Colorado Springs-Pueblo Motor Way, 129 NLRB 1184 (1961) ....................................................... 288

Denzel S. Alkire, 259 NLRB 1323 (1982) ..................................................................................................... 176

Department & Specialty Store Local 1265 (Oakland G. R. Kinney Co.), 136 NLRB 335 (1962) ............... 44

DePaul Adult Care Communities, 325 NLRB 681 (1998) ............................................................................ 86

Deposit Telephone Co.

328 NLRB 1029 (1999) ............................................................................................................... 195, 196

349 NLRB 214 (2007) .......................................................................................................................... 76

Desert Laundry-A Corp., 192 NLRB 1032 (1971) ........................................................................................ 341

Design Service Co., 148 NLRB 1050 (1964) ................................................................................................. 274

Desilu Productions, Inc., 106 NLRB 179 (1953)............................................................................................. 52

Detective Intelligence Service, 177 NLRB 69 (1969) .................................................................................... 135

Detroit College of Business, 296 NLRB 318 (1989) .............................................. 233, 237, 246, 247, 250, 253

Detroit East, Inc., 349 NLRB 935 (2007) ....................................................................................................... 377

Detroit News, 119 NLRB 345 (1958) ............................................................................................................ 169

Detroit Newspaper Publishers Assn. v. NLRB, 372 F.2d 569 (6th Cir. 1967) ................................................. 7

Detroit Newspapers, 330 NLRB 505 (2000) .................................................................................................. 66

Devco Diamond Rings, 146 NLRB 556 (1964) ................................................................................................ 27

Developmental Disabilities Institute, 334 NLRB 1166 (2001)................................75, 131, 132, 134, 154, 156

Devil’s Lake Sioux Mfg. Corp., 243 NLRB 163 (1979) .................................................................................... 9

DeVilbiss Co., 115 NLRB 1164 (1956) ......................................................................................................... 380

Dezcon, Inc., 295 NLRB 109 (1989) ........................................................................................... 139, 180, 181

DHL Worldwide Express, Inc., 340 NLRB 1034 (2003) ................................................................................. 20

Dial-A-Mattress Operating Corp., 326 NLRB 884 (1998) ............................................................................. 221

Diamond Cab, 164 NLRB 859 (1967) ........................................................................................................... 223

Diamond L Transportation, 310 NLRB 630 (1993) ....................................................................................... 221

Diamond State Poultry Co., 107 NLRB 3 (1954) ................................................................................... 363, 365

Diamond Walnut Growers

308 NLRB 933 (1992) ......................................................................................................................... 317

326 NLRB 28 (1998) ................................................................................................................... 332, 381

DIC Animation City, 295 NLRB 989 (1989) ................................................................................................. 224

DIC Entertainment, L.P., 328 NLRB 660 (1999) ........................................................................................... 320

Dick Bros., Inc., 110 NLRB 451 (1955) ......................................................................................................... 120

Dick Kelchner Excavating Co., 236 NLRB 1414 (1978) .................................................................... 180, 318

DiLapi; Irving v., 600 F.2d 1027 (2d Cir. 1979) .............................................................................................. 56

Dinah’s Hotel & Apartments, 295 NLRB 1100 (1989) .............................................................................. 190

Dinkler-St. Charles Hotel, Inc., 124 NLRB 1302 (1959) ............................................................................ 266

Direct Press Modern Litho, Inc., 328 NLRB 860 (1999) ............................................................................... 96

DirecTV U.S. DirecTV Holdings LLC, 357 NLRB 1747 (2011)................................... 233, 234, 243, 244, 245

Disco Fair Stores, Inc., 189 NLRB 456 (1971) .............................................................................................. 193

Display Sign Service, 180 NLRB 49 (1970) ............................................................................................ 121

Distillery Workers v. NLRB, 298 F.2d 297 (D.C. Cir. 1961), cert. denied 369 U.S. 843 (1962),

enfg. 127 NLRB 850 (1960) .............................................................................................................. 232

Dittler Bros., Inc., 132 NLRB 444 (1961) ................................................................................................ 31, 173

418

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Ditto, Inc., 126 NLRB 135 (1960) ................................................................................................................ 63

Dixie Belle Mills, Inc., 139 NLRB 629 (1962) .............................................................................. 151, 163, 164

Dixie Drive-It-Yourself System Nashville Co., 120 NLRB 1608 (1958) ..................................................... 358

Dixie Electric Membership, 358 NLRB 1089 (2012),

incorporated by reference at 361 NLRB No. 107 (2014), enfd. 814 F.3d 752 (5th Cir. 2016) ............ 133

Dixie Gas, Inc.

135 NLRB 1051 (1962) ....................................................................................................................... 365

151 NLRB 1257 (1965) ....................................................................................................................... 119

Dixie Ohio Express, Inc., 123 NLRB 1936 (1959) .......................................................................................... 227

Dixie-Portland Flour Mills, 186 NLRB 681 (1970)....................................................................................... 212

Dobbs Houses, Inc., 183 NLRB 535 (1970), enfd. 443 F.2d 1066 (6th Cir. 1971) .......................................... 20

Dobbs International Services, 323 NLRB 1159 (1997) .................................................................................... 94

Dodge City of Wauwatosa, 282 NLRB 459 (1986) ....................................................................................... 214

Dodge of Naperville, Inc. v. NLRB, 796 F.3d 31 (D.C. Cir. 2015) ............................................................... 145

Dole Fresh Vegetables, 339 NLRB 785 (2003) ........................................................................................ 33, 226

Dollar Rent-A-Car, 314 NLRB 1089 (1994) ................................................................................................. 327

Dominguez Valley Hospital, 287 NLRB 149 (1987) ..................................................................................... 119

Dominion Engineered Textiles, 314 NLRB 571 (1994) ..................................................................................... 340

Don Bass Trucking, 275 NLRB 1172 (1985) ................................................................................................. 221

Donald Carroll Metals, Inc., 185 NLRB 409 (1970) ................................................................. 142, 148, 182

Donaldson Bros. Ready Mix, Inc., 341 NLRB 958 (2004) ............................................................................ 247

Donaldson Traditional Interiors, 345 NLRB 1298 (2005)...................................................................... 112, 168

Dorado Beach Hotel, 144

NLRB 712 (1963)

..................................................................................... 64, 96, 99

Dorothy Shamrock Coal Co., 279 NLRB 1298 (1986) .................................................................................. 332

Double J. Services, 347 NLRB No. 58 (2006) ............................................................................................... 335

Douglas Aircraft Co., 53 NLRB 486 (1943) ................................................................................................... 64

Douglas Motors Corp., 128 NLRB 307 (1960) ............................................................................................. 123

Douglas Oil Co., 197 NLRB 308 (1972) .......................................................................................................... 65

Douglas Randall, Inc., 320 NLRB 431 (1995) ............................................................................................... 120

Dow Chemical Co., 326 NLRB 288 (1998) ................................................................................................... 175

Dow Jones & Co., 142 NLRB 421 (1963) ..................................................................................................... 194

Downingtown Paper Co., 192 NLRB 310 (1971) ........................................................................ 142, 184, 211

Downtown Bid Services Corp.; NLRB v., 682 F.3d 109 (D.C. Cir. 2012) .................................................... 331

DPI Secuprint, 362 NLRB No. 172 (2015) .................................................................................... 143, 144, 195

Dr Pepper Bottling Co., 228 NLRB 1119 (1977) ........................................................................................... 185

Draper Valley Farms, Inc., 307 NLRB 1440 (1992) ...................................................................................... 218

Dredge Operators, 306 NLRB 924 (1992) ............................................................................................. 301, 314

Dredge Operators, Inc.; NLRB v., 19 F.3d 206 (5th Cir. 1994) .................................................................... 23

Dresser Industries, 242 NLRB 74 (1979) ....................................................................................................... 327

Drexel Home, 182 NLRB 1045 (1970) ........................................................................................................... 188

Drug Fair—Community Drug Co., 180 NLRB 525 (1970) ........................................................................... 199

Drummond Coal Co., 249 NLRB 1017 (1980) .............................................................................................. 218

DST Industries, 310 NLRB 957 (1993).......................................................................................................... 231

DTG Operations, Inc., 357 NLRB 2122 (2011) ............................................................................................. 144

Duane Reade, Inc., 338 NLRB 943 (2003), enfd. 99 Fed. Appx. 240 (D.C. Cir. 2004) ................................. 362

Dubo Mfg. Corp., 142 NLRB 431 (1963) ...................................................................................................... 71

Dubovsky & Sons, 324 NLRB 1068 (1997) .................................................................................................. 387

419

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Duke Power Co.

173 NLRB 240 (1969) .......................................................................................................................... 70

191 NLRB 308 (1971) .......................................................................................................... 77, 100, 146

Duke University

194 NLRB 236 (1972) ........................................................................................................................ 204

200 NLRB 81 (1972) ........................................................................................................................... 204

306 NLRB 555 (1992) ........................................................................................................... 13, 185, 204

Dumas Bros. Mfg. Co., 205 NLRB 919 (1973)........................................................................................... 372

Dun & Bradstreet, Inc.

194 NLRB 9 (1971) ....................................................................................................................... 12, 268

240 NLRB 162 (1979) ......................................................................................................................... 267

Dundee’s Seafood, Inc., 221 NLRB 1183 (1975) ................................................................................. 150, 151

Dunham’s Athleisure Corp.

311 NLRB 175 (1993) ................................................................................................................. 271, 323

315 NLRB 689 (1994) ................................................................................................................. 363, 368

Dupont Dow Elastomers LLC, 332 NLRB 1071 (2001) ............................................................................. 177

Duquesne University, 261 NLRB 587 (1982) .............................................................................................. 203

Dura Steel Co., 111 NLRB 590 (1955) .................................................................................................... 313

Dura-Containers, Inc., 164 NLRB 293 (1967) ............................................................................................... 211

Duralam, Inc., 284 NLRB 1419 (1987) .......................................................................................................... 362

Durham School Services, L.P.

360 NLRB 694 (2014) ......................................................................................................................... 361

360 NLRB 708 (2014) ........................................................................................................................ 327

Durham School Services, LP, 360 NLRB 851 (2014), enfd. 821 F.3d 52 (D.C. Cir. 2016)........... 351, 368, 369

Durham School Services, LP v. NLRB, 821 F.3d 52 (D.C. Cir. 2016) .......................................................... 305

Du-Tri Displays, Inc., 231 NLRB 1261 (1977) .............................................................................................. 236

Dynacorp/Dynair Services, 320 NLRB 120 (1995) ........................................................................................ 312

Dynair Services, 314 NLRB 161 (1994) ................................................................................................ 262, 324

Dynamic Science Inc., 334 NLRB 391 (2001) ............................................................................... 228, 229, 231

E & L Transport Co., 315 NLRB 303 (1994) ............................................................................................ 267

E Center, Yuba Sutter Head Start, 337 NLRB 983 (2002) ...................................................................... 84, 115

E. Anthony & Sons, Inc., 147 NLRB 204 (1964) ................................................................................... 64, 185

E. F. Drew & Co., 133 NLRB 155 (1961) ...................................................................................................... 281

E. H. Koester Bakery Co., 136 NLRB 1006 (1962) ...................................................................................... 182

E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 162 NLRB 413 (1966) .................................................................... 208, 212

E. I. Du Pont Inc., 341 NLRB 607 (2004) ...................................................................................... 131, 154, 158

E. I. duPont (Florence Plant), 192 NLRB 1019 (1971) .................................................................................. 212

E. W. Coslett & Sons, 122 NLRB 961 (1959) ................................................................................................ 319

E. W. Scripps Co., 94 NLRB 227 (1951) ....................................................................................................... 258

Eagle Comtronics, 263 NLRB 515 (1982) ........................................................................................................ 342

Eagle Iron Works, 117 NLRB 1053 (1957) .................................................................................................. 380

Eagle Transport Corp., 327 NLRB 1210 (1999) ................................................................................................ 340

Earthgrains Co., 334 NLRB 1131 (2001) .............................................................................................. 155, 157

Easco Tools, Inc., 248 NLRB 700 (1980) ...................................................................................................... 377

East Dayton Tool & Die Co., 194 NLRB 266 (1972) ............................................................................... 60, 290

East Division, Federal Credit Union, 193 NLRB 682 (1971) ........................................................................... 11

East Mfg. Corp., 242 NLRB 5 (1979)........................................................................................................ 82, 99

East Oakland Health Alliance, Inc., 218 NLRB 1270 (1975) .......................................................................... 13

East Side Sanitation Service, 230 NLRB 632 (1977) ....................................................................................... 3

420

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Eastern Camera & Photo Corp., 140 NLRB 569 (1963) ................................................................................ 265

Eastern Container Corp., 275 NLRB 1537 (1985) ...................................................................................... 152

Eastman West, 273 NLRB 610 (1984) .......................................................................................................... 164

Eastwood Nealley Co., 169 NLRB 604 (1968) ................................................................................................ 88

Eaton Yale & Towne, Inc., 191 NLRB 217 (1971) ................................................................................ 211, 294

Ebco Mfg. Co., 88 NLRB 983 (1950).......................................................................................................... 380

Ecclesiastical Maintenance Services

320 NLRB 70 (1995) .............................................................................................................................. 25

325 NLRB 629 (1998) ............................................................................................................................. 25

Economic Machinery Co., 111 NLRB 947 (1955)................................................................................. 349, 350

Ed Chandler Ford, 241 NLRB 1201 (1979) ................................................................................................... 330

Edenwald Construction Co., 294 NLRB 297 (1989) .................................................................................... 175

Edison Sault Electric Co., 313 NLRB 753 (1994) ....................................................................................... 132

Edward G. Budd Mfg. Co.; NLRB v., 169 F.2d 571 (6th Cir. 1948),

cert. denied 335 U.S. 908 (1948) ...................................................................................................... 224

Edward J. DeBartolo Corp.

313 NLRB 382 (1993) ......................................................................................................................... 361

315 NLRB 1170 (1994) ............................................................................................................... 118, 119

Edward Waters College, 307 NLRB 1321 (1992) .......................................................................................... 313

El Cerrito Mill & Lumber Co., 316 NLRB 1005 (1995) ................................................................................ 173

El Conquistador Hotel, Inc., 186 NLRB 123 (1970) ...................................................................................... 187

El Dorado Club, 151 NLRB 579 (1965) ................................................................................................... 12, 186

El Fenix Corp., 234 NLRB 1212 (1978) ........................................................................................................ 353

El Mundo, Inc.

127 NLRB 538 (1960) ......................................................................................................................... 201

167 NLRB 760 (1967) ......................................................................................................................... 222

El San Juan Hotel, 179 NLRB 516 (1969) ..................................................................................................... 187

El Torito-La Fiesta Restaurants, 295 NLRB 493 (1989) ................................................................................. 92

Elec-Comm, Inc., 298 NLRB 705 (1990) ................................................................................................. 73, 177

Electra Mfg. Co., 148 NLRB 494 (1964) ....................................................................................................... 365

Electric Boat Division, 158 NLRB 956 (1966) .............................................................................................. 102

Electric Hose & Rubber Co., 262 NLRB 186 (1982) ..................................................................................... 391

Electric Wheel Co., 120 NLRB 1644 (1958) ............................................................................................... 389

Electrical Workers Local 103 (Drew Electric), 312 NLRB 591 (1993).......................................................... 345

Electrical Workers Local 257 (Osage Neon Plastics), 176 NLRB 424 (1969) ................................................ 8

Electrical Workers Local 444 (Paramax Systems), 311 NLRB 1031 (1993) ................................................. 108

Electrical Workers Local 453 (Southern Sun), 242 NLRB 1130 (1979) .......................................................... 81

Electrical Workers Local 48 (Kingston Constructors), 332 NLRB 1492 (2000) ............................................... 5

Electrical Workers Local 58 (Steinmetz Electrical), 234 NLRB 633 (1978) ................................................... 81

Electro Wire Products, Inc., 242 NLRB 960 (1979) ..................................................................................... 358

Electromation, Inc., 309 NLRB 990 (1992) .................................................................................................... 59

Electrospace Corp., 189 NLRB 572 (1971) ...................................................................................................... 92

Elite Limousine Plus, 324 NLRB 992 (1997) ................................................................................. 220, 222, 223

Elite Protective & Security Services, 300 NLRB 832 (1990) ................................................................. 62, 141

Eljer Co., 108 NLRB 1417 (1954) ................................................................................................................ 271

Ellicott Machine Corp., 54 NLRB 732 (1944). .................................................................................................. 330

Elliott-Williams Co., 143 NLRB 811 (1963) ................................................................................................. 233

Ellis Electric, 315 NLRB 1187 (1994) ........................................................................................................... 319

Ellis-Klatcher & Co., 79 NLRB 183 (1948) ................................................................................................... 121

421

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Ellison Bros. Oyster Co., 124 NLRB 1225 (1959) ......................................................................................... 105

Elmhurst Extended Care Facilities, 329 NLRB 535 (1999) ................................................................... 226, 249

Elmira College, 309 NLRB 842 (1992) ....................................................................................................... 203

Elsa Canning Co., 154 NLRB 1810 (1965) ............................................................................................ 285, 318

Ely & Walker, 151 NLRB 636 (1965) ........................................................................................................... 313

Embassy Suites Hotel, 313 NLRB 302 (1993) ............................................................................................... 376

Emerson Electric Co., 177 NLRB 75 (1969) .................................................................................................. 365

Emery Worldwide, 309 NLRB 185 (1992) .................................................................................................... 347

Empire City at Yonkers Raceway, 355 NLRB 225 (2010) ......................................................................... 12, 24

Empire Janitorial Sales & Services, 364 NLRB No. 138 (2016) .................................................................... 122

Empire Mfg. Corp., 120 NLRB 1300 (1958) ................................................................................................. 352

Empire Mutual Insurance Co., 195 NLRB 284 (1972) .................................................................................. 192

Empire Screen Printing, Inc., 249 NLRB 718 (1980) ...................................................................................... 85

Employing Plasterers Assn., 118 NLRB 17 (1957) ..................................................................................... 180

Empress Casino Joliet Corp. v. NLRB, 204 F.3d 719 (7th Cir. 2000) ................................................................ 249

Endicott Johnson de Puerto Rico, 172 NLRB 1676 (1968) ............................................................................ 122

Engineer Constructors; NLRB v., 756 F.2d 464 (6th Cir. 1985) .................................................................... 123

Engineered Storage Products Co., 334 NLRB 1063 (2001) ........................................................................... 176

Englewood Hospital, 318 NLRB 806 (1995) ......................................................................................... 352, 353

Enola Super Thrift, 233 NLRB 409 (1977) .................................................................................................... 334

Enrichment Services Program, Inc., 325 NLRB 818 (1998) ............................................................................ 19

Entergy Mississippi, Inc. v. NLRB, 810 F.3d 287 (5th Cir. 2015) ......................................................... 230, 239

Entergy Mississippi, Inc.

357 NLRB 2150 (2011) ........................................................................ 227, 230, 231, 239, 240, 241, 242

361 NLRB No. 89 (2014), affd. in relevant part 810 F.3d 287 (5th Cir. 2015) ................................... 132

Entergy Systems & Service, 328 NLRB 902 (1999) .............................................................................. 233, 250

Enterprise Leasing Co. Southeast, LLC; NLRB v., 722 F.3d 609 (4th Cir. 2013) ......................... 144, 334, 379

Enterprise Leasing Co.–Southeast LLC, 357 NLRB 1799 (2011) .................................................. 350, 361, 362

Equinox Holdings, Inc., 364 NLRB No. 103 (2016) ...................................................................................... 376

Erman Corp., 330 NLRB 95 (1999) .............................................................................................................. 316

Ernst & Ernst National Warehouse, 228 NLRB 590 (1977) ............................................................................. 12

Esco Corp., 298 NLRB 837 (1990) ...................................................................................... 159, 204, 205, 273

Esgro Anaheim, Inc., 150 NLRB 401 (1965) ................................................................................................. 193

Esgro Valley, Inc., 169 NLRB 76 (1968) ................................................................................................... 194

Essbar Equipment Co., 315 NLRB 461 (1994) ............................................................................................ 252

Essex County, Vicinity District Council of Carpenters (Fairmount Construction), 95 NLRB 969 (1951) ...... 27

Essex Wire Corp., 130 NLRB 450 (1961) ............................................................................................. 154, 155

Esso Standard Oil Co., 124 NLRB 1383 (1959) ............................................................................................... 55

Etiwan Fertilizer Co., 113 NLRB 93 (1955) ..................................................................................................... 4

Etna Equipment & Supply Co.

236 NLRB 1578 (1978) ..................................................................................................................... 169

243 NLRB 596 (1979) ......................................................................................................................... 343

Eugene Register Guard, 237 NLRB 205 (1978) ............................................................................................ 268

Evans Pipe Co., 121 NLRB 15 (1958) ............................................................................................................ 170

Evening News, 308 NLRB 563 (1992) ............................................................................................... 194, 195

Evening News Assn., 154 NLRB 1482 (1966) ................................................................................................... 6

Evergreen Legal Services, 246 NLRB 964 (1979) ......................................................................................... 282

Excel Corp., 313 NLRB 588 (1993) ............................................................................................................. 49

Excelsior Laundry Co., 186 NLRB 914 (1970) .............................................................................................. 358

422

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Excelsior Underwear, Inc., 156 NLRB 1236 (1966) ............................................... 301, 309, 319, 321, 332, 354

Exchange Parts Co.; NLRB v., 375 NLRB 405 (1964) .................................................................................. 344

Executive Cleaning Services, 315 NLRB 227 (1994) .................................................................................... 176

Executive Resources Associates, 301 NLRB 400 (1991) ............................................................................ 159

Exemplar, Inc., 363 NLRB No. 157 (2016) ..............................................................54, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166

Exeter Hospital, 248 NLRB 377 (1980) .......................................................................................................... 65

Express Messenger Systems, 301 NLRB 651 (1991) ....................................................................................... 227

Express News Corp., 223 NLRB 627 (1976) ................................................................................................. 258

F & A Food Sales, 325 NLRB 513 (1998) ................................................................................................... 157

F & M Importing Co., 237 NLRB 628 (1978) .............................................................................................. 312

F. & M. Schafer Brewing Co., 198 NLRB 323 (1972) ............................................................................... 213

F. A. Bartlett Tree Expert Co.

137 NLRB 501 (1962) ......................................................................................................................... 282

325 NLRB 243 (1997) ................................................................................................. 233, 245, 246, 241

F. J. Stokes Corp., 117 NLRB 951 (1957) ................................................................................................. 384

F. N. Burt Co., 130 NLRB 1115 (1961) ...................................................................................................... 294

F. N. Calderwood, Inc., 124 NLRB 1211 (1959) ........................................................................................... 350

F. Strauss & Son, Inc., 195 NLRB 583 (1972) ............................................................................................. 380

F. W. Woolworth Co.

96 NLRB 380 (1951) ........................................................................................................................... 382

107 NLRB 671 (1954) ........................................................................................................................ 135

119 NLRB 480 (1957) ......................................................................................................................... 283

144 NLRB 307 (1963) ...................................................................................................................... 200

310 NLRB 1197 (1993) ....................................................................................................................... 360

F.H.E. Services, 338 NLRB 1095 (2003) ................................................................................................. 75, 135

Facchina Construction Co., 343 NLRB 886 (2004) .................................................................................... 331

Facilities Management Corp., 202 NLRB 1144 (1973) ..................................................................................... 6

Factor Sales, Inc., 347 NLRB 747 (2006) ...................................................................................................... 304

Fainblatt; NLRB v., 306 U.S. 601 (1939) .......................................................................................................... 1

Fairfax Family Fund, Inc., 195 NLRB 306 (1972) ................................................................. 266, 268, 269, 286

Fairview Hospital, 174 NLRB 924 (1969), enfd. 75 LRRM 2839 (7th Cir. 1970) ................................ 313

Faith Center-WHCT Channel 18, 261 NLRB 106 (1982) .......................................................................... 11, 24

Fall River Savings Bank, 246 NLRB 831 (1979) ............................................................................................ 40

Fallon-Williams, Inc., 336 NLRB 602 (2001) ............................................................................................... 177

Family Services Agency, San Francisco, 331 NLRB 850 (2000) ............................................................... 376

Famous Industries, 220 NLRB 484 (1975) ..................................................................................................... 317

Famous-Barr Co., 153 NLRB 341 (1965) ...................................................................................................... 205

Faribault Clinic, 308 NLRB 131 (1992) ......................................................................................................... 276

Farmers Insurance Group

143 NLRB 240 (1963) ................................................................................................................. 277, 279

164 NLRB 233 (1967) ...................................................................................................................... 192

Farmers Reservoir Irrigation Co. v. McComb, 337 U.S. 755 (1949) ........................................................... 217

Farrel Rochester Div. of USM Corp., 256 NLRB 996 (1981) .......................................................................... 86

Fayette Mfg. Co., 193 NLRB 312 (1971) ....................................................................................................... 182

Federal Electric Corp., 157 NLRB 1130 (1966) .................................................................................... 139, 275

Federal Express Corp., 317 NLRB 1155 (1995) ........................................................................................... 20

Federal Stores, 91 NLRB 647 (1950) ................................................................................................................. 6

Federal-Mogul Corp., 209 NLRB 343 (1974) .......................................................................................... 88, 293

FedEx Freight, Inc. v. NLRB, 816 F.3d 515 (8th Cir. 2016) .................................................................. 144, 183

423

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

FedEx Freight, Inc. v. NLRB, 839 F.3d 636 (7th Cir. 2016) .................................................................. 144, 183

FedEx Freight, Inc.; NLRB v., 832 F.3d 432 (3d Cir. 2016) .................................................................. 144, 183

FedEx Home Delivery v. NLRB

563 F.3d 492 (D.C. Cir. 2009) ............................................................................................................ 220

849 F.3d 1123 (D.C. Cir. 2017) ..................................................................................................... 220

FedEx Home Delivery, 361 NLRB No. 55 (2014) ....................................................................... 220, 221, 222

Felix Half & Brother, Inc., 132 NLRB 1523 (1961) .................................................................................... 298

Felton Oil Co., 78 NLRB 1033 (1948) .................................................................................................... 54, 83

Fenfrock Motor Sales, 203 NLRB 541 (1973) ............................................................................................... 355

Fernandes Super Markets, Inc., 171 NLRB 419 (1968) ................................................................................. 184

Fessler & Bowman, Inc., 341 NLRB 932 (2004) ........................................................................................... 382

Fiber Industries, 267 NLRB 840 (1983) ................................................................................................ 329, 390

Fiber-Lam, Inc., 301 NLRB 94 (1991).............................................................................................................. 342

Fibre Leather Mfg. Corp., 167 NLRB 393 (1967) ......................................................................................... 383

Fidelity Healthcare & Rehab Center, 349 NLRB 1372 (2007) ..................................................................... 367

Fidelity Telephone Co., 221 NLRB 1335 (1976) ........................................................................................... 196

Fieldcrest Cannon, Inc.

318 NLRB 470 (1995) ................................................................................................................. 331, 388

327 NLRB 109 (1998) ......................................................................................................................... 391

Financial Institution Employees Local 1182; NLRB v., 475 U.S. 192 (1986) ...................................... 76, 129

Fireman’s Fund Insurance Co., 173 NLRB 982 (1969) ......................................................................... 191, 272

Firestone Synthetic Fibers Co., 171 NLRB 1121 (1968) .................................................. 88, 103, 148, 154, 157

Firestone Synthetic Latex Co., 201 NLRB 347 (1973) ................................................................................. 266

Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.

156 NLRB 454 (1966) ......................................................................................................................... 149

181 NLRB 830 (1970) ........................................................................................................................ 257

223 NLRB 904 (1976) ................................................................................................................. 208, 210

Firestone Tire Co., 185 NLRB 63 (1970) ........................................................................................................ 118

First Security Services Corp., 329 NLRB 235 (1999) .......................................................................... 162, 163

First Student, Inc., 355 NLRB 410 (2010) ..................................................................................................... 376

Firstline Transportation Security, 347 NLRB 447 (2006) ........................................................................... 5, 25

Fish Engineering & Construction, 308 NLRB 836 (1992) ............................................................................. 124

Fish Industry Committee, 98 NLRB 696 (1951) ................................................................................................ 6

Fisher Controls Co., 192 NLRB 514 (1971) ......................................................................... 271, 274, 276, 286

Fisher-Friedman Associates, 192 NLRB 925 (1971) .................................................................................. 9, 179

Fisher-New Center Co.

170 NLRB 909 (1968) ........................................................................................................................... 78

184 NLRB 809 (1970) ......................................................................................................................... 322

Fitzpatrick Drilling Co., 139 NLRB 1013 (1962) ..................................................................................... 320

Five Hospital Homebound Elderly Program, 323 NLRB 441 (1997) ............................................................. 279

FiveCap, Inc., 331 NLRB 1165 (2000) ......................................................................................................... 19

FJC Security Services, 360 NLRB 929 (2014) ............................................................................................... 122

Flamingo Las Vegas Operating Co., 360 NLRB 243 (2014) ................................................................. 327, 335

Flat Rate Movers, Ltd., 357 NLRB 1321 (2011) ....................................................................... 283, 284, 285

Flat River Glass Co., 234 NLRB 1307 (1978) ............................................................................................ 336

Flatbush Manor Care Center, 313 NLRB 591 (1993) .................................................................................. 176

FleetBoston Pavilion, 333 NLRB 655 (2001) ...................................................................................... 329, 376

Fleetwood Trailer Co.; NLRB v., 389 U.S. 375 (1967) ............................................................................... 316

Fleming Cos., 330 NLRB 277 (1999) .......................................................................................................... 231

424

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Fleming Foods, 313 NLRB 948 (1994) ..................................................................................... 152, 273, 277

Fleming Industries, 282 NLRB 1030 (1987) ............................................................................................... 288

Fletcher Jones Chevrolet, 300 NLRB 875 (1990) ................................................................................... 208, 214

Flex Products, 280 NLRB 1117 (1986) ......................................................................................................... 349

Flight Safety, Inc., 171 NLRB 146 (1968) ....................................................................................................... 21

Flint Steel Corp., 168 NLRB 271 (1968) ......................................................................................................... 93

Florence Volunteer Fire Department, Inc., 265 NLRB 955 (1982) ............................................................ 269

Florida Casino Cruises, 322 NLRB 857 (1997) ..................................................................................... 187, 194

Florida Memorial College, 263 NLRB 1248 (1982) ...................................................................................... 237

Florida Southern College, 196 NLRB 888 (1972) ....................................................................................... 202

Florida Tile Industries, 130 NLRB 897 (1961) ............................................................................................... 67

Floridan Hotel of Tampa, Inc., 124 NLRB 261 (1959) ............................................................................ 13, 190

Flo-Tronic Metal Mfg., 251 NLRB 1546 (1980)............................................................................................ 383

Foley, Hoag & Eliot, 229 NLRB 456 (1977) ...................................................................................... 14, 192

Folger Coffee Co., 250 NLRB 1 (1980) ................................................................................................. 152, 274

Fontainebleau Hotel Corp., 181 NLRB 1134 (1970) ...................................................................................... 356

Food & Commercial Workers Local 120 (Weber Meats), 275 NLRB 1376 (1985) ........................................ 3

Food & Commercial Workers Local 1996 (Visiting Nurse Health System), 336 NLRB 421 (2001) ........... 69

Food Fair Stores, 204 NLRB 75 (1973) ........................................................................................................... 77

Food Haulers, Inc., 136 NLRB 394 (1962) .................................................................................................... 111

Food Marts, 200 NLRB 18 (1973) ................................................................................................................. 197

Foodland of Ravenswood, 323 NLRB 665 (1997) ......................................................................................... 198

Ford Center for the Performing Arts, 328 NLRB 1 (1998) ........................................................................ 121

Ford Motor Co., 66 NLRB 1317 (1946) ................................................................................................. 265, 267

Fordham University, 193 NLRB 134 (1971) .......................................................................................... 202, 253

Foreign & Domestic Car Service, 333 NLRB 96 (2001) .................................................................................. 21

Foreign Car Center, 129 NLRB 319 (1961) ............................................................................................... 148

Foreman & Clark, Inc., 97 NLRB 1080 (1951) ............................................................................................. 199

Foremost Appliance Corp., 128 NLRB 1033 (1960) ....................................................................................... 91

Foremost Dairies of the South, 172 NLRB 1242 (1968) ........................................................................ 363, 364

Fort Apache Timber Co., 226 NLRB 503 (1976) ............................................................................................... 9

Fort Houston Beauty Shop, 270 NLRB 1006 (1984) ................................................................................... 5

Founders Society Detroit Institute of Arts, 271 NLRB 285 (1984) .................................................................. 19

Fountainview Care Center, 323 NLRB 990 (1997) ........................................................................................ 356

Four Seasons Solar Products Corp., 332 NLRB 67 (2000) ............................................................................ 111

Four Winds Services, 325 NLRB 632 (1998) ................................................................................................ 148

Foxwoods Resort Casino, 356 NLRB 816 (2011) .......................................................................................... 352

FPA Medical Management, 331 NLRB 936 (2000) ......................................................................................... 44

Framed Picture Enterprise, Inc., 303 NLRB 722 (1991) ....................................................................... 305, 329

Francis Building Corp., 327 NLRB 485 (1998).............................................................................................. 175

Frank Becker Towing Co., 151 NLRB 466 (1965) ......................................................................................... 120

Frank Bros. v. NLRB, 321 U.S. 702 (1944) ................................................................................................... 127

Frank Hager, Inc., 230 NLRB 476 (1977) ....................................................................................................... 85

Franklin Home Health Agency, 337 NLRB 826 (2002) ......................................................... 229, 235, 242, 244

Franklin Mint Corp., 254 NLRB 714 (1981) ................................................................................................. 213

Franklin’s Stores Corp., 117 NLRB 793 (1957) .......................................................................................... 378

Franz Food Products, 137 NLRB 340 (1962) ................................................................................................... 82

Fraser & Johnston Co., 189 NLRB 142 (1971) ......................................................................................... 145

Fred Meyer Alaska, Inc., 334 NLRB 646 (2001) ......................................................................... 225, 246, 247

425

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Fred Meyer Stores

355 NLRB 541 (2010) ................................................................................................................. 329, 359

355 NLRB 629 (2010) .......................................................................................................................... 42

Fred Wilkinson Associates, 297 NLRB 737 (1990) ...................................................................................... 340

Frederick Confer & Associates, 193 NLRB 910 (1971) ................................................................................. 179

Freedom WLNE-TV, 295 NLRB 634 (1989) ................................................................................................ 120

Freeman Decorating Co., 330 NLRB 1143 (2000) ...................................................................................... 231

Freeman Loader Corp., 127 NLRB 514 (1960) .................................................................................... 284, 285

Freemont Hotel, Inc., 168 NLRB 115 (1968) ................................................................................................ 186

Fresno Auto Auction, Inc., 167 NLRB 878 (1967) .............................................................................. 277, 279

Freuhauf Trailer Co., 87 NLRB 589 (1949) .................................................................................................. 86

Freund Baking Co. v. NLRB, 165 F.3d 928 (D.C. Cir. 1999) ............................................................................ 348

Freund Baking Co.

330 NLRB 17 (1999) ....................................................................................................................... 43, 53

336 NLRB 847 (2001) ......................................................................................................................... 361

Friendly Cab Co.; NLRB v., 512 F.3d 1090 (2008), enfg. 341 NLRB 722 (2004) ........................................ 223

Frisch’s Big Boy Ill-Mar, Inc., 147 NLRB 551 (1964) .................................................................................. 160

Frisch’s Restaurants, Inc., 182 NLRB 544 (1970) ......................................................................................... 206

Frito Lay, Inc., 341 NLRB 515 (2004) ......................................................................................................... 350

Frito-Lay, Inc. v. NLRB, 385 F.2d 180 (7th Cir. 1967) ................................................................................. 219

Frolic Footwear, Inc., 180 NLRB 188 (1970) .............................................................................................. 122

Frontier Hotel & Casino, 323 NLRB 815 (1997) ........................................................................................ 360

Frontier Telephone of Rochester, Inc., 344 NLRB 1270 (2005) ..................................................................... 155

Frostco Super Save Stores, Inc., 138 NLRB 125 (1962) .......................................................... 176, 192, 194

Frye & Smith, Ltd., 151 NLRB 49 (1956) ....................................................................................................... 96

Fuchs Baking Co., 174 NLRB 720 (1969) ..................................................................................................... 357

Fullview Industries, 149 NLRB 427 (1965) ................................................................................................... 107

Furniture City Upholstery Co., 115 NLRB 1433 (1956) ............................................................................. 389

FWD Corp., 138 NLRB 386 (1962) ................................................................................................................ 53

G & K Services

340 NLRB 921 (2003) ......................................................................................................................... 324

357 NLRB 1314 (2011) ............................................................................................................... 343, 344

G. C. Murphy Co.

80 NLRB 1072 (1949) ........................................................................................................................... 89

128 NLRB 908 (1960) ........................................................................................................................ 280

G. F. Lasater, 118 NLRB 802 (1957) ............................................................................................................. 379

G. Wes Ltd. Co., 309 NLRB 225 (1992) ........................................................................................................ 176

G.H.R. Foundry Div., 123 NLRB 1707 (1959) ......................................................................................... 373

G.L. Milliken Plastering, 340 NLRB 1169 (2003) ................................................................................ 88, 152

G.T.A. Enterprises, 260 NLRB 197 (1982) .................................................................................................... 331

G4S Government Solutions, Inc., 363 NLRB No. 113 (2016) ....................................................................... 228

G4S Regulated Security Solutions, 362 NLRB No. 134 (2015),

incorporating by reference 358 NLRB 1701 (2012) ............................................................ 226, 229, 244

Gaines Electric Co., 309 NLRB 1077 (1992) ................................................................................................. 234

Gala Food Processing, 310 NLRB 1193 (1993) ........................................................................................... 324

Gamble Robinson Co., 180 NLRB 532 (1970) ...................................................................................... 356, 357

Gannett Satellite Information Network, 330 NLRB 315 (1999) ..................................................................... 307

Garda CL Atlantic, Inc., 356 NLRB 594 (2011) .............................................................................................. 373

426

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Garden Island Publishing Co., 154 NLRB 697 (1965) ................................................................................ 194

Garland Junior College, 188 NLRB 358 (1971) .............................................................................................. 10

Garland Knitting Mills, 170 NLRB 821 (1968), enfd. in material part 414 F.2d 1214 (D.C. Cir. 1969)....... 390

Garlock Equipment Co., 288 NLRB 247 (1988) ......................................................................................... 129

Garrett Supply Co., 165 NLRB 561 (1967) ............................................................................................ 206, 290

Garrison Nursing Home, 295 NLRB 122 (1989) ............................................................................................. 66

Garrity Oil Co., 272 NLRB 158 (1984) ......................................................................................................... 381

Gary Enterprises, 300 NLRB 1111 (1990) ..................................................................................................... 219

Gary Steel Products Corp.

127 NLRB 1170 (1960) ................................................................................................................... 53, 69

144 NLRB 1160 (1963) ......................................................................................................................... 52

Gary Steel Supply Co., 144 NLRB 470 (1963) .............................................................................. 86, 99, 110

Gas Service Co., 140 NLRB 445 (1963) ..................................................................................................... 150

Gate City Optical Co., 175 NLRB 1059 (1969) ............................................................................................... 99

Gaylord Bag Co., 313 NLRB 306 (1993) .......................................................................................... 49, 52, 336

Gazette Printing Co., 175 NLRB 1103 (1969) ........................................................................................... 81, 82

GD Copper (USA) Inc., 362 NLRB No. 99 (2015) ........................................................................................ 353

Gebhardt-Vogel Tanning Co., 154 NLRB 913 (1965) ................................................................................... 119

Gemex Corp., 120 NLRB 46 (1958) ................................................................................................................. 63

General Aniline Corp., 89 NLRB 467 (1950) ................................................................................................ 150

General Box Co., 82 NLRB 678 (1949) ........................................................................................................ 69

General Cable Corp.

139 NLRB 1123 (1962) ......................................................................................................................... 94

170 NLRB 1682 (1968) ....................................................................................................................... 346

173 NLRB 251 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 122

General Dynamics Corp.

144 NLRB 908 (1963) ................................................................................................................. 102, 105

148 NLRB 338 (1964) .......................................................................................................................... 70

175 NLRB 1035 (1969) ............................................................................................................ 49, 52, 94

181 NLRB 874 (1970) ......................................................................................................................... 388

213 NLRB 851 (1974) ............................................................................................................. 52, 57, 267

General Dynamics/Telecommunications, 140 NLRB 1286 (1963) .............................................................. 294

General Electric Co.

89 NLRB 726 (1950) .......................................................................................................................... 54

100 NLRB 1489 (1951) ....................................................................................................................... 146

119 NLRB 944 (1957) ......................................................................................................................... 369

120 NLRB 199 (1958) ......................................................................................................................... 259

123 NLRB 1193 (1959) ....................................................................................................................... 147

131 NLRB 100 (1961) ......................................................................................................................... 290

148 NLRB 811 (1964)......................................................................................................................... 182

156 NLRB 1247 (1966) ..................................................................................................................... 355

161 NLRB 618 (1966) ......................................................................................................................... 358

170 NLRB 1272 (1968) ......................................................................................................................... 91

170 NLRB 1277 (1968) ......................................................................................................................... 91

173 NLRB 399 (1969)........................................................................................................................ 275

173 NLRB 511 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 110

180 NLRB 1094 (1970) ........................................................................................................................ 77

185 NLRB 13 (1970) .............................................................................................................. 72, 91, 146

204 NLRB 576 (1973) ......................................................................................................................... 156

427

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

General Electric Wiring Devices, Inc., 182 NLRB 876 (1970) ..................................................................... 340

General Engineering, Inc., 123 NLRB 586 (1959) ......................................................................................... 123

General Extrusion Co., 121 NLRB 1165 (1958) .................................................................... 90, 91, 92, 93, 122

General Felt Industries, 269 NLRB 474 (1984) ........................................................................................... 333

General Foods Corp., 166 NLRB 1032 (1967) .............................................................................................. 212

General Housing Industries, 197 NLRB 24 (1972) ........................................................................................ 366

General Instrument Corp. v. NLRB, 319 F.2d 420 (4th Cir. 1963), cert. denied 375 U.S. 966 (1964) ......... 140

General Metal Products Co., 164 NLRB 64 (1967) ...................................................................................... 331

General Motors Corp.; NLRB v., 373 U.S. 734 (1963) .................................................................................. 109

General Photo Products, 242 NLRB 1371 (1979) ...................................................................................... 380

General Security Services Corp., 326 NLRB 312 (1998) ................................................................ 231, 252

General Shoe Corp.

77 NLRB 124 (1948) ................................................................................................... 332, 338, 343, 349

113 NLRB 905 (1955) ........................................................................................................................... 51

114 NLRB 381 (1956) ........................................................................................................................... 57

General Telephone & Electronics Communications, 160 NLRB 1192 (1966) ................................................ 11

General Telephone Co. of Michigan, 112 NLRB 46 (1955) ......................................................................... 250

General Time Corp.

195 NLRB 343 (1972) ......................................................................................................................... 356

195 NLRB 1107 (1972) ....................................................................................................................... 103

General Tube Co., 141 NLRB 441 (1963) ................................................................................................... 33

General Tube Co.; NLRB v., 331 F.2d 751 (6th Cir. 1964) ........................................................................... 312

Genesco Inc. v. Joint Council 13, United Shoe Workers of America, 341 F.2d 482 (2d Cir. 1966) .............. 170

George Joseph Orchard Siding, Inc., 325 NLRB 252 (1998) ......................................................................... 306

George L. Mee Memorial Hospital, 348 NLRB 327 (2006) .......................................................................... 268

George Schuworth, 146 NLRB 459 (1964) ........................................................................................................ 3

George V. Hamilton, Inc., 289 NLRB 1335 (1988) .................................................................................. 175

George Washington University

191 NLRB 151 (1971) ......................................................................................................................... 204

346 NLRB 155 (2005) ......................................................................................................................... 357

Georgetown Dress Corp., 201 NLRB 102 (1973)......................................................................................... 340

Georgetown University, 200 NLRB 215 (1972) .................................................................................... 204, 286

Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 150 NLRB 1649 (1965) .................................................................. 184, 284

Georgia Kaolin Co., 287 NLRB 485 (1987) ................................................................................................... 97

Georgia Kraft Co., 120 NLRB 806 (1958) ....................................................................................................... 57

Georgia Purchasing, Inc., 230 NLRB 1174 (1977) .......................................................................................... 87

Georgia-Pacific Corp.

195 NLRB 258 (1972) ........................................................................................................................ 286

325 NLRB 867 (1998) ........................................................................................................................ 341

Gerlach Meat Co., 192 NLRB 559 (1971) ..................................................................................................... 123

Gerland’s Food Fair, 272 NLRB 294 (1984) .................................................................................................. 355

German School of Washington, Inc., 260 NLRB 1250 (1982) ........................................................................ 23

Giant Eagle Markets, 308 NLRB 206 (1992) ......................................................................................... 154, 157

Gibbs & Cox, Inc., 168 NLRB 220 (1968) .................................................................................................... 134

Gibraltar Steel Corp., 323 NLRB 601 (1997) ............................................................................................... 327

Gibson Discount Center, 191 NLRB 622 (1971) ........................................................................................... 236

Gibson Electric, 226 NLRB 1063 (1976) ....................................................................................................... 124

Gibson’s Discount Center, 214 NLRB 221 (1974) ....................................................................................... 327

Gilchrist Timber Co., 76 NLRB 1233 (1948) .............................................................................................. 116

428

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Gillette Motor Transport, Inc., 137 NLRB 471 (1962) .............................................................................. 155

Gino Morena Enterprises, 181 NLRB 808 (1970) .................................................................................... 60, 63

Giordano Lumber Co., 133 NLRB 205 (1961) ............................................................................................... 286

Girton Mfg. Co., 129 NLRB 656 (1961) .......................................................................................................... 69

Gissel Packing Co.; NLRB v., 395 U.S. 575 (1969) .............................................................................. 78, 338

Gitano Distribution Center, 308 NLRB 1172 (1992) ............................................................................. 134, 158

Giummarra Electric, 291 NLRB 37 (1988) ................................................................................................ 322

Glasgow Industries, 204 NLRB 625 (1973) ................................................................................................. 341

Glass Bottle Blowers Local 106 (Owens-Illinois, Inc.), 210 NLRB 943 (1974) ............................. 61, 110, 149

Glass Depot, Inc., 318 NLRB 766 (1995) ...................................................................................................... 379

Glen’s Market, 344 NLRB 294 (2005) ........................................................................................................... 367

Glenn McClendon Trucking Co., 255 NLRB 1304 (1981) .......................................................................... 378

Global Aviation Services, 334 NLRB 278 (2001) ............................................................................................ 20

Globe Discount City, 171 NLRB 830 (1968) ................................................................................................. 193

Globe Furniture Rentals, 298 NLRB 288 (1990) ........................................................................................... 162

Globe Iron Foundry, 112 NLRB 1200 (1955) .................................................................................................. 57

Globe Machine & Stamping Co., 3 NLRB 294 (1937) .................................................................................. 293

Globe Molded Plastics Co., 200 NLRB 377 (1972) ....................................................................................... 315

Glosser Bros., Inc., 93 NLRB 1343 (1951) ..................................................................................................... 140

Gluck Bros., Inc., 119 NLRB 1848 (1958) ..................................................................................................... 184

Go Ahead North America, LLC, 357 NLRB 77 (2011) ......................................................................... 345, 346

Goddard College, 216 NLRB 457 (1975) ....................................................................................................... 281

Goddard Riverside Community Center, 351 NLRB 1234 (2007) .......................................................... 131, 133

Goethe House New York, 288 NLRB 257 (1988) ........................................................................................... 23

Goffstown Truck Center, Inc.

354 NLRB 359 (2009), incorporated by reference at 356 NLRB 157 (2010) ..................................... 379

356 NLRB 157 (2010) .................................................................................................................. 351, 387

Gold Shield Security, 306 NLRB 20 (1992) .................................................................................................. 335

Goldblatt Bros., Inc.

86 NLRB 914 (1949) ........................................................................................................................... 199

118 NLRB 643 (1957) ........................................................................................................................... 57

Golden Crest Healthcare Center, 348 NLRB 727 (2006) ............................................... 228, 229, 230, 239, 240

Golden Nugget Motel, 235 NLRB 1348 (1978) ............................................................................................... 20

Golden West Broadcaster-KTLA, 215 NLRB 760 (1974) ............................................................................. 226

Golden West Electric, 307 NLRB 1494 (1992) .............................................................................................. 112

Golden Years Rest Home, 289 NLRB 1106 (1988) ....................................................................................... 388

Golf Course Inns, 199 NLRB 541 (1972) ........................................................................................................ 15

Gonzales Packing Co., 304 NLRB 805 (1991) .............................................................................................. 390

Good Shepard Home, 321 NLRB 426 1996) .................................................................................................. 384

Goodwill Industries of Denver, 304 NLRB 764 (1991) ......................................................................... 14, 291

Goodwill Industries of North Georgia, Inc., 350 NLRB 32 (2007) ................................................................ 291

Goodwill Industries of Southern California, 231 NLRB 536 (1977) .............................................................. 14

Goodwill Industries of Tidewater, 304 NLRB 767 (1991) ........................................................................... 290

Goody’s Family Clothing, 308 NLRB 181 (1992) ................................................................................. 304, 328

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.

147 NLRB 1233 (1964) ..................................................................................................................... 154

165 NLRB 188 (1967) ....................................................................................................................... 212

Gordon Electric Co., 123 NLRB 862 (1959) ...................................................................................................... 6

Gormac Custom Mfg., 324 NLRB 423 (1997) .............................................................................................. 350

429

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Goucher College, 364 NLRB No. 71 (2016) ............................................................................................. 202, 282

Gould-National Batteries, Inc., 157 NLRB 679 (1966) .................................................................................. 133

GPS Terminal Services, 326 NLRB 839 (1998) ............................................................................................. 381

Graham Architectural Products Corp., 259 NLRB 1174 (1982) .................................................................... 330

Grainger Bros. Co., 146 NLRB 609 (1964) ..................................................................................................... 93

Grand Central Liquors, 155 NLRB 295 (1965) ...................................................................................... 192, 193

Grand Lodge Int’l Association of Machinists, 159 NLRB 137 (1966) .................................................. 313, 318

Grand Rx Drug Stores, 193 NLRB 525 (1971) .............................................................................................. 252

Grand Union Co., 176 NLRB 230 (1969) ...................................................................................................... 161

Grane Health Care v. NLRB, 712 F.3d 145 (3d Cir. 2013) ........................................................................... 175

Grange Debris Box & Wrecking Co., 344 NLRB 1004 (2005) ..................................................................... 312

Granite City Steel Co., 137 NLRB 209 (1962) ................................................................................... 154, 156

Grant’s Home Furnishings, 229 NLRB 1305 (1977) ................................................................................... 324

Grass Valley Grocery Outlet, 332 NLRB 1449 (2000) .................................................................................. 175

Graver Construction Co., 118 NLRB 1050 (1957) ........................................................................................ 180

Gray Drug Stores, Inc., 197 NLRB 924 (1972) .............................................................................. 142, 160, 161

Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.

101 NLRB 1118 (1952) ....................................................................................................................... 330

111 NLRB 623 (1955) ......................................................................................................................... 358

119 NLRB 603 (1957) ........................................................................................................................ 279

120 NLRB 765 (1958) ................................................................................................................. 363, 365

121 NLRB 38 (1958) ........................................................................................................................... 318

123 NLRB 1005 (1959) ....................................................................................................................... 120

126 NLRB 580 (1960) ........................................................................................................................... 98

130 NLRB 226 (1961) ............................................................................................................................. 55

140 NLRB 133 (1963) ......................................................................................................................... 349

153 NLRB 1549 (1965) ......................................................................................................... 89, 145, 160

162 NLRB 1182 (1967) ....................................................................................................................... 200

197 NLRB 922 (1972) .......................................................................................................................... 93

Great Eastern Color Lithographic Corp., 131 NLRB 1139 (1961) ................................................................ 380

Great Lakes Towing Co., 168 NLRB 695 (1967) .............................................................................................. 245

Great Scot Supermarket, 156 NLRB 592 (1966) ........................................................................................... 116

Great Western Sugar Co., 137 NLRB 551 (1962) .......................................................................................... 235

Greater Syracuse Printing Employers’ Assn., 140 NLRB 217 (1963) ................................................................ 6

Grede Plastics, 219 NLRB 592 (1975) ........................................................................................................... 344

Green Acres Country Care Center, 327 NLRB 257 (1998).......................................................................... 244

Greenhoot, Inc., 205 NLRB 250 (1973) ......................................................................................................... 176

Greenhorne & O’Mara, Inc., 326 NLRB 514 (1998).................................................................... 159, 162, 231

Greenpoint Sleep Products, 128 NLRB 548 (1960) ....................................................................................... 101

Greenspan D.D.S., P.C., 318 NLRB 70 (1995) ................................................................................................. 250

Greenspan Engraving Corp., 137 NLRB 1308 (1962) ................................................................... 311, 312, 317

Greenville Skilled Nursing & Rehabilitation Center, 356 NLRB 1058 (2011) .............................................. 305

Green-Wood Cemetery, 280 NLRB 1359 (1986) ........................................................................................... 77

Greyhound Airport Services, 189 NLRB 291 (1971) ............................................................................. 227, 245

Greyhound Lines, Inc., 257 NLRB 477 (1981) .......................................................................................... 267

Greyhound Terminal, 137 NLRB 87 (1962) .................................................................................................... 4

Griffin Wheel Co., 80 NLRB 1471 (1949) ..................................................................................................... 148

Grocers Supply Co., 160 NLRB 485 (1966) ........................................................................................ 266, 288

Groendyke Transport, Inc., 171 NLRB 997 (1968) ............................................................................... 150, 183

430

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Group Health Assn., 317 NLRB 238 (1995).................................................................................. 78, 259, 296

Growers Warehouse Co., 114 NLRB 1568 (1955) ....................................................................................... 372

Grower-Shipper Vegetable Assn., 112 NLRB 807 (1955) ........................................................................... 56

Gruber’s Super Market, Inc., 201 NLRB 612 (1973) ..................................................................................... 286

Guardian Armored Assets, LLC, 337 NLRB 556 (2002) ................................................................... 61, 62, 262

Guardian Container Co., 174 NLRB 34 (1969) ............................................................................................... 60

Guardsmark, LLC, 363 NLRB No. 103 (2016) .............................................................................................. 359

Gulf Building Corp., 159 NLRB 1621 (1966) .................................................................................................. 15

Gulf Oil Corp., 109 NLRB 861 (1954) .......................................................................................................... 130

Gulf States Asphalt Co., 106 NLRB 1212 (1953) .......................................................................................... 311

Gulf States Canners, Inc., 242 NLRB 1326 (1979), enfd. 634 F.2d 215 (5th Cir. 1981),

cert. denied 452 U.S. 906 (1981) ................................................................................................ 344, 346

Gulf States Paper Corp., 219 NLRB 806 (1975) .......................................................................................... 316

Gulf States Telephone Co., 118 NLRB 1039 (1957) .............................................................................. 281, 290

Gunzenhauser Bakery, 137 NLRB 1613 (1962) ............................................................................................. 185

Gustave Fischer, Inc., 256 NLRB 1069 (1981) .............................................................................. 141, 143, 273

Guy F. Atkinson, 84 NLRB 88 (1949) ........................................................................................................... 150

Guy H. James Construction Co., 191 NLRB 282 (1971) ................................................................................. 91

H & L Distributing Co., 206 NLRB 169 (1973) ............................................................................................. 371

H. A. Rider & Sons, 117 NLRB 517 (1957) .................................................................................................... 81

H. L. Klion, Inc., 148 NLRB 656 (1964)................................................................................ 91, 92, 106, 108

H. M. Patterson & Son, Inc.; NLRB v., 636 F.2d 1014 (5th Cir. 1981) ......................................................... 186

H. P. Hood & Sons

167 NLRB 437 (1967) ......................................................................................................................... 66

182 NLRB 194 (1970) .......................................................................................................................... 66

187 NLRB 404 (1971) ........................................................................................................................ 142

H. P. Wasson & Co., 153 NLRB 1499 (1965) ............................................................................................... 205

H. W. Elson Bottling Co., 155 NLRB 714 (1965) ........................................................................................ 349

H. Y. Floors, 331 NLRB 304 (2000) .............................................................................................................. 112

Haag Drug Co.

146 NLRB 798 (1964) ........................................................................................................................ 280

169 NLRB 877 (1968) ................................................................................................................. 160, 197

Hafadai Beach Hotel, 321 NLRB 116 (1996) ................................................................................................. 32

Hahn Property Management Corp., 263 NLRB 586 (1982) ........................................................................... 338

Halben Chemical Co., 124 NLRB 1431 (1959) .................................................................................. 50, 56, 64

Hale Nani Rehabilitation & Nursing, 326 NLRB 335 (1998) ........................................................................ 361

Hallandale Rehabilitation Center, 313 NLRB 835 (1994)...................................................................... 276, 390

Halliburton Services, 265 NLRB 1154 (1982) ............................................................................................... 31

Hall-Scott, Inc., 120 NLRB 1364 (1958) ..................................................................................................... 136

Halsted Communications, 347 NLRB 225 (2006) .................................................................................. 289, 324

Hamilton Halter Co., 270 NLRB 331 (1984) ......................................................................................... 271, 273

Hamilton Park Health Care Center, Inc., 298 NLRB 608 (1990), .................................................................. 101

Hamilton Test Systems v. NLRB, 743 F.2d 136 (2d Cir. 1984) ........................................................... 43, 392

Hamilton Test Systems, 265 NLRB 595 (1982) ......................................................................................... 142

Hamilton Tool Co., 190 NLRB 571 (1971) ............................................................................................ 129, 130

Hammond Publishers, Inc., 286 NLRB 49 (1987) ................................................................................... 76, 129

Hampton Inn & Suites, 331 NLRB 238 (2000) ............................................................................................. 324

Hampton Roads Broadcasting Corp., 100 NLRB 238 (1951) ....................................................................... 200

431

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Hampton Roads Maritime Assn.

173 NLRB 263 (1969) .......................................................................................................................... 267

178 NLRB 263 (1969) ................................................................................................................. 265, 266

Handy Andy, Inc., 228 NLRB 447 (1977) ............................................................................................ 61, 150

Hanna Boys Center, 284 NLRB 1080 (1987), enfd. 940 F.2d 1295 (9th Cir. 1991),

cert. denied 504 U.S. 985 (1992) .......................................................................................................... 21

Harbor City Volunteer Ambulance Squad, Inc., 318 NLRB 764 (1995) ....................................... 249, 250, 254

Harborside Healthcare, Inc.

330 NLRB 1334 (2000) ...................................................................................................... 225, 250, 252

343 NLRB 906 (2004) ................................................................................................................ 327, 366

Hard Rock Holdings v. NLRB, 672 F.3d 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2012) ........................................................... 324, 372

Harlem River Consumers Cooperative, 191 NLRB 314 (1971) ................................................................. 61, 66

Harold J. Becker Co., 343 NLRB 51 (2004) ................................................................................................ 287

Harold M. Pitman Co., 303 NLRB 655 (1991) ............................................................................................ 312

Harold W. Moore & Son, 173 NLRB 1258 (1968) ...................................................................................... 386

Harold’s Club, Inc., 194 NLRB 13 (1972) ..................................................................................................... 187

Harrah’s Club

150 NLRB 1702 (1965), enfd. 362 F.2d 425 (9th Cir. 1966), cert. denied 386 U.S. 915 (1967) ........... 12

187 NLRB 810 (1971) ......................................................................................................................... 186

Harrah’s Marina Hotel, 267 NLRB 1007 (1983) ............................................................................................ 60

Harron Communications, 308 NLRB 62 (1992) ............................................................................................ 142

Harry Lunstead Designs, 270 NLRB 1163 (1984) ......................................................................................... 371

Harte & Co., 278 NLRB 947 (1986) ................................................................................................................ 92

Harter Equipment, 293 NLRB 647 (1989) .............................................................................................. 76, 316

Harvard College, 269 NLRB 821 (1984) ....................................................................................................... 203

Hausner Hard Chrome of KY, Inc., 326 NLRB 426 (1998) .......................................... 231, 234, 237, 243, 250

Hawaii National Bank, 212 NLRB 576 (1974) ............................................................................................. 179

Hawaiian Telephone Co., 186 NLRB 1 (1970) ...................................................................................... 233, 245

Hazelton Laboratories, Inc., 136 NLRB 1609 (1962) .............................................................................. 63, 275

HCL, Inc., 343 NLRB 981 (2004) .................................................................................................................. 170

Health Care & Retirement Corp. of America; NLRB v., 511 U.S. 571 (1994) ............................. 224, 232, 254

Health Care Unit Rules and Explanatory Materials, 284 NLRB 1515–1597 (1989) ..........................................

.............................................................................................................. 153, 166, 185, 187, 189, 274, 276

Health Resources of Lakeview, 332 NLRB 878 (2000) ........................................................................... 231

Hearst Corp., San Antonio Light Div., 221 NLRB 324 (1975) ...................................................................... 286

Heartland Human Services v. NLRB, 746 F.3d 802 (7th Cir. 2014) .............................................................. 333

Heartland of Beckley, 328 NLRB 1056 (1999) ...................................................................................... 226, 244

Heartland of Martinsburg, 313 NLRB 655 (1994) ................................................................................. 304, 329

Heating, Piping & Air Conditioning Contractors, 110 NLRB 261 (1955) ................................................... 180

Hebrew Home & Hospital, 311 NLRB 1400 (1993) ........................................................................... 189, 215

Heckett Engineering Co., 117 NLRB 1395 (1957) ........................................................................................ 290

Hegins Corp., 255 NLRB 1236 (1981) .......................................................................................................... 140

Helen Clay Frick Foundation, 217 NLRB 1100 (1975) .................................................................................. 9

Hendricks County Rural Electric Corp.; NLRB v., 454 U.S. 170 (1981) ............................................... 265, 267

Henry Bierce Co., 328 NLRB 646 (1999), enfd. in relevant part 234 F.3d 1268 (6th Cir. 2000) .................... 74

Henry Lee Co., 194 NLRB 1107 (1972) ........................................................................................................ 278

Herald Co., 181 NLRB 421 (1970), enfd. 444 F.2d 430 (2d Cir. 1971),

cert. denied 404 U.S. 990 (1971) ......................................................................................................... 222

432

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Herbert Harvey, Inc., 171 NLRB 238 (1968) ............................................................................................... 23

Herdon Rock Products, 97 NLRB 1250 (1951) ............................................................................................ 100

Heritage Hall, E.P.I. Corp., 333 NLRB 458 (2001) ....................................................................................... 239

Heritage Manor Center, 269 NLRB 408 (1984) ................................................................................................ 243

Herlin Press, 177 NLRB 940 (1969) .................................................................................................. 85, 87, 105

Herman Bros., Inc., 264 NLRB 439 (1982) ..................................................................................................... 91

Hershey Chocolate Corp., 121 NLRB 901 (1958) ................................................................. 96, 97, 98, 99, 100

Hershey Chocolate Corp.; NLRB v., 297 F.2d 286 (3d Cir. 1981) .............................................................. 96

Hershey Foods Corp., 208 NLRB 452 (1974) .................................................................................................. 71

Hertz Corp.

265 NLRB 1127 (1982) ................................................................................................................. 105

316 NLRB 672 (1995) ........................................................................................................................ 341

Hertz Equipment Rental Corp., 328 NLRB 28 (1999) ...................................................................... 120, 128

Hertzka & Knowles, 192 NLRB 923 (1971) .................................................................................................. 179

Heublein, Inc., 119 NLRB 1337 (1958) ........................................................................................................ 146

Hexcomb Corp., 313 NLRB 983 (1994) ........................................................................................................ 236

Hexton Furniture Co., 111 NLRB 342 (1955) .............................................................................................. 85

Hialeah Race Course, Inc., 125 NLRB 388 (1960) ...................................................................................... 24

Hickory Farms of Ohio, 180 NLRB 755 (1970) .............................................................................................. 27

Higgins, Inc., 111 NLRB 797 (1955) ....................................................................................................... 55, 314

Highland Hospital, 288 NLRB 750 (1988) ...................................................................................................... 65

Highland Telephone Cooperative, 192 NLRB 1057 (1971) ........................................................................... 235

Highlands Regional Medical Center, 327 NLRB 1049 (1999) ....................................................................... 324

Highview, Inc., 223 NLRB 646 (1976) .......................................................................................................... 286

Hilander Foods, 348 NLRB 1200 (2006) ...................................................................................... 159, 161, 162

Hill & Sanders-Wheaton, Inc., 195 NLRB 1137 (1972) ............................................................................... 103

Hillhaven Convalescent Center, 318 NLRB 1017 (1995) .............................................................................. 276

Hillhaven Kona Healthcare Center, 323 NLRB 1171 (1997) ............................................................................. 249

Hillhaven Rehabilitation Center, 325 NLRB 202 (1997) ............................................................................... 249

Hillview Health Care Center; NLRB v., 705 F.2d 1461 (7th Cir. 1983) ..................................................... 312

Hilton Hotel Corp., 287 NLRB 359 (1987) ................................................................................................... 190

Hinds County Human Resource Agency, 331 NLRB 1404 (2000) ................................................................... 18

Hispanic Federation for Development, 284 NLRB 500 (1987) ........................................................................ 16

Hi-Way Billboards, Inc.

191 NLRB 244 (1971). ........................................................................................................ 145, 168, 172

206 NLRB 22 (1973) ......................................................................................................................... 173

Hobart Crane Rental, Inc., 337 NLRB 506 (2002) ............................................................................................. 3

Hobco Mfg. Co., 164 NLRB 862 (1967) ........................................................................................................ 353

Hobson Bearing International, Inc., 365 NLRB No. 73 (2017) ................................................................... 241

Hod Carriers Local 840 (C. A. Blinne Construction), 135 NLRB 1153 (1963) ............................................. 73

Hoffman Security, 302 NLRB 922 (1991) .................................................................................................. 261

Hogan Mfg., 305 NLRB 806 (1991) .............................................................................................. 233, 246, 251

Hogan Transports, Inc., 363 NLRB No. 196 (2016) ...................................................................................... 351

Holiday Hotel, 134 NLRB 113 (1962).......................................................................................................... 186

Holiday Inn City, 332 NLRB 1246 (2000) ..................................................................................................... 176

Holiday Inn of Ft. Pierce, 225 NLRB 1092 (1976) ......................................................................................... 86

Holiday Inn of Providence-Downtown, 179 NLRB 337 (1969) .................................................................... 81

Holiday Inns of America, Inc., 176 NLRB 939 (1969) .......................................................................... 149, 314

Holladay Corp., 266 NLRB 621 (1983) ......................................................................................................... 304

433

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Hollingsworth Management Service, 342 NLRB 556 (2004) ........................................................ 336, 348, 386

Holliswood Hospital, 312 NLRB 1185 (1993) ............................................................................................... 188

Holly Farms Corp. v. NLRB, 517 U.S. 392 (1996) ............................................................................. 217, 218

Holly Sugar Corp., 193 NLRB 1024 (1971) ...................................................................................... 266, 268

Hollywood Ceramics, 140 NLRB 222 (1962) ................................................................................................ 350

Hollywood Medical Center, 275 NLRB 307 (1985) ...................................................................................... 323

Holmberg, Inc., 162 NLRB 407 (1967) .......................................................................................................... 209

Holt Bros., 146 NLRB 383 (1964) ................................................................................................................. 334

Home Care Network, Inc., 347 NLRB 859 (2006) ..................................................................................... 314

Home Depot USA, 331 NLRB 1289 (2000) .................................................................................................. 183

Home Town Foods, Inc. v. NLRB, 379 F.2d 241 (1967) .............................................................................. 363

Hondo Drilling Co., 164 NLRB 416 (1967) ................................................................................................... 320

Honeyville Grain, Inc. v. NLRB, 444 F.3d 1269 (10th Cir. 2006) ......................................................... 352, 353

Honeywell, Inc., 162 NLRB 323 (1967) ...................................................................................................... 358

Hook Drugs, Inc., 117 NLRB 846 (1957) ...................................................................................................... 369

Hopkins Nursing Care Center, 309 NLRB 958 (1992) .................................................................................. 334

Horizon House 1, Inc., 151 NLRB 766 (1965) ................................................................................. 109, 282

Horseshoe Hotel, 172 NLRB 1703 (1968) ..................................................................................................... 187

Horton Automatics, 286 NLRB 1413 (1987) ................................................................................................ 384

Hospital of Barstow, Inc. v. NLRB, 820 F.3d 440 (D.C. Cir. 2016) ................................................................ 30

Hospital of Barstow, Inc., 364 NLRB No. 52 (2016) ....................................................................................... 30

Hot Shoppes, Inc.

130 NLRB 138 (1961) ...................................................................................................................... 162

143 NLRB 578 (1963) ................................................................................................................... 20, 152

Hotel & Restaurant Employees Local 595 (Arne Falk), 161 NLRB 1458 (1966) ......................................... 8

Hotel Employers Assn. of San Francisco, 159 NLRB 143 (1966) ............................................................. 86, 87

Hotel La Concha, 144 NLRB 754 (1963) ....................................................................................................... 186

Hotel Services Group, 328 NLRB 116 (1999) ................................................................................ 143, 149, 190

Hotel Tropicana, 176 NLRB 375 (1969) ........................................................................................................ 186

Houck Transport Co., 130 NLRB 270 (1961) .................................................................................................. 88

Houston Corp., 124 NLRB 810 (1959) ........................................................................................................... 197

Houston Div. of the Kroger Co., 219 NLRB 388 (1975) ................................................................................... 108

Howard Johnson Co., 242 NLRB 1284 (1979) ............................................................................................ 304

Howard University, 224 NLRB 385 (1976) ..................................................................................................... 10

Howard-Cooper Corp., 121 NLRB 950 (1958). ............................................................................................. 268

HPO Service, 122 NLRB 394 (1959) ................................................................................................................. 4

HS Lordship, 274 NLRB 1167 (1985) ........................................................................................................... 247

Huckleberry Youth Programs, 326 NLRB 1272 (1998) ................................................................. 140, 152, 291

Hudson Aviation Services, 288 NLRB 870 (1988) ........................................................................................ 370

Hudson Waterways Corp., 193 NLRB 378 (1971) ......................................................................................... 248

Hughes Aircraft Co., 308 NLRB 82 (1992) ................................................................................................... 123

Human Development Assn., 314 NLRB 821 (1994) ...................................................................................... 382

Humane Society for Seattle/King County, 356 NLRB 32 (2010) .................................................................. 351

Humboldt General Hospital, 297 NLRB 258 (1989) ....................................................................................... 25

Hunts Point Recycling Corp., 301 NLRB 751 (1991) ............................................................................. 168

Hurley Co., 130 NLRB 282 (1961) ........................................................................................................ 349, 350

Huron Portland Cement Co., 115 NLRB 879 (1956) ........................................................................................ 107

Hyatt House Motel, 174 NLRB 1009 (1969) ................................................................................................. 88

Hyde Leadership Charter School—Brooklyn, 364 NLRB No. 88 (2016) ...................................... 13, 18, 19, 23

434

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Hydro Conduit Corp.

254 NLR 433 (1981) .................................................................................................................... 225, 231

260 NLRB 1352 (1982) ...................................................................................................................... 384

Hydro Constructors, 168 NLRB 105 (1968) .................................................................................................. 181

Hydrolines, Inc., 305 NLRB 416 (1991) ....................................................................................................... 175

Hygeia Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 192 NLRB 1127 (1971) ............................................................... 235, 272, 286

Hygienic Sanitation Co., 118 NLRB 1030 (1957) .......................................................................................... 27

Hyster Co., 72 NLRB 937 (1947) .................................................................................................................. 101

I. C. Refrigeration Service, 200 NLRB 687 (1972) ........................................................................................ 174

I. Magnin & Co., 119 NLRB 642 (1958) ..................................................................................................... 198

I.O.O.F. Home of Ohio, Inc., 322 NLRB 921 (1997).......................................................................... 32, 131

IATSE, Local 659, 197 NLRB 1187 (1972) .................................................................................................. 169

Ice Cream, Frozen Custard Employees, Local 717 (Ice Cream Council), 145 NLRB 865 (1964) ................. 173

Idaho Power Co., 179 NLRB 22 (1969) ................................................................................................ 196, 197

Idaho State District Court (Cox’s Food Center), 164 NLRB 95 (1967) ........................................................ 27

Idaho Supreme Potatoes, 218 NLRB 38 (1975) ............................................................................................. 357

Ideal Chevrolet, 198 NLRB 280 (1972) ........................................................................................................... 94

Ideal Electric Mfg. Co., 134 NLRB 1275 (1961) ........................................................................................... 327

Ideal Elevator Corp., 295 NLRB 347 (1989) .................................................................................................. 270

Ideal Laundry & Dry Cleaning Co., 152 NLRB 1130 (1955) ....................................................................... 151

Ideal Laundry & Dry Cleaning Co.; NLRB v., 330 F.2d 712 (10th Cir. 1964) ............................................. 151

IFS Virgin Island Food Service, 215 NLRB 174 (1974) ................................................................................. 66

Igramo Enterprise, 351 NLRB 1337 (2007) ................................................................................................... 221

Illini Steel Fabricators, Inc., 197 NLRB 303 (1972) ...................................................................... 239, 242, 252

Illinois Bell Telephone Co., 77 NLRB 1073 (1948) ...................................................................................... 101

Illinois Canning Co., 125 NLRB 699 (1960) ................................................................................................. 78

Illinois Grain Corp., 222 NLRB 495 (1976) .................................................................................................... 64

Illinois Power Co., 155 NLRB 1097 (1965) .................................................................................................. 235

Illinois School Bus Co., 231 NLRB 1 (1977) ................................................................................................. 136

Illinois Veterans Home at Anna, L.P., 323 NLRB 890 (1997) ............................................... 226, 239, 244, 248

Imperial Garden Growers, 91 NLRB 1034 (1950) ......................................................................................... 217

Imperial House Condominiums, 279 NLRB 1225 (1986) ................................................................................ 11

Imperial House Condominiums, Inc.; NLRB v., 831 F.2d 999 (11th Cir. 1987) ........................................... 219

Imperial Reed & Rattan Furniture Co.

117 NLRB 495 (1957) ........................................................................................................................... 63

118 NLRB 911 (1957) ....................................................................................................................... 379

Imperial Rice Mills, Inc., 110 NLRB 612 (1955) ............................................................................................ 27

Inacomp America, Inc., 281 NLRB 271 (1986) ............................................................................................ 323

Indeck Energy Services, 316 NLRB 300 (1995) ............................................................................................ 370

Independence Residences, Inc., 355 NLRB 724 (2010) ................................................................................. 365

Independent Metal Workers Local 1 (Hughes Tool Co.), 147 NLRB 1573 (1964) ...................................... 61

Independent Rice Mill, Inc., 111 NLRB 536 (1955)..................................................................................... 367

Indiana Bottled Gas Co., 128 NLRB 1441 (1960) .................................................................................. 7, 281

Indiana Broadcasting Corp., 121 NLRB 111 (1958) ...................................................................................... 201

Indiana Hospital, Inc., 326 NLRB 1399 (1998) .......................................................................................... 385

Indiana Refrigerator Lines, Inc., 157 NLRB 539 (1966) ................................................................................ 235

Indianapolis Power & Light Co., 76 NLRB 136 (1948) ................................................................................ 88

Ingalls Memorial Hospital, 309 NLRB 393 (1992) ........................................................................................ 215

435

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Ingram Barge Co., 336 NLRB 1259 (2001) ................................................................................................... 226

Inland Shoe Mfg. Co., 211 NLRB 724 (1974) ............................................................................................... 348

Inland Steel Co., 308 NLRB 868 (1992) ........................................................................................................ 267

Inland Waters Pollution Control, 306 NLRB 342 (1992) .............................................................................. 376

Inspiration Consolidated Copper Co., 142 NLRB 53 (1963) ................................................................... 62, 262

Insulation Contractors, 110 NLRB 638 (1955) ................................................................................................... 6

Interboro Chevrolet Co., 111 NLRB 783 (1955) ............................................................................................ 117

Intercontinental Mfg. Co., 192 NLRB 590 (1971) ......................................................................................... 314

Interlake Steamship Co.

174 NLRB 308 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 318

178 NLRB 128 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 318

Intermountain Electric Assn., 277 NLRB 1 (1985) ........................................................................................ 265

International Aluminum Corp., 117 NLRB 1221 (1957) ............................................................................ 54, 83

International Bedding Co., 356 NLRB 1336 (2011) .................................................... 140, 143, 151, 152, 182

International General Electric, S. A., Inc., 117 NLRB 1571 (1957) .............................................................. 236

International Harvester Co.

81 NLRB 374 (1949) ............................................................................................................................. 62

111 NLRB 276 (1955) ........................................................................................................................... 98

145 NLRB 1747 (1964) ............................................................................................................... 62, 263

International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, 137 NLRB 1681 (1962) ............................................ 304, 381

International Maintenance Corp., 337 NLRB 705 (2002) .......................................................................... 44

International Metal Products Co., 107 NLRB 65 (1953) ................................................................................ 270

International Paper Co.

96 NLRB 295 (1951) ........................................................................................................................... 143

172 NLRB 933 (1968) .......................................................................................................................... 64

294 NLRB 1168 (1989) ......................................................................................................................... 90

International Paper, 325 NLRB 689 (1998) ..................................................................................................... 81

International Rural Electric Assn., 277 NLRB 1 (1985) ................................................................................ 266

International Silver Co., 203 NLRB 221 (1973) ........................................................................................ 133

International Stamping Co., 97 NLRB 921 (1951) ......................................................................................... 390

International Tag & Business Forms Co., 170 NLRB 35 (1968) .................................................................... 210

International Telephone Corp., 159 NLRB 1757 (1966) ................................................................................ 134

Inter-Neighborhood Housing Corp., 311 NLRB 1342 (1993) ......................................................................... 26

Inter-Ocean Steamship Co., 107 NLRB 330 (1954) ............................................................................... 164, 194

Interstate Brick Co., 167 NLRB 831 (1967) ................................................................................................. 120

Interstate Hosts, Inc., 130 NLRB 1614 (1961) ............................................................................................. 359

Interstate Motor Freight System, 227 NLRB 1167 (1977) ............................................................................... 227

Intertape Polymer Corp.

360 NLRB 957 (2014), enfd. in relevant part 801 F.3d 224 (4th Cir. 2015) ....................................... 362

363 NLRB No. 187 (2016) .................................................................................................................. 334

Inyo Lumber Co., 92 NLRB 1267 (1951) ...................................................................................................... 146

Iowa Lamb Corp., 275 NLRB 185 (1985) ................................................................................................. 329

Iowa Packing Co., 125 NLRB 1408 (1960) ..................................................................................................... 63

IRIS U.S.A., Inc., 336 NLRB 1013 (2001) .................................................................................................... 332

Irwindale Division, Lau Industries, 210 NLRB 182 (1974) ........................................................................... 348

Island Construction Co., 135 NLRB 13 (1962) ............................................................................................ 112

ITT Canteen Corp., 187 NLRB 1 (1971) ........................................................................................................ 204

ITT Lighting Fixtures, 265 NLRB 1480 (1982), enf. denied on other grounds 712 F.2d 40 (2d Cir. 1991) .. 233

J & R Tile, 291 NLRB 1034 (1988) ............................................................................................................... 112

436

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

J&L Plate, 310 NLRB 429 (1993) .................................................................................................. 159, 162, 164

J. Brenner & Sons, Inc., 154 NLRB 656 (1965) ....................................................................................... 379

J. C. Brock Corp.

314 NLRB 157 (1994) ................................................................................................................. 232, 250

318 NLRB 403 (1995) ......................................................................................................................... 380

J. C. Penney Co.

196 NLRB 446 (1972) ....................................................................................................................... 200

196 NLRB 708 (1972) ............................................................................................................... 198, 200

312 NLRB 32 (1993) ................................................................................................................... 261, 262

328 NLRB 766 (1999) ......................................................................................................................... 142

J. C. Penney Co., Store No. 139, 151 NLRB 53 (1965) ................................................................................... 93

J. C. Penney Corp., 347 NLRB 127 (2006) ............................................................................................. 246, 313

J. I. Case Co., 80 NLRB 223 (1948) ................................................................................................................... 69

J. I. Case Co.; NLRB v., 201 F.2d 597 (9th Cir. 1953) .................................................................................. 49

J. J. Crosetti Co., 98 NLRB 268 (1951) .......................................................................................................... 56

J. K. Pulley Co., 338 NLRB 1152 (2003).............................................................................................. 286, 329

J. L. Hudson Co., 103 NLRB 1378 (1953) ..................................................................................................... 199

J. M. Abraham, M.D., 242 NLRB 839 (1979) ................................................................................................ 1

J. P. Mascaro & Sons, 345 NLRB 637 (2005) ............................................................................................. 385

J. P. Phillips, Inc., 336 NLRB 1279 (2001) .................................................................................................. 355

J. P. Sand & Gravel Co., 222 NLRB 83 (1976) .............................................................................................. 85

J. Ray McDermott & Co. v. NLRB, 571 F.2d 850 (5th Cir. 1978)............................................................. 382

J. Sullivan & Sons Mfg. Corp., 105 NLRB 549 (1953) ................................................................................... 85

J. W. Mays, Inc., 147 NLRB 968 (1964) ................................................................................................ 161, 162

J. W. Robinson Co., 153 NLRB 989 (1965) .................................................................................................. 205

J.C.L. Zigor Corp., 274 NLRB 1477 (1985) ................................................................................................... 381

J.E.L. Painting & Decorating, Inc., 303 NLRB 1029 (1991) ........................................................................... 26

J.R.T.S. Limited, Inc., 325 NLRB 970 (1998) ................................................................................................ 385

Jack Frost, Inc., 201 NLRB 659 (1973) .............................................................................................. 217, 218

Jack L. Williams, DDS, 219 NLRB 1045 (1975) ...................................................................................... 13, 70

Jackson Engineering Co., 265 NLRB 1688 (1982) ..................................................................................... 72

Jackson Terrace Associates, 346 NLRB 180 (2005) .................................................................................. 86, 87

Jacksonville Urban League, 340 NLRB 1303 (2003) ....................................................................................... 12

Jacmar Food Service Distribution, 365 NLRB No. 35 (2017) ..................................................................... 328

Jacob Ash Co., 224 NLRB 74 (1976) .......................................................................................................... 273

Jacqueline Cochran, Inc., 177 NLRB 837 (1969) ................................................................................... 346, 347

Jakel Motors, 288 NLRB 730 (1988) ............................................................................................................. 261

Jakel, Inc., 293 NLRB 615 (1989) ............................................................................................................... 369

Jam Productions, Ltd., 338 NLRB 1117 (2003) ............................................................................................. 311

James Julian, Inc., 310 NLRB 1247 (1993) ................................................................................................... 113

James Lees & Sons Co., 130 NLRB 290 (1961) .................................................................................... 362, 364

Jamestown Fabricated Steel & Supply, Inc, 362 NLRB No. 161 (2015) ....................................................... 122

Janler Plastic Mold Corp., 186 NLRB 540 (1970) ................................................................................. 334, 343

Jarvis Cafeteria, 200 NLRB 1141 (1972) .......................................................................................................... 5

JASCO Industries, Inc., 328 NLRB 201 (1999) .................................................................................... 118, 119

Jat Transportation Corp.

128 NLRB 780 (1960) ........................................................................................................... 64, 278, 320

131 NLRB 122 (1961) ......................................................................................................... 372, 375, 376

Jay Kay Metal Specialties Corp., 163 NLRB 719 (1967) ............................................................................... 211

437

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Jefferson City Cabinet Co., 120 NLRB 327 (1958)......................................................................................... 70

Jefferson Hotel, 309 NLRB 705 (1992) ......................................................................................................... 120

Jeld-Wen of Everett, Inc., 285 NLRB 118 (1987) ......................................................................................... 316

Jervis Public Library Assn., 262 NLRB 1386 (1982) ....................................................................................... 18

Jet-Pak Corp., 231 NLRB 552 (1977) ............................................................................................................ 108

Jewel Tea Co., 162 NLRB 508 (1967) ........................................................................................................... 193

Jewish Day School of Greater Washington, 283 NLRB 757 (1987) ....................................................... 21, 22

Jewish Hospital of St. Louis, 305 NLRB 955 (1991) ..................................................................................... 214

Jim Kraut Chevrolet, 240 NLRB 460 (1979) ............................................................................................. 373

Jobbers Meat Packing Co., 252 NLRB 41 (1980) .......................................................................................... 373

Jochims v. NLRB, 480 F.3d 1161 (D.C. Cir. 2007) ............................................................................... 234, 243

Jocie Motor Lines, Inc., 112 NLRB 1201 (1955) ........................................................................................... 184

Joclin Mfg. Co., 144 NLRB 778 (1963) .................................................................................................... 280

John Bagwell Farms & Hatchery, Inc., 192 NLRB 547 (1971) ...................................................................... 218

John Deklewa & Sons, 282 NLRB 1375 (1987) ............................................................. 50, 90, 112, 123, 187

John I. Haas, Inc., 301 NLRB 300 (1991) ............................................................................................ 103, 328

John J. Corbett Press Corp., 172 NLRB 1124 (1968) ................................................................................... 168

John Liber & Co., 123 NLRB 1174 (1959) ...................................................................................................... 65

John N. Hansen Co., 293 NLRB 63 (1989) .................................................................................................... 273

John Sundwall & Co., 149 NLRB 1022 (1964) ..................................................................................... 150, 151

John Vilicich, 133 NLRB 238 (1961) ............................................................................................................ 120

John W. Galbreath & Co., 288 NLRB 876 (1988) ........................................................................................ 351

John Wanamaker, Philadelphia, Inc., 195 NLRB 452 (1972) ........................................................................ 200

John’s Bargain Stores Corp., 160 NLRB 1519 (1966) ................................................................................... 205

Johnson Controls, Inc., 322 NLRB 669 (1996) .............................................................................................. 319

Johnson’s Auto Spring Service, 221 NLRB 809 (1975) ........................................................................ 289, 290

Johnstown Corp., 322 NLRB 818 (1997) ..................................................................................................... 176

Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 130 NLRB 259 (1961) .................................................................................... 92

Jordan Marsh Co., 174 NLRB 1265 (1969) ....................................................................................... 199, 211

Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co.

192 NLRB 553 (1971) ........................................................................................................................ 155

206 NLRB 928 (1973) ......................................................................................................................... 146

Joseph Cory Warehouse, 184 NLRB 627 (1970) ........................................................................................... 135

Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc., 101 NLRB 101 (1953) .............................................................................. 146

Josephine Furniture Co., 172 NLRB 404 (1968) ...................................................................................... 82, 121

JTJ Trucking, Inc., 313 NLRB 1240 (1994) ................................................................................................... 343

Judd Valve Co., 248 NLRB 112 (1980) ......................................................................................................... 322

Judge & Dolph, Ltd., 333 NLRB 175 (2001) ......................................................................................... 155, 156

Juilliard School, 208 NLRB 153 (1974) ................................................................................................. 279, 320

Jurys Boston Hotel, 356 NLRB 927 (2011) ........................................................................... 333, 334, 335, 361

K. Van Bourgondien & Sons, 294 NLRB 268 (1989) .................................................................................... 369

K.G. Knitting Mills, 320 NLRB 374 (1995)........................................................................................... 142, 251

Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Colorado, 333 NLRB 557 (2001) ....................................................... 153

Kaiser Foundation Hospitals

312 NLRB 933 (1993) ......................................................................................... 189, 207, 208, 209, 215

337 NLRB 1061 (2002) ...................................................................................................................... 131

Kalamazoo Paper Box Corp., 136 NLRB 134 (1962) ............................................................................ 141, 184

Kalin Construction Co., 321 NLRB 649 (1996) ........................................................................................... 359

Kalustyans, 332 NLRB 843 (2000) ........................................................................................................ 273, 324

438

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Kanawha Stone Co., 334 NLRB 235 (2001) ................................................................................................... 235

Kano Trucking Service, 295 NLRB 514 (1989) ............................................................................................. 328

Kansas City Power & Light Co., 75 NLRB 609 (1948) ............................................................................... 148

Kansas City Repertory Theatre, Inc., 356 NLRB 147 (2010) ............................................................... 282, 321

Kauai Coconut Beach Resort, 317 NLRB 996 (1995) .................................................................................... 345

Kaufman’s Bakery, 264 NLRB 225 (1982) .................................................................................................... 384

Kawasaki Motors Mfg. Corp., 280 NLRB 491 (1986) ................................................................................... 341

KCAL-TV, 331 NLRB 323 (2000) ................................................................................................................ 289

KDFW-TV, Inc.; NLRB v., 790 F.2d 1273 (5th Cir. 1986), enfg. 274 NLRB 1014 (1985) .......................... 226

Keller Plastics Eastern, Inc., 157 NLRB 583 (1966) ...................................................................................... 121

Kelley & Hueber, 309 NLRB 578 (1992) ................................................................................................... 376

Kelly Brothers Nurseries, Inc., 140 NLRB 82 (1962) .................................................................... 283, 284, 318

Ken-Crest Services, 335 NLRB 777 (2001) ................................................................... 233, 243, 248, 251, 252

Kendall Co., 184 NLRB 847 (1970) ....................................................................................................... 142, 159

Kendall School of Design, 279 NLRB 281 (1986) ......................................................................................... 203

Kenedy Compress Co., 114 NLRB 634 (1956) .................................................................................................. 4

Kenilworth Delivery Service, 140 NLRB 1190 (1963) ................................................................................... 4

Kennametal, Inc., 132 NLRB 194 (1961) ......................................................................................................... 54

Kennecott Copper Corp.

98 NLRB 75 (1951) .............................................................................................................................. 64

122 NLRB 370 (1959) ......................................................................................................................... 322

Kenosha News Publishing Corp., 264 NLRB 270 (1982) ............................................................................. 247

Kent Corp., 272 NLRB 735 (1984) .................................................................................................................. 99

Kent Plastics Corp., 183 NLRB 612 (1970) ................................................................................................... 159

Kentfield Medical Hospital, 219 NLRB 174 (1975) ...................................................................................... 356

Kentucky River Community Care, Inc.; NLRB v., 532 U.S. 706 (2001) .................................... 225, 228, 241, 254

Kerona Plastics Extrusion Co., 196 NLRB 1120 (1972) ............................................................................. 373

Kerr-McGee Chemical Corp., 311 NLRB 447 (1993) ................................................................................... 329

Kerrville Bus Co., 257 NLRB 176 (1981) ...................................................................................................... 382

Key Research & Development Co., 176 NLRB 134 (1969) ........................................................................... 123

Keystone Automotive Industries, Inc., 365 NLRB No. 60 (2017) ............................................... 341, 344, 350

Keystone Shipping Co., 327 NLRB 892 (1999) ................................................................................... 164, 194

KFDA-TV Channel 10, 308 NLRB 667 (1992) ............................................................................................. 201

KGTV, 329 NLRB 454 (1999) ............................................................................................................... 226, 231

KGW-TV, 329 NLRB 378 (1999) .......................................................................................... 226, 230, 231, 238

KI (USA) Corp. v. NLRB, 35 F.3d 256 (6th Cir. 1994), denying enf. of 309 NLRB 1063 (1992) ................ 353

KI (USA) Corp.,

309 NLRB 1063 (1992) ....................................................................................................................... 353

310 NLRB 1233 (1993) ....................................................................................................................... 137

Kieckhefer Container Co., 118 NLRB 950 (1957) ....................................................................................... 266

Kimball Systems, Inc., 164 NLRB 290 (1967) ........................................................................................... 214

Kimberly-Clark Corp., 197 NLRB 1173 (1972) ..................................................................................... 209, 211

Kimco Auto Products of Mississippi, Inc., 184 NLRB 599 (1970) ............................................................. 370

Kimco Auto Products, 183 NLRB 993 (1970) ................................................................................................. 97

Kindred Nursing Centers East, LLC v. NLRB, 727 F.3d 552 (6th Cir. 2013) ....................... 143, 144, 188, 276

King Brooks, Inc., 84 NLRB 652 (1949) ....................................................................................................... 53

King’s Fire Protection, Inc., 362 NLRB No. 129 (2015) ............................................................................... 112

Kingsbury Electric Cooperative, Inc., 138 NLRB 577 (1962) ......................................................................... 15

439

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Kingsport Press, Inc.

146 NLRB 1111 (1964) ....................................................................................................................... 315

150 NLRB 1157 (1965) ......................................................................................................................... 74

Kirkhill Rubber Co., 306 NLRB 559 (1992) ......................................................................................... 118, 133

Kirksville College, 274 NLRB 794 (1985) ...................................................................................................... 13

Kirsch Drapery Hardware, 299 NLRB 363 (1990) ....................................................................................... 368

KJAZ Broadcasting Co., 272 NLRB 196 (1984) ........................................................................................... 200

Kleen Brite Laboratories, 292 NLRB 747 (1989) .......................................................................................... 372

Kleinberg, Kaplan, Wolff, Cohen & Burrows, P.C., 253 NLRB 450 (1981) ........................................ 192, 267

Kleins Golden Manor, 214 NLRB 807 (1974) ................................................................................................. 91

Klochko Equipment Rental Co.; NLRB v., 657 Fed. Appx. 441 (6th Cir. 2016) ................................ 162, 163

Klochko Equipment Rental, 361 NLRB No. 49 (2014)

.................................................................................. 153

K-Mart Div. of S. S. Kresge Co., 161 NLRB 1127 (1966) ............................................................................ 193

KMBZ/KMBR Radio, 290 NLRB 459 (1988) .............................................................................................. 157

KMTR Radio Corp., 85 NLRB 99 (1949) .................................................................................................... 201

Knapp-Sherrill Co., 196 NLRB 1072 (1972) ................................................................................................. 283

Knox Glass Bottle Co., 101 NLRB 36 (1953) ................................................................................................ 53

Kodiak Island Hospital, 244 NLRB 929 (1979) ............................................................................................... 63

Kold Kist, Inc., 149 NLRB 1449 (1964) ........................................................................................................ 185

Kolmar Laboratories, 159 NLRB 805 (1966), enfd. 387 F.2d 833 (7th Cir. 1967) ....................................... 339

Koons Ford, 308 NLRB 1067 (1992) ............................................................................................................. 328

Korb’s Trading Post, 232 NLRB 67 (1977) ...................................................................................................... 30

Korber Hats, Inc., 122 NLRB 1000 (1959) ................................................................................................... 372

Kostel Shoe Co., 124 NLRB 651 (1959) .......................................................................................................... 27

K-P Hydraulics Co., 219 NLRB 138 (1975) .................................................................................................... 72

Kraco Industries, 39 LRRM 1236 (Feb. 20, 1957) ......................................................................................... 116

Kraft, Inc., 273 NLRB 1484 (1985)........................................................................................................... 383

Kresge-Newark, Inc., 112 NLRB 869 (1955) ................................................................................................. 354

Krist Gradis, 121 NLRB 601 (1958) ..................................................................................................... 168, 170

Kroger Co.

148 NLRB 569 (1964) ............................................................................................... 168, 169, 170, 172

155 NLRB 546 (1965) ........................................................................................................................... 91

173 NLRB 397 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 102

204 NLRB 1055 (1973) ..................................................................................................................... 271

342 NLRB 202 (2004) ......................................................................................................................... 271

L & A Investment Corp. of Arizona, 221 NLRB 1206 (1975) .................................................................. 279

L & B Cooling, Inc., 267 NLRB 1 (1983) ........................................................................................ 283, 284

L. A. Benson Co., 154 NLRB 1371 (1965) .................................................................................................. 52

L. D. McFarland Co., 219 NLRB 575 (1975) .............................................................................................. 348

L. M. Berry & Co.

198 NLRB 217 (1972) ......................................................................................................................... 272

266 NLRB 47 (1983) .......................................................................................................................... 347

L. Suzio Concrete Co., 325 NLRB 392 (1998) .............................................................................................. 249

La Prensa, Inc., 131 NLRB 527 (1961) .......................................................................................................... 223

Laboratory Corp. of America Holdings, 341 NLRB 1079 (2004) ................................................. 145, 160, 162

Laborers Local 133 (Whitaker & Sons), 283 NLRB 918 (1987) .................................................................... 148

Laborers Local 840 (C. A. Blinne Construction Co.), 135 NLRB 1153 (1963) ......................................... 308

Labor Relations Commission of Massachusetts, 138 NLRB 381 (1962) .......................................................... 2

440

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Labriola Baking Co., 361 NLRB No. 41 (2014).................................................................................... 329, 341

Lach-Simkins Dental Laboratories, 186 NLRB 671 (1970) ................................................................... 347, 388

Ladies’ Garment Workers Union v. NLRB, 339 F.2d 116 (2d Cir. 1964) .................................................... 267

Ladish Co., 178 NLRB 90 (1969) .......................................................................................................... 265, 266

Laerco Transportation & Warehouse, 269 NLRB 324 (1984) ....................................................................... 176

Laguna College of Art & Design, 362 NLRB No. 112 (2015) ....................................................................... 367

Laidlaw Corp., 171 NLRB 1366 (1968), enfd. 414 F.2d 99 (7th Cir. 1969),

cert. denied 397 U.S. 920 (1970) ................................................................................................ 316, 342

Laidlaw Transit, Inc.

322 NLRB 895 (1997) ................................................................................................................. 302, 324

327 NLRB 315 (1998) ................................................................................................................. 302, 374

Laidlaw Waste Systems, 321 NLRB 760 (1996) .......................................................................................... 355

Lake County Assn. for the Retarded; NLRB v., 128 F.3d 1181 (7th Cir. 1997) ........................................... 139

Lake Huron Broadcasting Corp., 130 NLRB 908 (1961) ............................................................................... 322

Lakes Pilots Assn., 320 NLRB 168 (1995) ............................................................................................... 224

Lakewood Engineering & Mfg. Co., 341 NLRB 699 (2004) ................................................................. 302, 371

Lalique N.A., Inc., 338 NLRB 986 (2003) ..................................................................................................... 345

Lamar Advertising of Janesville, 340 NLRB 979 (2003) ............................................... 328, 335, 362, 363, 387

Lamar Hotel, 137 NLRB 1271 (1962) .......................................................................................................... 118

Lamb-Grays Harbor Co., 295 NLRB 355 (1989) ................................................................................... 315, 316

Lamons Gasket Co., 357 NLRB 739 (2011) ...................................................................................... 121, 127

Lampcraft Industries, Inc., 127 NLRB 92 (1960) ............................................................................................. 65

Lancaster Symphony Orchestra, 357 NLRB 1761 (2011), enfd. 822 F.3d 563 (D.C. Cir. 2016) ................. 224

Lancaster Welded Products, 130 NLRB 1478 (1961) .................................................................................... 279

Land Title Guarantee & Trust Co., 194 NLRB 148 (1972) ................................................................. 146, 149

Landing Construction Co., 273 NLRB 1288 (1984) ....................................................................................... 288

Lane Aviation Corp.

211 NLRB 824 (1974) ........................................................................................................................... 95

221 NLRB 898 (1975) ......................................................................................................................... 317

Lane Wells Co., 79 NLRB 252 (1948) ............................................................................................................. 61

Laneco Construction Systems, 339 NLRB 1048 (2003) ............................................................................ 324

Langdale Forest Products Co., 335 NLRB 602 (2001) ................................................................................. 344

Larkwood Farms, 178 NLRB 226 (1969) ................................................................................................... 389

LaRonde Bar & Restaurant, Inc., 145 NLRB 270 (1963) ...................................................................... 190, 282

Larson Plywood Co., 223 NLRB 1161 (1976) ............................................................................................... 124

Larson Tool & Stamping Co., 296 NLRB 895 (1989) ................................................................................... 342

Las Vegas Review Journal, 223 NLRB 744 (1976) ........................................................................................ 222

Latas de Aluminio Reynolds, 276 NLRB 1313 (1985).................................................................................. 235

Latin Business Assn., 322 NLRB 1026 (1997) ................................................................................................. 26

Latino Express, Inc., 360 NLRB 911 (2014) .................................................................................................. 117

Laubenstein & Portz, Inc., 226 NLRB 804 (1976) ...................................................................................... 371

Laundry Owners Assn. of Greater Cincinnati, 123 NLRB 543 (1959) ....................................................... 6, 169

Laundry Workers Local 26, 129 NLRB 1446 (1961) ......................................................................................... 6

Laura Modes Co., 144 NLRB 1592 (1963) ................................................................................................ 45, 67

Laurel Baye Healthcare of Lake Lanier, LLC, 346 NLRB 159 (2007) ......................................................... 76

Lawrence Typographical Union No. 570 (Kansas Color Press, Inc.), 158 NLRB 1332 (1966) .................. 44

Lawson Mardon U.S.A., 332 NLRB 1282 (2000) .......................................................................... 164, 175, 213

Lawson Milk Co., 143 NLRB 916 (1963) ...................................................................................................... 247

Laymon Candy Co., 199 NLRB 547 (1972) ................................................................................................... 322

441

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

La-Z-Boy Chair Co., 235 NLRB 77 (1978) ................................................................................................... 211

Leaders-Nameoki, Inc., 237 NLRB 1269 (1978) ........................................................................................... 279

Leaf Chronicle Co., 244 NLRB 1104 (1979) ....................................................................................... 194, 195

Lear Siegler, Inc., 287 NLRB 372 (1987) ...................................................................................................... 145

Leather by Grant, 206 NLRB 961 (1973) ....................................................................................................... 312

Lederach Electric, Inc., 362 NLRB No. 14 (2015) ........................................................................................ 175

Lee Adjustment Center, 325 NLRB 375 (1998) ....................................................................................... 62, 262

Lee Hospital, 330 NLRB 947 (1990) ............................................................................................................. 176

Lee Lumber & Building Material Corp.

322 NLRB 175 (1996) ......................................................................................................................... 125

334 NLRB 399 (2001) ......................................................................................................................... 127

Leedom v. Kyne

249 F.2d 490 (D.C. Cir. 1957) ............................................................................................................. 257

358 U.S. 184 (1958) .......................................................................................................................... 140

Lee-Mark Metal Mfg. Co., 85 NLRB 1299 (1949) .......................................................................................... 78

Lee-Rowan Mfg. Co., 129 NLRB 980 (1960) ........................................................................................ 227, 249

LeFort Enterprises, Inc.; NLRB v., 791 F.3d 207 (1st Cir. 2015) ...................................................... 3, 364, 386

Legal Aid Society of Alameda County, 324 NLRB 796 (1997) .................................................................... 237

Legal Services for the Elderly Poor, 236 NLRB 485 (1978) ....................................................................... 192

Leisure Chateau Care Center, 330 NLRB 846 (2000) .................................................................................... 248

Leland Stanford Junior University

194 NLRB 1210 (1972) ......................................................................................................... 10, 204, 286

214 NLRB 621 (1974) ................................................................................................................ 203, 287

LeMaster Steel Erectors, 271 NLRB 1391 (1984) ......................................................................................... 356

Lemco Construction, 283 NLRB 459 (1987) ................................................................................................. 378

LeMoyne-Owen College, 345 NLRB 1123 (2005) ....................................................................... 203, 268, 269

Lenkurt Electric Co.; NLRB v., 438 F.2d 1102 (9th Cir. 1971) ............................................................ 339, 341

Lennox Industries, 308 NLRB 1237 (1992) ............................................................................................... 157

Leonard Wholesale Meats, 136 NLRB 1000 (1962) ...................................................................................... 103

Leone Industries, 172 NLRB 1463 (1968) ................................................................................................. 87, 91

Levine Hospital of Hayward, Inc., 219 NLRB 327 (1975) ............................................................................ 153

Levitz Furniture Co.

192 NLRB 61 (1971) ........................................................................................................... 182, 198, 205

333 NLRB 717 (2001) ..................................................................................................................... 47, 74

Levy Co., 351 NLRB 1237 (2007) ................................................................................................................. 341

Lewis & Clark College, 300 NLRB 155 (1990) ................................................................................ 203, 269

Lewis & Coker Super Markets, 145 NLRB 970 (1964) ............................................................................... 277

Lewis University, 265 NLRB 1239 (1983) ..................................................................................................... 203

Lexington House, 328 NLRB 894 (1999) ...................................................................................................... 107

Lexus of Concord, Inc., 343 NLRB 851 (2004) ............................................................................................. 120

Libbey-Owens-Ford Co., 189 NLRB 869 (1971) ........................................................................................... 134

Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., 169 NLRB 126 (1968) ................................................................................. 134

Libby, McNeill & Libby

90 NLRB 279 (1950) ........................................................................................................................ 285

159 NLRB 677 (1966)

................................................................................................................. 135, 156

Liberty Fabrics, 327 NLRB 38 (1998) ........................................................................................................... 120

Liberty House (AMFAC Corp.), 225 NLRB 869 (1976) ................................................................................. 86

Lifeline Mobile Medics, 308 NLRB 1068 (1992) .......................................................................................... 189

Lifetime Door Co., 158 NLRB 13 (1966)....................................................................................................... 365

442

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Lift Truck Sales & Services, 364 NLRB No. 47 (2016) ................................................................................. 128

Liggett & Meyers Tobacco Co., 91 NLRB 1145 (1950) ................................................................................ 146

Lilliston Implement Co., 121 NLRB 868 (1958) ............................................................................................ 272

Lily Transportation Co.; NLRB v., 853 F.3d 31 (1st Cir. 2017) .................................................................... 122

Lin R. Rogers Electrical Contractors, 323 NLRB 988 (1997) ........................................................................ 315

Lincoln Park Nursing Home, 318 NLRB 1160 (1995) ................................................................... 266, 274, 276

Lindsay Newspapers, Inc., 192 NLRB 478 (1971) ......................................................................................... 149

Linwood Care Center

365 NLRB No. 8 (2016) ....................................................................................................................... 125

365 NLRB No. 24 (2016) .................................................................................................................... 125

Lion Country Safari

225 NLRB 969 (1976) ........................................................................................................................ 261

246 NLRB 156 (1979) ......................................................................................................................... 262

Lipsey, Inc., 172 NLRB 1535 (1968) ................................................................................................................ 232

Liquid Transporters, Inc.

250 NLRB 1421 (1980) ..................................................................................................................... 149

336 NLRB 420 (2001) ...................................................................................................................... 376

Little River Band of Ottawa Indians Tribal Government, 359 NLRB 641 (2013),

incorporated by reference at 361 NLRB No. 45 (2014), enfd. 788 F.3d 537 (6th Cir. 2015) .................. 8

Little Rock Hardboard Co., 140 NLRB 264 (1962) ................................................ 227, 242, 246, 247, 251, 252

Litton Industries, 125 NLRB 722 (1960) .................................................................................................... 274

Livingstone College

286 NLRB 1308 (1987) ................................................................................................................. 21, 203

290 NLRB 304 (1988) ............................................................................................................... 203, 275

Lloyd A. Fry Roofing Co., 121 NLRB 1433 (1958) ............................................................................. 281, 282

Lobster House, 186 NLRB 148 (1970)........................................................................................................... 356

Local Joint Exec. Board Hotel Workers (Crown Cafeteria), 135 NLRB 1183 (1962) ............................ 73, 309

Local Union No. 300, Amalgamated Meat Cutters & Butcher Workmen of North America v. McCulloch,

428 F.2d 396 (5th Cir. 1970) ............................................................................................................... 218

Lockheed Aircraft Corp.

155 NLRB 702 (1965) ................................................................................................................. 134, 259

202 NLRB 1140 (1973) .............................................................................................................. 140, 259

Loffland Bros. Co.

235 NLRB 154 (1978) ......................................................................................................................... 320

243 NLRB 74 (1979) ............................................................................................................................ 245

London’s Farm Dairy, Inc., 323 NLRB 1057 (1997) ............................................................................. 301, 381

Lone Star Gas Co., 194 NLRB 761 (1972) ................................................................................................. 145

Lone Star Industries, 193 NLRB 80 (1971).................................................................................................... 212

Long Beach Press-Telegram, 305 NLRB 412 (1991) ............................................................................. 222, 268

Long Island University (Brooklyn Center), 189 NLRB 909 (1971) .............................................................. 202

Long Transportation Co., 181 NLRB 7 (1970). ................................................................................................ 90

Longcrier Co., 277 NLRB 570 (1985) ........................................................................................................... 181

Long-Lewis Hardware Co., 134 NLRB 1554 (1962) .................................................................................... 105

Longs Drug Stores California, 347 NLRB 500 (2006) ................................................................................ 388

Longshoremen ILWU (Catalina Island Sightseeing Lines), 124 NLRB 813 (1959) ................................... 1, 3

Longwood Security Sservices, Inc., 364 NLRB No. 50 (2016) ..................................... 324, 362, 376, 377, 391

Loomis Armored US, Inc., 364 NLRB No. 23 (2016) .......................................................................... 141, 260

Loparex LLC v. NLRB, 591 F.3d 540 (7th Cir. 2009) ................................................................................. 240

Loral Electronics Systems, 200 NLRB 1019 (1972) .................................................................................... 258

443

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Lord & Taylor, 150 NLRB 812 (1966)........................................................................................................... 198

Lord Baltimore Press, Inc., 144 NLRB 1376 (1963) ...................................................................................... 105

Loree Footwear Corp., 197 NLRB 360 (1972) ................................................................................................. 99

Lorimar Productions, Inc.; NLRB v., 771 F.2d 1294 (9th Cir. 1985) ............................................................ 43

Los Alamitos Medical Center, 287 NLRB 415 (1987) ..................................................................................... 52

Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, 200 NLRB 475 (1973) ............................................................................... 184

Los Angeles Statler Hilton Hotel, 129 NLRB 1349 (1961) ....................................................................... 153

Los Angeles Times Communications, LLC, 357 NLRB 645 (2011) ............................................................... 48

Los Angeles Turf Club, Inc., 90 NLRB 20 (1950) ........................................................................................ 24

Los Angeles Water & Power Employees’ Assn., 340 NLRB 1232 (2003) ........................ 142, 230, 233, 323

Los Angeles-Yuma Freight Lines, 172 NLRB 328 (1968) .......................................................................... 172

Louis Rosenberg, Inc., 122 NLRB 1450 (1959) ............................................................................................ 148

Louisburg Sportswear Co., 173 NLRB 678 (1969) .................................................................................. 364

Louisiana Gas Service Co., 126 NLRB 147 (1960) ................................................................................. 195

Louisville Railway Co., 90 NLRB 678 (1950) ................................................................................................. 97

Love’s Wood Pit Barbeque Restaurant, 209 NLRB 220 (1974) ....................................................................... 3

Loveman, Joseph & Loeb

147 NLRB 1129 (1964) ....................................................................................................................... 199

152 NLRB 719 (1965) ......................................................................................................................... 205

Low Bros. National Market, 191 NLRB 432 (1971) ...................................................................................... 266

Lowe’s HIW, Inc., 349 NLRB 478 (2007) .................................................................................................... 388

Lowell Sun Publishing Co., 132 NLRB 1168 (1961) ................................................................................... 194

Lower Bucks Cooling & Heating, 316 NLRB 16 (1995) ............................................................................... 118

Loyalhanna Health Care Associates, 332 NLRB 933 (2000) ............................................................................. 243

LTD Ceramics, Inc., 341 NLRB 86 (2004) .......................................................................................... 117, 125

LTV Aerospace Corp., 170 NLRB 200 (1973) .............................................................................................. 134

Luce & Son, Inc., 313 NLRB 1355 (1994)..................................................................................................... 270

Lucky Cab Co., 360 NLRB 271 (2014) .......................................................................................... 242, 243, 334

Ludlow Typograph Co., 108 NLRB 1463 (1954) .......................................................................................... 120

Lufkin Foundry & Machine Co., 174 NLRB 556 (1969) .............................................................................. 133

Lufkin Rule Co., 147 NLRB 341 (1964) ........................................................................................................ 391

Lundy Packing Co., 314 NLRB 1042 (1994) ......................................................................................... 275, 276

Lundy Packing Co.; NLRB v., 68 F.3d 1577 (4th Cir. 1995) ......................................................................... 276

Lutheran Retirement Village, 315 NLRB 103 (1994) .................................................................................... 344

Lutheran Welfare Services, 321 NLRB 915 (1996) ..................................................................................... 384

Lydia E. Hall Hospital, 227 NLRB 573 (1976) .............................................................................................. 298

Lynwood Manor, 350 NLRB 489 (2007) .............................................................................. 226, 228, 238, 240

Lyon’s Restaurants, 234 NLRB 178 (1978) ................................................................................................... 327

M. B. Farrin Lumber Co., 117 NLRB 575 (1957) ........................................................................................ 93

M. B. Sturgis, Inc., 331 NLRB 1298 (2000) ................................................................................. 131, 176, 282

M. C. Decorating, 306 NLRB 816 (1992) ..................................................................................................... 270

M. O’Neil Co., 175 NLRB 514 (1969) ...................................................................................... 196, 236, 290

M. S. Ginn & Co., 114 NLRB 112 (1956) ......................................................................................................... 5

M. V. Dominator, 162 NLRB 1514 (1967) ...................................................................................................... 93

M.B. Consultants, Ltd., 328 NLRB 1089 (1999) ......................................................................................... 336

M.C.P. Foods, 311 NLRB 1159 (1993) .................................................................................................... 95, 105

MacDonald Machinery Co., 335 NLRB 319 (2001) ...................................................................................... 361

Machinery Movers & Erectors Div., 117 NLRB 1778 (1957) ..................................................................... 180

Machinery Overhaul Co., 115 NLRB 1787 (1956) .................................................................................. 380

444

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Machinists, 159 NLRB 137 (1966) .................................................................................................................. 59

Mack Mfg. Corp., 107 NLRB 209 (1954) ....................................................................................................... 62

Mack Trucks, 209 NLRB 1003 (1974) ............................................................................................................. 82

Macklanburg-Duncan Co., 179 NLRB 848 (1969) ........................................................................................ 390

Macy’s East, 327 NLRB 73 (1998) ................................................................................................................ 283

Macy’s Missouri-Kansas Division v. NLRB, 389 F.2d 835 (8th Cir. 1968) .................................................. 311

Macy’s Missouri-Kansas Division, 173 NLRB 1500 (1969) ......................................................................... 317

Macy’s San Francisco, 120 NLRB 69 (1958) ...................................................................................... 145, 171

Macy’s West, Inc., 327 NLRB 1222 (1999) ................................................................................... 162, 163, 213

Macy’s, Inc. v. NLRB, 824 F.3d 557 (5th Cir. 2016) ..................................................................................... 144

Macy’s, Inc., 361 NLRB No. 4 (2014), enfd. 824 F.3d 557 (5th Cir. 2016),

pet. for reh’g en banc denied 844 F.3d 188 (5th Cir. 2016) ......................................................... 144, 198

Madelaine Chocolate Novelties, 333 NLRB 1312 (2001) ........................................................................ 88, 96

Madera Enterprises, Inc., 309 NLRB 774 (1992) ................................................................................... 369, 384

Madison Industries

290 NLRB 1226 (1988) ......................................................................................................... 340, 342, 343

311 NLRB 865 (1993)................................................................................................................. 314, 375

Madison Square Garden CT., LLC, 350 NLRB 117 (2007) ................................................................ 327, 367

Madison Square Garden

325 NLRB 971 (1998) ......................................................................................................................... 261

333 NLRB 643 (2001) ........................................................................................................................ 261

Magic Mountain, Inc., 123 NLRB 1170 (1959) ............................................................................................. 27

Magna Corp., 261 NLRB 104 (1982) ............................................................................................................. 134

Magnavox Co., 97 NLRB 1111 (1951) ........................................................................................................... 62

Magnesium Casting Co. v. NLRB, 401 U.S. 137 (1971) ........................................................................... 29, 32

Magnum Transportation, Inc., 360 NLRB 1093 (2014) ................................................................................. 369

Mailing Services, 293 NLRB 565 (1989) ....................................................................................................... 346

Maine Apple Growers, 254 NLRB 501 (1981) ...................................................................................... 283, 284

Maine Sugar Industries, 169 NLRB 186 (1968) ............................................................................................. 284

Majestic Star Casino, LLC, 335 NLRB 407 (2001) ....................................................................................... 361

Major League Rodeo, Inc., 246 NLRB 743 (1979) ......................................................................................... 26

Makins Hats, Ltd., 332 NLRB 19 (2000) ....................................................................................................... 168

Mall Tool Co., 112 NLRB 1313 (1955) ......................................................................................................... 350

Mallinckrodt Chemical Works

84 NLRB 291 (1949) .......................................................................................................................... 115

162 NLRB 387 (1966) ......................................................................................... 140, 189, 207, 208, 209

200 NLRB 1 (1972) ............................................................................................................................. 49

Mallory Capacitator Co., 167 NLRB 647 (1967) ........................................................................................... 359

Man Products, 128 NLRB 546 (1960) ................................................................................................................ 7

Management Training Corp., 317 NLRB 1355 (1995) .................................................................................... 12

Manchester Knitted Fashions, Inc., 108 NLRB 1366 (1954) .............................................................. 31, 300

Manhattan Adhesives Corp., 123 NLRB 1096 (1959) ................................................................................. 376

Manhattan College, 195 NLRB 65 (1972) ........................................................................................ 253, 282

Manhattan Crowne Plaza, 341 NLRB 619 (2004) ......................................................................................... 341

Manitowoc Shipbuilding, Inc., 191 NLRB 786 (1971)......................................................................... 131, 157

Manncraft Exhibitors Services, 212 NLRB 923 (1974) ............................................................................... 281

Manor Healthcare Corp., 285 NLRB 224 (1987) .......................................................................................... 166

Manor West, Inc., 311 NLRB 655 (1993) ....................................................................................................... 249

Manorcare of Kingston PA, LLC, 360 NLRB 719 (2014), enf. denied 823 F.3d 81 (D.C. Cir. 2016) .......... 364

445

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

ManorCare of Kingston, PA, LLC v. NLRB, 823 F.3d 81 (D.C. Cir. 2016) .................................................... 30

Mansion House Management Corp.; NLRB v., 473 F.2d 471 (8th Cir. 1973) ................................................ 61

Maple View Manor, Inc., 319 NLRB 85 (1995) ............................................................................................ 375

Maramount Corp., 310 NLRB 508 (1993).............................................................................. 103, 167, 170, 171

Margaret-Peerless Coal Co., 173 NLRB 72 (1968)......................................................................................... 60

Margate Bridge Co., 247 NLRB 1437 (1980) .................................................................................................... 4

Mariah, Inc., 322 NLRB 586 (1996) .............................................................................................................. 40

Marian Manor for the Aged, 333 NLRB 1084 (2001) ............................................................................. 41, 306

Marian Medical Center, 339 NLRB 127 (2003) .......................................................................................... 281

Marie Antoinette Hotel, 125 NLRB 207 (1959) ............................................................................................. 380

Mariemont Inn, 145 NLRB 79 (1964) ......................................................................................................... 190

Mario Saikhon, Inc., 278 NLRB 1289 (1986) ................................................................................................ 218

Marion Power Shovel Co., 230 NLRB 576 (1977) ....................................................................................... 71

Mar-Jac Poultry Co.

123 NLRB 1571 (1959) ....................................................................................................................... 390

136 NLRB 785 (1962) .................................................................................................................. 117, 118

Mar-Jam Supply Co., 337 NLRB 337 (2001) ................................................................................................ 331

Mark Aero, Inc., 200 NLRB 304 (1972) .......................................................................................................... 20

Mark Burnett Productions, 349 NLRB 706 (2007) .......................................................................................... 125

Mark Farmer Co., 184 NLRB 785 (1970) ........................................................................................................ 72

Marks Oxygen Co., 147 NLRB 228 (1964) .......................................................................................... 140, 182

Marquette General Hospital, 218 NLRB 713 (1975) ..................................................................................... 278

Marquette Transportation/Bluegrass Marine, 346 NLRB 543 (2006) ............................................................ 226

Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild, 525 U.S. 33 (1998) .................................................................................. 109

Martin Co., 162 NLRB 319 (1966) ................................................................................................................ 275

Martin Enterprises, 325 NLRB 714 (1998) ........................................................................................... 288, 289

Martin Marietta Aluminum, 214 NLRB 646 (1974) ...................................................................................... 123

Martin Marietta Co., 270 NLRB 821 (1984 ..................................................................................................... 75

Martin-Marietta Corp., 139 NLRB 925 (1962) .............................................................................................. 293

Martino’s Complete Home Furnishings, 145 NLRB 604 (1963) .................................................................... 74, 82

Marty Levitt, 171 NLRB 739 (1968) ............................................................................................................ 6, 10

Marvil International Security Service, 173 NLRB 1260 (1968) ................................................................. 386

Mary Carter Paint Co., 148 NLRB 46 (1964) ................................................................................................ 161

Maryland Cup Corp., 182 NLRB 686 (1970) ............................................................................................. 252

Marymount College, 280 NLRB 486 (1986) ................................................................................................. 247

Mascot Stove Co., 75 NLRB 427 (1948) ....................................................................................................... 121

Masiongale Electrical-Mechanical, 326 NLRB 493 (1998) ......................................................................... 381

Mason & Hanger-Silas Mason Co.

142 NLRB 699 (1963) ......................................................................................................................... 115

180 NLRB 467 (1970) ................................................................................................................ 211, 294

Massachusetts Electric Co., 248 NLRB 155 (1980) .................................................................. 71, 92, 154, 157

Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children v. NLRB, 297 F.3d 41

(1st. Cir. 2002) ..................................................................................................... 66, 161, 162, 164, 166

Mastec Direct TV, 356 NLRB 809 (2011) ..................................................................................... 331, 362, 363

Master Slack, 271 NLRB 78 (1984) ................................................................................................................ 125

Masters, Mates & Pilots Local 28, 136 NLRB 1175 (1962), enfd. 321 F.2d 376 (D.C. Cir. 1963) ............... 226

Mastic Tile Corp., 122 NLRB 1528 (1959) ...................................................................................................... 73

Mathieson Alkali Works, 51 NLRB 113 (1943) ......................................................................................... 88, 89

446

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Matros Automated Electrical Construction Corp., 353 NLRB 569 (2008),

enfd. 366 Fed. Appx. 184 (2d Cir. 2010) ............................................................................................ 147

May Department Stores Co.

97 NLRB 1007 (1951)......................................................................................................................... 198

191 NLRB 928 (1971) ........................................................................................................................... 346

289 NLRB 661 (1988), enfd. 897 F.2d 221 (7th Cir. 1990) ................................................................ 129

Mayfield Holiday Inn, 335 NLRB 38 (2001) ............................................................................................ 157

MCA Distribution Corp., 288 NLRB 1173 (1988) ......................................................................................... 130

McAllister Bros., 278 NLRB 601 (1986) ....................................................................................................... 226

McCann Steel Co., 179 NLRB 635 (1969) .................................................................................................. 143

McCarty-Holman Co., 114 NLRB 1554 (1955) ............................................................................................. 370

McClatchy Newspapers, 307 NLRB 773 (1992) ............................................................................................ 227

McClintock Market, Inc., 244 NLRB 555 (1979) ..................................................................................... 81, 82

McCollough Environmental Services, 306 NLRB 565 (1992) .................................................................... 232

McCoy Co., 151 NLRB 383 (1965) ............................................................................................................... 160

McCulloch Corp., 149 NLRB 1020 (1964) .................................................................................................. 161

McDonalds, 192 NLRB 878 (1971) ............................................................................................................... 160

McDonnell Aircraft Co. v. NLRB, 827 F.2d 324 (8th Cir. 1987) .................................................................. 260

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., 194 NLRB 689 (1972) ...................................................................... 135

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. NLRB, 655 F.2d 932 (9th Cir. 1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 1017 (1982) ...... 237

McDonnell Douglas Corp., 324 NLRB 1202 (1997) ........................................................................................ 71

McFarland & Hullinger, 131 NLRB 745 (1961) .............................................................................................. 5

McFarling Foods, Inc., 336 NLRB 1140 (2001) ............................................................................................ 324

McLean County Roofing, 290 NLRB 685 (1988) ........................................................................................... 95

McLean Hospital Corp.

309 NLRB 564 (1992) ......................................................................................................................... 188

311 NLRB 1100 (1993)....................................................................................................................... 188

McLean Roofing Co., 276 NLRB 830 (1985) ............................................................................................. 336

Mc-Mor-Han Trucking Co., 166 NLRB 700 (1967) .............................................................................. 182, 288

Mead Corp., 189 NLRB 190 (1971) .............................................................................................................. 388

Mead Southern Wood Products, 337 NLRB 497 (2002) ................................................................................ 391

Meadow Stud, Inc., 130 NLRB 1202 (1961) ................................................................................................. 24

Meadow Valley Contractors, 314 NLRB 217 (1994) ........................................................................ 289, 312, 356

Meat Packers Assn., 223 NLRB 922 (1976) ........................................................................................... 168, 172

Medion, Inc., 200 NLRB 1013 (1972) ........................................................................................................... 320

Medlar Electric, Inc., 337 NLRB 796 (2002) ........................................................................................ 287, 288

Medtrans, 326 NLRB 925 (1998) ................................................................................................................. 304

Meijer Supermarkets, Inc., 142 NLRB 513 (1963) ........................................................................ 61, 164, 235

Melampy Mfg. Co., 303 NLRB 845 (1991) ........................................................................................... 347, 389

Melbet Jewelry Co., 180 NLRB 107 (1970) ............................................................................................. 93, 154

MEMC Electronic Materials, Inc.; NLRB v., 363 F.3d 705 (8th Cir. 2004) .................................................. 324

Memphis Furniture Mfg. Co., 259 NLRB 401 (1981) .................................................................... 150, 184, 294

Mensh Corp., 159 NLRB 156 (1966) ............................................................................................................. 279

Mental Health Assn., 356 NLRB 1220 (2011) ........................................................................................ 31, 361

Mental Health Center, 222 NLRB 901 (1976) ............................................................................................... 116

Meramec Mining Co., 134 NLRB 1675 (1962) ............................................................................. 123, 265, 275

Mercedes-Benz of Orlando, 355 NLRB 592 (2010) ....................................................................................... 42

Merchants Transfer Co., 330 NLRB 1165 (2000) .......................................................................................... 356

Mercury Distribution Carriers, 312 NLRB 840 (1993) ................................................................................ 281

447

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Mercy General Health Partners, 331 NLRB 783 (2000) .......................................................................... 43, 175

Mercy General Hospital

334 NLRB 100 (2001) ......................................................................................................... 330, 335, 360

336 NLRB 1047 (2001) ......................................................................................................................... 83

Mercy Health Services North

311 NLRB 367 (1993) ................................................................................................................. 158, 166

311 NLRB 1091 (1993) ....................................................................................................................... 276

Mercy Hospital Mercy Southwest Hospital, 338 NLRB 545 (2002) ...................................................... 336, 345

Mercy Hospital of Buffalo, 336 NLRB 1282 (2001) ...................................................................................... 175

Mercy Hospitals of Sacramento, Inc., 217 NLRB 765 (1975) ....................................................................... 259

Mercywood Health Building, 287 NLRB 1114 (1988) .............................................................................. 166

Meredith Corp. v. NLRB, 679 F.2d 1332 (10th Cir. 1982), enfg. 243 NLRB 323 (1979) ............................. 226

Merico, Inc., 207 NLRB 101 (1973) ................................................................................................................ 90

Meriter Hospital, 306 NLRB 598 (1992) ..................................................................................................... 276

Mesker Door, Inc., 357 NLRB 591 (2011) ..................................................................................................... 342

Metal Sales Mfg., 310 NLRB 597 (1993) ............................................................................................. 50, 53

Metal Textile Corp., 88 NLRB 1326 (1950) ................................................................................................. 149

Metro Cab Co., 341 NLRB 722 (2004) .......................................................................................................... 223

Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. NLRB

328 F.2d 820 (3d Cir. 1964) ................................................................................................................. 165

330 F.2d 62 (6th Cir. 1964) ................................................................................................................. 165

Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.

156 NLRB 1408 (1966) .............................................................................................. 151, 165, 191, 196

172 NLRB 1257 (1968) ....................................................................................................................... 103

Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.; NLRB v., 380 U.S. 438 (1965).................................................. 151, 165, 191

Metropolitan Opera Assn., 327 NLRB 740 (1999) ........................................................................................ 208

Metropolitan Taxicab Board of Trade, 342 NLRB 1300 (2004) .............................................................. 223

Metropolitan Transportation Services, 351 NLRB 657 (2007) ...................................................................... 229

Metta Electric, 349 NLRB 1088 (2007) ........................................................................................................ 119

Metz Metallurgical Corp., 270 NLRB 889 (1984) ......................................................................................... 333

Meyer Mfg. Corp., 170 NLRB 509 (1968) .................................................................................................... 261

Mfg. Woodworkers Assn., 194 NLRB 1122 (1972) .................................................................................... 146

MGM Grand Hotel, 329 NLRB 464 (1999) ................................................................................................. 121

Michael Reese Hospital, 242 NLRB 322 (1979) .......................................................................................... 185

Michigan Bell Telephone Co.

182 NLRB 632 (1970) ................................................................................................................... 60, 106

192 NLRB 1212 (1971) ............................................................................................................... 142, 196

Michigan Masonic Home, 332 NLRB 1409 (2000) ...................................................................................... 254

Michigan Products, 236 NLRB 1143 (1978) .................................................................................................. 344

Michigan Wisconsin Pipe Line Co.

164 NLRB 359 (1967) ...................................................................................................................... 196

194 NLRB 469 (1972) ................................................................................................................. 142, 196

Micro Metalizing Co., 134 NLRB 293 (1961) ....................................................................................... 283, 284

Micronesian Telecommunications Corp., 273 NLRB 354 (1984) ...................................................................... 6

Mid American Health Services, 247 NLRB 752 (1980) ................................................................................... 13

Mid-Continent Spring Co., 273 NLRB 884 (1985) ....................................................................................... 376

Midland National Life Insurance Co., 263 NLRB 127 (1982) ....................................................... 350, 351, 386

Midland Processing Services, 304 NLRB 770 (1991) .................................................................................... 331

Mid-South Drywall Co., 339 NLRB 480 (2002) ............................................................................................ 331

448

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Mid-South Packers, Inc., 120 NLRB 495 (1958) ....................................................................................... 51, 67

Mid-State Fruit, Inc., 186 NLRB 51 (1970) ................................................................................................. 231

Midstate Telephone Co., 179 NLRB 85 (1969) ........................................................................................... 118

Midvale Co., 114 NLRB 372 (1956) ................................................................................................................ 62

Midway Hospital Medical Center, 330 NLRB 1420 (2000) ........................................................................... 388

Midway Lincoln-Mercury, Inc., 180 NLRB 58 (1969) .................................................................................. 104

Mid-West Abrasive Co., 145 NLRB 1665 (1964) ........................................................................ 145, 147, 161

Midwest Canvas Corp., 326 NLRB 58 (1998) ............................................................................................... 373

Mike Basil Chevrolet, 331 NLRB 1044 (2000) ........................................................................................ 76, 129

Mike Yurosek & Son, 292 NLRB 1074 (1989) ............................................................................................ 360

Mike Yurosek & Sons, 225 NLRB 148 (1976), enfd. 597 F.2d 661 (9th Cir. 1979) ..................................... 364

Milchem, Inc., 170 NLRB 362 (1968) ............................................................................................................ 387

Milco Importers, Inc., 177 NLRB 702 (1969) ................................................................................................. 16

Milham Products Co., 114 NLRB 1544 (1955) ............................................................................................ 367

Miller & Anderson, Inc., 364 NLRB No. 39 (2016) ...................................................................................... 176

Miller & Miller Motor Freight Lines, 101 NLRB 581 (1953) ............................................................. 146, 162

Miller Electric Co., 301 NLRB 294 (1991) ....................................................................................................... 269

Miller Industries, Towing Equipment, Inc., 342 NLRB 1074 (2004) ............................................................ 392

Miller Road Dairy, 135 NLRB 217 (1962) .................................................................................................... 220

Millord Refrigerated Services, 326 NLRB 1437 (1998) ................................................................................ 231

Millsboro Nursing & Rehabilitation Center, 327 NLRB 879 (1999) .............................................. 56, 306, 367

Mine Workers, 205 NLRB 509 (1973)........................................................................................................... 127

Ming Quong Children’s Center, 210 NLRB 899 (1974) ............................................................................... 14

Minidoka Irrigation District, 175 NLRB 880 (1969) ..................................................................................... 219

Minn-Dak Farmers Cooperative, 311 NLRB 942 (1993) ............................................................................ 130

Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, 194 NLRB 371 (1972) ....................................................................... 18, 295

Minneapolis Star & Tribune Co., 222 NLRB 342 (1976) ............................................................................ 194

Mirage Casino-Hotel, 338 NLRB 529 (2002) .............................................................................................. 214

Miratti’s, Inc., 132 NLRB 699 (1961) .............................................................................................................. 81

Mission Industries, 283 NLRB 1027 (1987) .................................................................................................. 382

Mississippi Power & Light Co., 328 NLRB 965 (1999) ................................................................................ 227

Mississippi Power Co., 332 NLRB 530 (2000) ............................................................................................. 314

Missouri Beef Packers, 175 NLRB 1100 (1969) ............................................................................................ 130

Missouri Red Quarries, Inc.; NLRB v., 853 F.3d 920 (8th Cir. 2017), enfg. 363 NLRB No. 102 (2017) ....... 246

Mistletoe Express Service, 268 NLRB 1245 (1984) ...................................................................................... 125

Mistletoe Operating Co., 122 NLRB 1534 (1959) ............................................................................................ 15

Mitchellace, Inc., 314 NLRB 536 (1994) ....................................................................................................... 271

MJ Metal Products, 325 NLRB 240 (1997) ........................................................................................... 245, 249

MJM Studios of New York

336 NLRB 1255 (2001) ............................................................................................................... 123, 282

338 NLRB 980 (2003) ........................................................................................................................ 314

Mo’s West, 283 NLRB 130 (1989) .................................................................................................................. 77

Mobil Oil Corp., 169 NLRB 259 (1968) ........................................................................................................ 210

Mod Interiors, 324 NLRB 164 (1997)........................................................................................... 354, 355, 356

Modern Hard Chrome Service Co.

124 NLRB 1235 (1959) ................................................................................................................... 65, 77

187 NLRB 82 (1970) ........................................................................................................................... 387

Modesto Radiology Imaging, Inc., 361 NLRB No. 84 (2014) ....................................................... 229, 239, 249

Mohawk Bedding Co., 204 NLRB 277 (1973) .............................................................................................. 340

449

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Mohawk Flush Doors, Inc., 281 NLRB 410 (1986) ......................................................................................... 60

Moloney Electric Co., 169 NLRB 464 (1968) ............................................................................................... 212

Mon Valley United Health Services, 227 NLRB 728 (1977) ............................................................................. 5

Monarch Building Supply, 276 NLRB 116 (1985) .................................................................................... 376

Monarch Federal Savings & Loan Assn., 236 NLRB 874 (1978) ................................................................. 304

Monfort of Colorado, 298 NLRB 73 (1990) .............................................................................................. 392

Monfort, Inc., 318 NLRB 209 (1995) ............................................................................................................. 377

Monmouth Medical Center

234 NLRB 328 (1978) ......................................................................................................................... 372

247 NLRB 508 (1980) .......................................................................................................................... 51

Monongahela Power Co., 176 NLRB 915 (1969) .......................................................................................... 196

Mono-Trade Co., 323 NLRB 298 (1997) ....................................................................................................... 316

Monroe Auto Equipment Co., 186 NLRB 90 (1970), on remand from 406 F.2d 177 (5th Cir. 1969) ......... 363

Monroe Mfg. Co., 200 NLRB 62 (1972) ........................................................................................................ 371

Monroe Tube Co., 220 NLRB 302 (1975) ..................................................................................................... 328

Monsanto Chemical Co.

108 NLRB 870 (1950) ........................................................................................................................ 89

147 NLRB 49 (1964) ........................................................................................................................... 116

Monsanto Co., 172 NLRB 1461 (1968) ....................................................................................................... 214

Monsanto Research Corp., 185 NLRB 137 (1970) ....................................................................................... 142

Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., 115 NLRB 1396 (1956) ...................................................................... 195, 196

Monte Vista Disposal Co., 307 NLRB 531 (1992) ...................................................................................... 373

Montgomery Ward & Co.

123 NLRB 135 (1959) ......................................................................................................................... 290

124 NLRB 343 (1959) ......................................................................................................................... 358

137 NLRB 346 (1962) ................................................................................................................... 94, 107

143 NLRB 587 (1963).......................................................................................................................... 95

150 NLRB 598 (1965) ................................................................................................................. 160, 200

193 NLRB 992 (1971) ....................................................................................................................... 200

195 NLRB 1031 (1972) ..................................................................................................................... 135

225 NLRB 547 (1976) ......................................................................................................................... 198

259 NLRB 280 (1981) ................................................................................................................. 272, 273

Montville Warehousing Co., 158 NLRB 952 (1966) ...................................................................................... 92

Moore Business Forms, Inc., 204 NLRB 552 (1973) ..................................................................................... 140

Moore Drop Forging Co., 168 NLRB 984 (1967) .................................................................................... 99, 105

Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc.

139 NLRB 796 (1962) ................................................................................................................. 164, 194

181 NLRB 510 (1970) .......................................................................................................................... 88

Morand Bros. Beverage Co., 91 NLRB 409 (1950), enfd. 190 F.2d 576 (7th Cir. 1951) .............................. 139

Morgan Linen Service, 131 NLRB 420 (1961) ............................................................................................ 168

Morgan Manor Nursing & Rehabilitation Center, 319 NLRB 552 (1995) ..................................................... 43

Morgan Services, 339 NLRB 463 (2003) .............................................................................................. 71, 316

Morganton Full Fashioned Hosiery Co.; NLRB v., 241 F.2d 913 (4th Cir. 1957) ......................................... 141

Morris Road Partners, LLC v. NLRB, 637 Fed. Appx. 682 (3d Cir. 2016) ................................................... 175

Mosler Safe Co.

188 NLRB 650 (1971) ................................................................................................................ 151, 271

216 NLRB 9 (1975) ............................................................................................................................ 103

Motherhouse of Sisters of Charity, 232 NLRB 318 (1977) ........................................................................ 13, 24

Motion Picture Machine Operators Local 330 (Western Hills Theatres), 204 NLRB 1057 (1973) ........... 27

450

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Motor Transport Labor Relations, 139 NLRB 70 (1962) .............................................................................. 278

Motts Shop Rite of Springfield, 182 NLRB 172 (1970). ................................................................................ 141

Mount Airy Psychiatric Center, 253 NLRB 1003 (1981) ............................................................................... 188

Mount Sinai Hospital, 233 NLRB 507 (1977) ........................................................................................ 286, 296

Mount St. Joseph’s Home for Girls, 229 NLRB 251 (1977) .......................................................................... 148

Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. NLRB, 310 F.2d 478 (10th Cir. 1962) ............................... 196

Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co.

126 NLRB 676 (1960) ........................................................................................................................ 196

136 NLRB 1612 (1962) ........................................................................................................................ 32

175 NLRB 553 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 133

Mountaineer Bolt, 300 NLRB 667 (1990) ...................................................................................................... 328

Mountaineer Park, Inc., 343 NLRB 1473 (2004) ................................................................................... 234, 244

Mourning v. NLRB, 559 F.2d 768 (D.C. Cir. 1977) ...................................................................................... 237

Moveable Partitions, 175 NLRB 915 (1969) ......................................................................................... 88, 169

Mower Lumber Co., 276 NLRB 766 (1985) .................................................................................................. 233

MPE, Inc., 226 NLRB 519 (1976) .................................................................................................................... 93

Mrs. Baird’s Bakeries, 323 NLRB 607 (1997) ............................................................................................... 312

Mrs. Tucker’s Products, 106 NLRB 533 (1953) .............................................................................................. 56

Mt. Carmel Medical Center, 306 NLRB 1060 (1992) ................................................................................. 351

Mueller Energy Services, 323 NLRB 785 (1997) ......................................................................................... 38

Muncie Newspapers, Inc., 246 NLRB 1088 (1979) ..................................................................................... 277

Murphy Bonded Warehouse, 180 NLRB 463 (1970.................................................................................. 357

Musgrave Mfg. Co., 124 NLRB 258 (1959)............................................................................................. 283

Musical Arts Association v. NLRB, 466 Fed. Appx. 7 (D.C. Cir. 2012) ........................................................ 67

MV Transportation, 337 NLRB 770 (2002) ................................................................................................... 122

N. K. Parker Transport, 332 NLRB 547 (2000) ............................................................................................. 176

N. Sumergrade & Sons, 121 NLRB 667 (1958) ............................................................................................... 89

NAPA Columbus Parts Co., 269 NLRB 1052 (1984) .................................................................................. 198

NAPA New York Warehouse, Inc., 75 NLRB 1269 (1948) ............................................................................. 63

Naples Community Hospital, 318 NLRB 272 (1995) ................................................................................... 252

Nathan Katz Realty, LLC v. NLRB, 251 F.3d 981 (D.C. Cir. 2001) ...................................................... 44, 391

Nathan’s Famous of Yonkers, 186 NLRB 131 (1970) ................................................................................... 357

National Brassiere Products Corp., 122 NLRB 965 (1959) ..................................................................... 102

National Broadcasting Co.

104 NLRB 587 (1953) ......................................................................................................................... 100

202 NLRB 396 (1973) ......................................................................................................................... 201

231 NLRB 942 (1977) ........................................................................................................................ 183

National Can Corp., 170 NLRB 926 (1968) ................................................................................................... 133

National Carloading Corp., 167 NLRB 801 (1967) ............................................................................... 75, 135

National Cash Register Co.

166 NLRB 173 (1967) .............................................................................................................. 139, 159

168 NLRB 910 (1968) ......................................................................................................................... 266

201 NLRB 846 (1973) .................................................................................................................. 91, 102

National Detective Agencies, 237 NLRB 451 (1978) .................................................................................... 23

National Electric Coil, 199 NLRB 1017 (1972) ........................................................................................ 63, 70

National Freight, Inc., 153 NLRB 1536 (1965) .............................................................................................. 220

National Gypsum Co., 133 NLRB 1492 (1961) .......................................................................................... 315

National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, 330 NLRB 670 (2000) ..................................................... 327

National Licorice Co., 85 NLRB 140 (1949) ................................................................................................. 148

451

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

National Posters, 289 NLRB 468 (1988) ................................................................................................... 130

National Public Radio, Inc., 328 NLRB 75 (1999) ...................................................................................... 324

National Seal Div. of Federal Mogul, 176 NLRB 619 (1969) ........................................................................ 109

National Steel & Shipbuilding Co., 324 NLRB 499 (1997), enfd. 156 F.3d 1268 (D.C. Cir. 1998) ......... 360

National Torch Tip Co., 107 NLRB 1271 (1954) .......................................................................................... 289

National Transportation Service

231 NLRB 980 (1977) ........................................................................................................................... 17

240 NLRB 565 (1979) ......................................................................................................................... 12

National Van Lines

117 NLRB 1213 (1957) ......................................................................................................................... 61

120 NLRB 1343 (1958)....................................................................................................................... 381

National Welders Supply Co., 145 NLRB 948 (1964) ..................................................................................... 69

Nationsway Transport Service, 316 NLRB 4 (1995) ..................................................................................... 290

Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of America, 223 NLRB 1439 (1976) ..................................................................... 197

Natural Gas Utility District of Hawkins County, 167 NLRB 691 (1967) ...................................................... 17

Natural Gas Utility of Hawkins County; NLRB v., 402 U.S. 600 ......................................................... 17, 18, 19

Navajo Tribe v. NLRB, 288 F.2d 162 (D.C. Cir. 1961), cert. denied 366 U.S. 928 (1961) ............................. 9

NCR Corp. v. NLRB, 840 F.3d 838 (D.C. Cir. 2016) .................................................................................... 302

NCR Corp., 236 NLRB 215 (1978) ............................................................................................................... 142

Nebraska Consolidated Mills, Inc., 165 NLRB 639 (1967) ........................................................................... 358

Necedah Screw Machine Products, 323 NLRB 574 (1997) ........................................................................... 233

Neighborhood Legal Services, 236 NLRB 1269 (1978) ................................................................................ 192

Nelson Name Plate Co., 122 NLRB 467 (1959) ........................................................................................... 102

Nelson Tree Service, Inc., 361 NLRB No. 161 (2014).................................................................................. 329

Nestle Dairy Systems, 311 NLRB 987 (1993), enf. denied 46 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 1995).............................. 348, 350

Nestle Dreyer’s Ice Cream Co. v. NLRB, 821 F.3d 489 (4th Cir. 2016) ....................................................... 144

Nestle Ice Cream Co. v. NLRB, 46 F.3d 578 (6th Cir. 1995) ............................................................................. 348

Network Ambulance Services, 329 NLRB 1 (1999) .............................................................................. 344, 345

Network Dynamics Cabling, 351 NLRB 1423 (2007) ........................................................................... 228, 241

Neuro Affiliates Co.; NLRB v., 702 F.2d 184 (9th Cir. 1983) ....................................................................... 316

Nevada Club, 178 NLRB 81 (1969) ...................................................................................................... 99, 186

Nevada Security Innovations, 337 NLRB 1108 (2002) .................................................................................. 351

New Britain Transportation Co., 330 NLRB 397 (1999) ....................................................... 159, 161, 162, 163

New Deal Cab Co., 159 NLRB 1838 (1966) .................................................................................. 110, 146, 149

New England Lead Burning Co., 133 NLRB 863 (1961) .............................................................................. 105

New England Lithographic Co.; NLRB v., 589 F.2d 29 (1st Cir. 1978) ................................................ 281, 282

New England Power Co., 120 NLRB 666 (1958) ........................................................................................ 151

New England Telephone & Telegraph Co.

179 NLRB 527 (1969) ................................................................................................................................ 257

179 NLRB 531 (1969) ....................................................................................................................... 105

242 NLRB 793 (1979) ......................................................................................................................... 196

New England Telephone Co., 280 NLRB 162 (1986) ................................................................................. 164

New Enterprise Stone & Lime Co., 172 NLRB 2157 (1968) .................................................................... 180

New Fairview Hall Convalescent Home, 206 NLRB 688 (1973), enfd. 520 F.2d 1316 (2d Cir. 1975),

cert. denied 423 U.S. 1053 (1976) ............................................................................................................ 45

New Hotel Monteleone, 127 NLRB 1092 (1960) ............................................................................................. 51

New Jersey Natural Gas Co., 101 NLRB 251 (1953) ..................................................................................... 91

New Jersey Newspapers, 322 NLRB 394 (1996) ................................................................... 239, 242, 245, 246

New Laxton Coal Co., 134 NLRB 927 (1961) ................................................................................................. 54

452

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

New Otani Hotel & Garden, 331 NLRB 1078 (2000) ........................................................................................ 74

New York Center for Rehabilitation Care, 346 NLRB 447 (2006) .................................................................. 76

New York Display & Die Cutting Corp., 341 NLRB 930 (2004) .......................................................... 277, 279

New York Hilton, 193 NLRB 313 (1971) ........................................................................................................ 62

New York Shipping Assn.

107 NLRB 364 (1954) ......................................................................................................................... 319

109 NLRB 310 (1954) ....................................................................................................................... 367

New York Telephone Co., 109 NLRB 788 (1954) ......................................................................... 367, 369, 379

New York University

205 NLRB 4 (1973) ..................................................................................................................... 202, 280

221 NLRB 1148 (1975) ....................................................................................................................... 237

332 NLRB 1205 (2000) .............................................................................................................. 203, 287

Newark Newspaper Pressmen’s Union, 194 NLRB 566 (1971) .................................................................... 227

Newark Portfolio JV, LLC v. NLRB, 658 Fed. Appx. 649 (3d Cir. 2016)................................................. 386

Newburg Eggs, 357 NLRB 2191 (2011) ........................................................................................................ 344

Newburgh Mfg. Co., 151 NLRB 763 (1965) ............................................................................................. 279

Newman Livestock-11, Inc., 361 NLRB No. 32 (2014) .................................................................................... 2

Newport News Shipbuilding Co., 239 NLRB 82 (1978),

enf. denied on other grounds 594 F.2d 8 (4th Cir. 1979) ..................................................................... 370

News Syndicate Co., 164 NLRB 422 (1967) ................................................................................................. 222

News/Sun-Sentinel Co., 290 NLRB 1171 (1988) ........................................................................................... 130

News-Journal Co., 185 NLRB 158 (1970), enfd. 447 F.2d 65 (3d Cir. 1971),

cert. denied 404 U.S. 1016 (1972) ........................................................................................................ 222

Newspaper Guild, Local 47 (Pulitzer Publishing), 272 NLRB 1195 (1984) ...................................................... 249

News-Press Publishing Co., 145 NLRB 803 (1964) ........................................................................................ 99

Newton-Wellesley Hospital, 219 NLRB 699 (1975) .............................................................................. 279, 280

Niagara University, 227 NLRB 313 (1977) .................................................................................................... 202

Niagara Wires, Inc., 237 NLRB 1347 (1978) ................................................................................................. 368

Niblock Excavating, Inc., 337 NLRB 53 (2001) ............................................................................................ 344

Nichols House Nursing Home, 332 NLRB 1428 (2000) ................................................................... 303, 311

Nordam, Inc., 173 NLRB 1153 (1969) ........................................................................................................... 314

Norfolk Southern Bus Corp., 76 NLRB 488 (1948) ................................................................................. 51, 149

Norris-Thermador Corp., 119 NLRB 1301 (1958) ............................................................................. 311, 322

North American Aviation, 162 NLRB 1267 (1967) ....................................................................................... 212

North American Plastics Corp., 326 NLRB 835 (1998) ................................................................................. 381

North American Rockwell Corp., 193 NLRB 985 (1971) .............................................................................. 146

North American Van Lines, 288 NLRB 38 (1988) ......................................................................................... 221

North Arkansas Electric Cooperative, 185 NLRB 550 (1970) ..................................................................... 268

North Carolina Mutual, 109 NLRB 625 (1954) ........................................................................................... 191

North General Hospital, 314 NLRB 14 (1994) ....................................................................... 246, 247, 255, 311

North Hills Office Services, 342 NLRB 437 (2004) ..................................................................................... 159

North Macon Health Care Facility, 315 NLRB 359 (1994) ................................................................. 322, 355

North Manchester Foundry, Inc., 328 NLRB 372 (1999) ............................................................................. 39

North Memorial Medical Center, 224 NLRB 218 (1976) ............................................................................. 185

North Shore Club, 169 NLRB 854 (1968) ...................................................................................................... 186

North Shore Weeklies, Inc., 317 NLRB 1128 (1995) ............................................................................ 227, 252

Northcrest Nursing Home, 313 NLRB 491 (1993) .................................................................................. 245, 254

453

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Northeast Iowa Telephone Co.

341 NLRB 670 (2004) .......................................................................................................................... 43

346 NLRB 465 (2006) ......................................................................................................................... 367

Northern California Visiting Nurses Assn., 299 NLRB 980 (1990) ............................................................... 278

Northern Pacific Sealcoating, 309 NLRB 759 (1992) .............................................................................. 76, 107

Northern States Beef, 311 NLRB 1056 (1993) ................................................................................................. 32

Northern Telecom Systems, 297 NLRB 256 (1989) ...................................................................................... 375

Northern Trust Co., 69 NLRB 652 (1946) ..................................................................................................... 53

Northgate Cinema, Inc., 233 NLRB 586 (1977) ........................................................................................... 27

Northrop Aircraft, Inc., 106 NLRB 23 (1953) ............................................................................................ 365

Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding, Inc., 357 NLRB 2015 (2011) ........................................................... 144, 275

Northshore Fabricators & Erectors, Inc., 230 NLRB 346 (1977) ................................................................... 315

Northwest Community Hospital, 331 NLRB 307 (2000) ............................................................................... 324

Northwest Florida Legal Services, 320 NLRB 92 (1995) ............................................................................... 242

Northwest Packing Co., 65 NLRB 890 (1946) .......................................................................................... 382

Northwest Steel, Inc., 200 NLRB 108 (1972) ........................................................................................ 229, 245

Northwestern University, 362 NLRB No. 167 (2015) ........................................................................................ 2

Nouveau Elevator Industries, 326 NLRB 470 (1998) .................................................................................. 381

Nova Plumbing, Inc. v. NLRB, 330 F.3d 531 (D.C. Cir. 2003) ..................................................................... 112

Nova Southeastern University, 325 NLRB 728 (1998) ...................................................................................... 202

Novato Disposal Services

328 NLRB 820 (1999) ................................................................................................. 159, 161, 162, 163

330 NLRB 632 (2000) ......................................................................................................................... 183

Novelis Corp., 364 NLRB No. 101 (2016) ..................................................................................................... 351

Novi American Inc.–Atlanta, 234 NLRB 421 (1978) ..................................................................................... 271

Novi American, 309 NLRB 544 (1992)................................................................................................. 341, 342

Novotel New York, 321 NLRB 624 (1996) ...................................................................................................... 348

NSTAR Elec. Co.; NLRB v., 798 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2015) ....................................................................... 230, 242

Nu Skin International, Inc., 307 NLRB 223 (1992) ....................................................................... 346, 348, 360

Nu-Aimco, Inc., 306 NLRB 978 (1992) ......................................................................................................... 120

Nursing Center at Vineland, 318 NLRB 337 (1995) .................................................................................... 44

NV Energy, Inc., 362 NLRB No. 5 (2015) ........................................................................................ 131, 155, 197

NVF Co., 210 NLRB 663 (1974) .................................................................................................................. 349

Nyack Hospital, 238 NLRB 257 (1978) ........................................................................................................ 373

NYES Corp., 343 NLRB 791 (2004).............................................................................................................. 334

NYP Acquisition Corp., 332 NLRB 1041 (2001) ..................................................................................... 177

O & T Warehousing Co., 240 NLRB 386 (1979) ......................................................................................... 51

O. D. Jennings & Co., 68 NLRB 516 (1946) .................................................................................................. 49

O. E. Butterfield, Inc., 319 NLRB 1004 (1995) .............................................................................................. 316

O. E. Szekely & Associates, 117 NLRB 42 (1957) ........................................................................................ 322

O. K. Van & Storage Co., 122 NLRB 795 (1958) ................................................................................ 369, 374

O’Brien Memorial

308 NLRB 553 (1992) .............................................................................................................. 159, 162

310 NLRB 943 (1993) ......................................................................................................................... 362

O’Connor Motor, Inc., 100 NLRB 1146 (1952) ............................................................................................... 83

O’Sullivan, Muckle, Kron Mortuary, 246 NLRB 164 (1980) ........................................................................ 176

Oak Park Nursing Care Center, 351 NLRB 27 (2007) ........................................................... 234, 243, 244, 254

Oakwood Care Center, 343 NLRB 659 (2004) .............................................................................................. 176

Oakwood Healthcare, Inc., 348 NLRB 686 (2006) ................................................. 225, 228, 234, 238, 239, 240

454

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Oberthur Technologies of America Corp., 362 NLRB No. 198 (2015) ................................................. 323, 328

Ocala Star Banner, 97 NLRB 384 (1951) ....................................................................................................... 288

Odebrecht Contractors of Florida, Inc., 326 NLRB 33 (1998) ....................................................................... 31

Odwalla, Inc., 357 NLRB 1608 (2011) .......................................................................................................... 144

Oesterlein Services for Youth; NLRB v., 649 F.2d 399 (6th Cir. 1981), enfg. 243 NLRB 563 (1979) ....... 387

Offner Electronics, Inc., 127 NLRB 991 (1960) ................................................................................................ 362

Offshore Express, Inc., 267 NLRB 378 (1983) ....................................................................................... 6, 24

Ogden Enterprises, Ltd., 248 NLRB 290 (1980) .............................................................................................. 81

Ogden Ground Services, 339 NLRB 869 (2003) .............................................................................................. 21

OHD Service Corp., 313 NLRB 901 (1994) ................................................................................................... 234

Ohio Casualty Insurance Co., 175 NLRB 860 (1969) .................................................................................... 275

Ohio Masonic Home, 295 NLRB 390 (1989)............................................................................................ 243, 248

Ohio Power Co. v. NLRB, 176 F.2d 385, 387 (6th Cir. 1949), cert. denied 338 U.S. 899 (1949) ................. 224

Ohio Public Interest Campaign, 284 NLRB 281 (1987) .................................................................................. 14

Ohio State Legal Services Assn., 239 NLRB 594 (1978)............................................................................... 247

Okeh Caterers, 179 NLRB 535 (1969) ........................................................................................................... 221

Oklahoma Installation Co.

305 NLRB 812 (1991) ........................................................................................................... 72, 160, 181

325 NLRB 741 (1998) ......................................................................................................................... 112

Old Angus Restaurant, 165 NLRB 675 (1967) ............................................................................................ 74, 82

Olin Mathieson Chemical Corp.

115 NLRB 1501 (1956) ...................................................................................................................... 116

117 NLRB 665 (1957) ...................................................................................................................... 272

Olinkraft, Inc., 179 NLRB 414 (1969) ........................................................................................................... 211

Olympia Auto Dealers Assn., 243 NLRB 1086 (1979) ................................................................................. 173

Omahaline Hydraulics Co., 340 NLRB 916 (2003) ....................................................................................... 315

Omni International Hotel, 283 NLRB 475 (1987) .......................................................................................... 190

Onan Corp., 338 NLRB 913 (2003) ............................................................................................................... 345

Open Taxi Lot Operation, 240 NLRB 808 (1979) ........................................................................................... 4

Operating Engineers Local 181 (Steel Fab), 292 NLRB 354 (1989) ............................................................. 148

Operating Engineers Local 49 (Catholic Cemeteries), 295 NLRB 966 (1989) ................................................ 10

Operating Engineers Local 701 (Cascade Employers Assn.), 132 NLRB 648 (1961) ................................... 169

Orange Blossom Manor, 324 NLRB 846 (1997) ............................................................................................ 312

Orchard Industries, 118 NLRB 798 (1957) .................................................................................................... 282

Oregon Labor Management Relations Board, 163 NLRB 17 (1967) ................................................................. 3

Oregon Macaroni Co., 124 NLRB 1001 (1959) .............................................................................................. 98

Oregon Teamsters’ Security Plan Office, 119 NLRB 207 (1958) ................................................................ 6, 67

Oregon Washington Telephone Co., 123 NLRB 339 (1959) ....................................................................... 359

Ore-Ida Foods, 313 NLRB 1016 (1994) ......................................................................................................... 213

Oritz Funeral Home Corp., 250 NLRB 730 (1981) ....................................................................................... 186

Orleans Mfg. Co., 120 NLRB 630 (1958) ..................................................................................................... 363

Orleans Transportation Service, 217 NLRB 483 (1975) .................................................................................. 227

Orson E. Coe Pontiac-GMC Trucks, Inc., 328 NLRB 688 (1999) ................................................................... 43

Osram Sylvania, Inc., 325 NLRB 758 (1998)......................................................................................... 314, 384

Otasco, Inc., 278 NLRB 376 (1986) ............................................................................................................... 289

Otis Elevator Co., 116 NLRB 262 (1957) ...................................................................................................... 275

Otis Hospital, Inc., 219 NLRB 164 (1975) ................................................................................................ 271

Ottawa Machine Products Co., 120 NLRB 1133 (1958) .................................................................................. 70

Outokumpu Copper Franklin, Inc., 334 NLRB 263 (2001) ......................................................................... 282

455

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Overhead Door Co., 178 NLRB 481 (1969) ................................................................................................... 86

Overnite Transportation Co. (Dayton, Ohio Terminal), 334 NLRB 1074 (2001) ............................................ 67

Overnite Transportation Co.

141 NLRB 384 (1963) ......................................................................................................................... 151

158 NLRB 879 (1966) ......................................................................................................................... 332

322 NLRB 347 (1996), rehearing denied 322 NLRB 723 (1996) ...................................................... 183

322 NLRB 723 (1996) ...................................................................................................... 139, 140, 141

325 NLRB 612 (1998) ......................................................................................................................... 182

331 NLRB 662 (2000) ........................................................................................................ 139, 142, 182

333 NLRB 472 (2001) ..................................................................................................................... 45, 67

333 NLRB 1392 (2001) ........................................................................................................................ 125

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 179 NLRB 219 (1969) .............................................................................. 363

Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corp., 140 NLRB 1323 (1963) ........................................................................... 281

Owens-Illinois, Inc., 271 NLRB 1235 (1984) ................................................................................................ 346

Oxford Chemicals, 286 NLRB 187 (1987) .................................................................................................... 288

P. Ballantine & Sons, 141 NLRB 1103 (1963) .............................................................................................. 139

P. D. Gwaltney, Jr., & Co., 74 NLRB 371 (1947) .............................................................................. 352, 363

P. G. Gray, 128 NLRB 1026 (1960) ............................................................................................................ 283

P. J. Dick Contracting, 290 NLRB 150 (1988) ....................................................................................... 150, 181

P.B.R. Co., 216 NLRB 602 (1975) ................................................................................................................. 315

Pacemaker Mobile Homes, 194 NLRB 742 (1972) ....................................................................................... 183

Pacific Beach Hotel, 342 NLRB 372 (2004) .................................................................................................. 305

Pacific Coast Assn. of Pulp & Paper Mfrs., 121 NLRB 990 (1958) ....................................................... 94, 95

Pacific Coast M.S. Industries, 355 NLRB 1422 (2010) .......................... 228, 229, 233, 234, 239, 246, 301, 376

Pacific Coast Shipbuilders Assn., 157 NLRB 384 (1966) ...................................................................... 130, 131

Pacific Gas & Electric Co.

89 NLRB 938 (1950) ........................................................................................................................... 381

97 NLRB 1397 (1951).......................................................................................................................... 56

Pacific Grain Products, 309 NLRB 690 (1992) ...................................................................... 370, 371, 372, 388

Pacific Intermountain Express Co., 105 NLRB 480 (1953) ........................................................................... 298

Pacific Lincoln-Mercury, Inc., 312 NLRB 901 (1993)................................................................... 145, 288, 324

Pacific Lutheran University, 361 NLRB No. 157 (2014) ........................................................... 22, 23, 203, 269

Pacific Maritime Assn.

112 NLRB 1280 (1955) ..................................................................................................................... 382

185 NLRB 780 (1970) ......................................................................................................................... 267

Pacific Motor Trucking Co., 132 NLRB 950 (1961) ....................................................................................... 96

Pacific Northwest Bell, 173 NLRB 1441 (1969) ........................................................................................... 196

Pacific Southwest Container, 283 NLRB 79 (1987)....................................................................................... 351

Pacific States Steel Corp., 121 NLRB 641 (1958) ....................................................................................... 69

Pacific Tile & Porcelain Co., 137 NLRB 1358 (1962) .......................................................... 289, 313, 315, 316

Pacifica Foundation-KPFA, 186 NLRB 825 (1970) ...................................................................................... 10

Packard Motor Car Co. v. NLRB, 330 U.S. 485 (1947) ............................................................................. 139, 232

Packerland Packing Co., 185 NLRB 653 (1970) ........................................................................................... 359

Palace Laundry Dry Cleaning Corp, 75 NLRB 320 (1948) ......................................................................... 267

Pall Biomedical Products Corp., 331 NLRB 1674 (2000) ............................................................................. 108

Palmer Mfg. Corp., 105 NLRB 812 (1953) .................................................................................................. 148

Palmetto Prince George Operating, LLC v. NLRB , 841 F.3d 211 (2016) .................................................... 230

Pan American Airways, 188 NLRB 121 (1971) ............................................................................................... 77

Panda Terminals, 161 NLRB 1215 (1966) ................................................................................................... 92

456

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Panera Bread, 361 NLRB No. 142 (2014) ...................................................................................................... 160

Panorama Air Tour, 204 NLRB 45 (1973) ...................................................................................................... 21

Pan-Oston Co., 336 NLRB 305 (2001) .......................................................................................................... 252

Paper Mfrs. Co.; NLRB v., 786 F.2d 163 (3d Cir. 1986) ............................................................................... 142

Paprikas Fono, 273 NLRB 1326 (1984) ................................................................................................. 302, 384

Paragon Products Corp., 134 NLRB 662 (1961) .................................................................................... 108, 110

Paramount Metal & Finishing Co., 223 NLRB 1337 (1976) ......................................................................... 119

Paris Mfg. Co., 163 NLRB 964 (1967) ........................................................................................................... 209

Park Manor Care Center, 305 NLRB 872 (1991) ........................................................... 143, 188, 189, 215, 276

Parke Davis & Co., 173 NLRB 313 (1969) .................................................................................................... 298

Parker Jewish Geriatric Institute, 304 NLRB 153 (1990) ............................................................................... 133

Parkview Gardens, 166 NLRB 697 (1967) ................................................................................................... 9, 13

Parkwood IGA Foodliner, 210 NLRB 349 (1974) ......................................................................................... 287

Parsons Investment Co., 152 NLRB 192 (1965) .................................................................................. 139, 161

Parsons School of Design; NLRB v., 793 F.2d 503 (2d Cir. 1986) ............................................................. 43

Pasha Services, 235 NLRB 871 (1978) .......................................................................................................... 298

Passavant Health Center

278 NLRB 483 (1986) ......................................................................................................................... 120

284 NLRB 887 (1987) ................................................................................................................... 243, 249

Passavant Retirement & Health Center v. NLRB, 149 F.3d 243 (3d Cir. 1998) ............................................ 248

Passavant Retirement & Health Center, 313 NLRB 1216 (1994) ................................................... 76, 154, 159

Pat’s Blue Ribbons, 286 NLRB 918 (1987)........................................................................................... 277, 281

Pathology Institute, 320 NLRB 1050 (1996) ....................................................................................... 123, 188

Patient Care, 360 NLRB 637 (2014) .............................................................................................................. 374

Patsy Bee, Inc. v. NLRB, 654 F.2d 515 (8th Cir. 1981) ................................................................................ 341

Patterson-Sargent Div. of Textron, 173 NLRB 1290 (1969) ......................................................................... 93

Pavilion at Crossing Pointe, 344 NLRB 582 (2005) .................................................................................. 314

Pawating Hospital Association, 222 NLRB 672 (1976) ................................................................................. 286

Paxton Wholesale Grocery Co., 123 NLRB 316 (1959) ................................................................................ 150

Pay Less Drug Stores, 127 NLRB 160 (1960) .............................................................................................. 140

Payless, 157 NLRB 1143 (1966) .................................................................................................................... 200

PCMC/Pacific Crane Maintenance Co., 359 NLRB 1206 (2013),

incorporated by reference at 362 NLRB No. 120 (2015) .................................................................... 145

Pea Ridge Iron Ore Co., 335 NLRB 161 (2001) ....................................................................................... 373

Peabody Coal Co., 197 NLRB 1231 (1972) ........................................................................................... 108, 109

Peabody Engineering Co., 95 NLRB 952 (1951) ........................................................................................... 376

Peachtree City Warehouse, Inc., 158 NLRB 1031 (1966) ............................................................................ 347

Peacock Productions of NBC Universal Media, 364 NLRB No. 104 (2016) .......... 230, 235, 238, 240, 241, 246

Pearl Packing Co., 116 NLRB 1489 (1957) ............................................................................................. 53, 56

Pearson Education, Inc., 336 NLRB 979 (2001) ......................................................................................... 385

Peavey Co., 249 NLRB 853 (1980) ............................................................................................................... 267

PECO Energy Co., 322 NLRB 1074 (1997) ................................................... 196, 197, 239, 242, 245, 271, 272

Peco, Inc., 204 NLRB 1036 (1973) .................................................................................................................. 40

Peerless Plywood Co., 107 NLRB 427 (1954) ....................................................................................... 357, 358

Peerless Products Co., 114 NLRB 1586 (1956) ............................................................................................. 143

Peerless Publications, Inc., 190 NLRB 658 (1971) ....................................................................................... 131

Peirce-Phelps, Inc., 341 NLRB 585 (2004) ............................................................................................ 271, 324

Pen Mar Packaging Corp., 261 NLRB 874 (1982) ...................................................................................... 281

Peninsula General Tire Co., 144 NLRB 1459 (1963) ................................................................................. 81, 82

457

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Penland Paper Converting Corp., 167 NLRB 868 (1967) .............................................................................. 342

Penn Color, Inc., 249 NLRB 1117 (1980) .............................................................................................. 140, 163

Penn Tank Lines, Inc., 336 NLRB 1066 (2001) ............................................................................................... 125

Penn-Keystone Realty Corp., 191 NLRB 800 (1971) ....................................................................... 13, 105, 298

Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 343 NLRB 846 (2004) ............................................................ 223

Pennsylvania Garment Mfrs. Assn., 125 NLRB 185 (1959) ............................................................ 70, 147, 150

Pennsylvania Labor Relations Board v. Butz, 192 A.2d 707 (1963) ................................................................ 33

Pennsylvania State Assn. of Boroughs, 267 NLRB 71 (1983) ......................................................................... 19

Pennsylvania Truck Lines, Inc., 199 NLRB 641 (1972) ................................................................ 227, 245, 252

Pennsylvania Virtual Charter School, 364 NLRB No. 87 (2016) ......................................................... 13, 18, 23

Penske Dedicated Logistics, 320 NLRB 373 (1995) ................................................................................... 375

Pentagon Barber Shop, 255 NLRB 1248 (1981) ............................................................................................. 5

Pentagon Plaza, Inc., 143 NLRB 1280 (1963) ................................................................................................ 31

People Care, Inc.

311 NLRB 1075 (1993) ..................................................................................................................... 224

314 NLRB 1188 (1994) ......................................................................................................................... 43

Peoples Drug Stores, Inc., 202 NLRB 1145 (1973) ....................................................................................... 368

Peoria Journal Star, Inc., 117 NLRB 708 (1957) ........................................................................................ 194

Peoria Plastic Co., 117 NLRB 545 (1957) ..................................................................................................... 350

Peoria Union Stock Yards Co., 116 NLRB 263 (1956)...................................................................................... 4

Pep Boys–Manny, Moe & Jack, 339 NLRB 421 (2003) .............................................................................. 312

Peppermill Hotel Casino, 325 NLRB 1202 (1998)......................................................................................... 335

Pepsi Beverage Co., 362 NLRB No. 25 (2015) ............................................................................................. 157

Pepsi-Cola Bottlers, 173 NLRB 815 (1969) ..................................................................................................... 92

Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co. of Cincinnati, 189 NLRB 105 (1971) ...................................................................... 262

Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co.

154 NLRB 490 (1965) ......................................................................................................... 174, 233, 242

289 NLRB 736 (1988) ........................................................................................................................ 360

291 NLRB 578 (1988) ......................................................................................................................... 363

Pepsi-Cola Co.

315 NLRB 1322 (1995) .................................................................................................................... 314

327 NLRB 1062 (1999) ..................................................................................................... 225, 232, 237

Perdue Farms, Inc.

320 NLRB 805 (1996) ....................................................................................................................... 384

328 NLRB 909 (1999) .................................................................................................................... 56, 57

Performance Measurements Co., 148 NLRB 1657 (1964) ............................................................................. 391

Pergament United Sales, 296 NLRB 333 (1989) .......................................................................................... 192

Permaneer California Corp., 175 NLRB 348 (1969) ........................................................................................ 91

Permanente Medical Group, 187 NLRB 1033 (1971) ...................................................................... 87, 259, 295

Perry Broadcasting, Inc., 300 NLRB 1140 (1999) ........................................................................................ 200

Personal Products Corp., 114 NLRB 959 (1955) .......................................................................... 281, 282, 312

Pet Inn’s Grooming Shoppe, 220 NLRB 828 (1975) ................................................................................... 27

Peter Kiewit Sons’ Co., 231 NLRB 76 (1977) ............................................................................................... 175

Peterein & Greenlee Construction Co., 172 NLRB 2110 (1968) ..................................................................... 2

Petrochem Insulation, Inc., 341 NLRB 473 (2004) .................................................................................... 341

Petroleum Carrier Corp., 126 NLRB 1031 (1958) ...................................................................................... 352

Petroleum Chemicals, Inc., 121 NLRB 630 (1958) ........................................................................................ 260

Pharmaseal Laboratories, 199 NLRB 324 (1972) ............................................................................................. 86

Phelps Community Medical Center, 295 NLRB 486 (1989) .................................................. 226, 230, 244, 249

458

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Phelps Dodge Corp. v. NLRB, 313 U.S. 177 (1941) ...................................................................................... 311

Phelps Dodge Corp., 177 NLRB 531 (1969) ................................................................................................. 350

Philadelphia Building Trades Council (Altemose Construction), 222 NLRB 1276 (1970).............................. 81

Philadelphia Co., 84 NLRB 115 (1949) ......................................................................................................... 116

Philadelphia Daily News, Inc., 113 NLRB 91 (1955) .................................................................................... 195

Philadelphia Electric Co., 110 NLRB 320 (1955) .......................................................................................... 196

Philco Corp., 146 NLRB 867 (1964) .............................................................................................................. 182

Phillips Chrysler Plymouth, 304 NLRB 16 (1991) ................................................................................ 334, 361

Phipps Houses Services, 320 NLRB 876 (1996) ............................................................................................ 7, 9

Phoenician, 308 NLRB 826 (1992) ................................................................................................................ 142

Phoenix Mechanical, 303 NLRB 888 (1991) ......................................................................................... 350, 362

Phoenix Systems & Technologies, Inc., 321 NLRB 1166 (1996) .................................................................... 20

Photype, Inc., 145 NLRB 1268 (1964) ................................................................................................. 154, 297

Pickle Bill’s, Inc., 229 NLRB 1091 (1977) ....................................................................................................... 8

Picoma Industries, 296 NLRB 498 (1989) ............................................................................................ 363, 364

Pictsweet Mushroom Farm, 329 NLRB 852 (1999) ...................................................................................... 218

Pierre Apartments, 217 NLRB 445 (1975) ....................................................................................................... 37

Piggly Wiggly California Co., 144 NLRB 708 (1963) ................................................................................... 146

Piggly Wiggly El Dorado Co., 154 NLRB 445 (1965) ............................................................................. 280

Piggly-Wiggly #011, 168 NLRB 792 (1967) ................................................................................................ 390

Pike Co., 314 NLRB 691 (1994) .............................................................................................................. 56, 319

Pikeville United Methodist Hospital of Kentucky v. NLRB, 109 F.3d 1146 (6th Cir. 1997) ....................... 12

Pillowtex Corp., 234 NLRB 560 (1978) ....................................................................................................... 390

Pillsbury Mills, Inc., 92 NLRB 172 (1951) ..................................................................................................... 90

Pilot Freight Carriers, Inc.

221 NLRB 1026 (1975), enf. denied 558 F.2d 205 (4th Cir. 1977) ....................................................... 227

223 NLRB 286 (1976) ......................................................................................................................... 342

Pine Brook Care Center, 322 NLRB 740 (1996) ..................................................................................... 226, 245

Pine Shores, Inc., 321 NLRB 1437 (1996) ........................................................................................... 304, 366

Pine Transportation, 197 NLRB 256 (1972) .................................................................................................. 109

Pineville Kraft Corp., 173 NLRB 863 (1969) ............................................................................................ 121

Pioneer Bus Co., 140 NLRB 54 (1963) .......................................................................................... 110, 149, 150

Pipe Machinery Co., 76 NLRB 247 (1948) .................................................................................................... 317

Pit Stop Markets, 279 NLRB 1124 (1986) ...................................................................................................... 27

Pittsburgh Metallurgical Co., 95 NLRB 1 (1951) .......................................................................................... 286

Plains Cooperative Oil Mill, 123 NLRB 1709 (1959).............................................................................. 56, 69

Planned Parenthood Assn., 217 NLRB 1098 (1975) ....................................................................................... 13

Plant City Welding & Tank Co., 119 NLRB 131 (1957)................................................................................ 350

Playskool Mfg. Co., 140 NLRB 1417 (1963) ......................................................................................... 332, 333

Plaza Provision Co., 134 NLRB 910 (1962) ....................................................................................... 182, 185

Plimpton Press, 140 NLRB 975 (1963) .......................................................................................................... 88

Plough, Inc., 203 NLRB 818 (1973)....................................................................................................... 133, 156

Plumbers Local 195 (Jefferson Chemical Co.), 237 NLRB 1099 (1978) ...................................................... 247

Plumbers Local 460 (L. J. Construction), 236 NLRB 1435 (1978) .................................................................... 8

Plumbers Local 669 (Lexington Fire Protection Group), 318 NLRB 347 (1995) .......................................... 173

Plumbing Contractors Assn., 93 NLRB 1081 (1951) ........................................................................ 150, 180

Plumbing Distributors, Inc., 248 NLRB 413 (1980) ..................................................................................... 155

Plymouth Shoe Co., 185 NLRB 732 (1970) ..................................................................................... 72, 123, 146

Plymouth Towing Co., 178 NLRB 651 (1969)....................................................................................... 311, 313

459

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Point East Condominium Owners Assn., 193 NLRB 6 (1971) ........................................................................ 11

Polar Ware Co., 139 NLRB 1006 (1962) ................................................................................................... 97, 99

Polish National Alliance v. NLRB, 322 U.S. 643 (1944) ................................................................................... 1

Poly-America, Inc., 328 NLRB 667 (1999) .................................................................................................. 236

Polymers, Inc., 174 NLRB 282 (1969), enfd. 414 F.2d 999 (2d Cir. 1969),

cert. denied 396 U.S. 1010 (1970) ....................................................................................................... 368

Ponce Television Corp., 192 NLRB 115 (1971) .......................................................................................... 356

Pontiac Osteopathic Hospital, 327 NLRB 1172 (1999) .......................................................... 257, 259, 295, 323

Poole Foundry & Machine Co., 95 NLRB 34 (1951), enfd. 192 F.2d 740 (4th Cir. 1951),

cert. denied 342 U.S. 954 (1952) ................................................................................................. 120, 128

Poplar Living Center, 300 NLRB 888 (1990) ........................................................................................ 302, 334

Portage Transfer Co., 204 NLRB 787 (1973) ............................................................................................ 219

Porter Drywall, Inc., 362 NLRB No. 6 (2015) ............................................................................................. 220

Post Houses, Inc.

161 NLRB 1159 (1966) ....................................................................................................... 277, 283, 286

173 NLRB 1320 (1969) ................................................................................................................. 89, 108

Postal Service

210 NLRB 477 (1974) ......................................................................................................................... 275

348 NLRB 25 (2006) ..................................................................................................................... 71, 108

Post-Newsweek Stations, 203 NLRB 522 (1973) ................................................................................... 201, 226

Post-Newsweek Station-WPLG-TV, 217 NLRB 14 (1975) ........................................................................... 226

Potato Growers Cooperative Co., 115 NLRB 1281 (1956) ............................................................................ 27

Potlatch Forests, 94 NLRB 1444 (1951) .......................................................................................................... 90

Potomac Electric Power Co., 111 NLRB 553 (1955) ................................................................................. 50, 52

Potters Medical Center, 289 NLRB 201 (1988) ........................................................................................... 130

Power Piping Co., 291 NLRB 494 (1988) .................................................................................................... 64

Powerful Gas No. 1, 181 NLRB 104 (1970)..................................................................................................... 27

PPG Industries

180 NLRB 477 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 134

350 NLRB 225 (2007) ......................................................................................................................... 364

Prairie Meadows Racetrack & Casino, 324 NLRB 550 (1997) ................................................................ 12, 24

Pratt & Whitney, 327 NLRB 1213 (1999) ................................................................................... 43, 259, 275

Pratt (Corrugated Logistics), LLC, 360 NLRB 304 (2014) .......................................................................... 331

Pratt Institute, 339 NLRB 971 (2003) .............................................................................................................. 38

Precise Castings, Inc.; NLRB v., 915 F.2d 1160 (7th Cir. 1990), enfg. 294 NLRB 1164 (1989),

cert. denied 499 U.S. 959 (1991) ....................................................................................................... 383

Precision Bulk Transport, 279 NLRB 437 (1986) .......................................................................................... 221

Precision Products Group, Inc., 319 NLRB 640 (1995) ......................................................................... 305, 329

Premcor, Inc., 333 NLRB 1365 (2001) ............................................................................ 75, 132, 134, 154, 156

Premier Living Center, 331 NLRB 123 (2000) .............................................................32, 38, 44, 131, 323, 325

Premier Plastering, Inc., 342 NLRB 1072 (2004) ............................................................................... 152, 181

Premier Utility Services, 363 NLRB No. 159 (2016) ..................................................................................... 302

Premium Fine Coal, 262 NLRB 428 (1982) ................................................................................................... 381

President Container, Inc., 328 NLRB 1277 (1999) ........................................................................................ 336

Price National Corp., 102 NLRB 1393 (1953) ................................................................................................. 90

Prince Gardner, 231 NLRB 96 (1977) ............................................................................................................ 265

Prince Telecom, 347 NLRB 789 (2006) ......................................................................................... 159, 161, 162

Printing Industry of Seattle, Inc., 202 NLRB 558 (1973) ....................................................................... 154, 155

Priority One Services, 331 NLRB 1527 (2000) ............................................................................................... 125

460

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Private Medical Group of New Rochelle, 218 NLRB 1315 (1975)) ............................................................. 13

Proctor & Gamble Paper Products Co., 251 NLRB 492 (1980) ..................................................................... 214

Proctor-Silex Corp., 159 NLRB 598 (1966) ................................................................................................... 365

Produce Magic, Inc.

311 NLRB 1277 (1993) ....................................................................................................................... 218

318 NLRB 1171 (1995) ......................................................................................................................... 2

Professional Facilities Management, Inc., 332 NLRB 345 (2000) ................................................................. 176

Program Aids Co., 163 NLRB 145 (1967) ..................................................................................................... 356

Progressive Service Die Co., 323 NLRB 183 (1997) ..................................................................................... 154

Progressive Transportation Services, 340 NLRB 1044 (2003) ...................................................... 234, 243, 244

Promedica Health Systems, 343 NLRB 1351 (2004), enfd. in relevant part 206 Fed. Appx. 405 (6th Cir. 2006),

cert. denied 549 U.S. 1338 (2007) .......................................................................................................... 244

Providence Hospital, 320 NLRB 717 (1996) ................................................................................................. 242

Providence Television, Inc., 194 NLRB 759 (1972) ...................................................................................... 105

Prudential Insurance Co., 106 NLRB 237 (1953) ............................................................................................ 97

Pruner Health Services, 307 NLRB 529 (1992) ............................................................................................. 374

PSM Steel Construction, 309 NLRB 1302 (1992) ............................................................................................ 74

PTI Communications, 308 NLRB 918 (1992) ................................................................................................ 267

Public Service Co. of New Hampshire, 190 NLRB 350 (1971) ............................................................. 93, 154

Public Storage, 295 NLRB 1034 (1989)......................................................................................................... 328

Publix Super Markets, 343 NLRB 1023 (2004) ..................................................................................... 142, 143

Puerto Rico Cement Corp., 97 NLRB 382 (1951) ............................................................................................ 70

Pulau Corp., 363 NLRB No. 8 (2015) .............................................................................................................. 42

Pulitzer Publishing Co., 203 NLRB 639 (1973) ............................................................................................ 200

Pullman Industries, Inc., 159 NLRB 580 (1966) ............................................................................................ 125

Pullman Standard Division of Pullman, Inc., 214 NLRB 762 (1974) ............................................................ 265

Purity Baking Co., 121 NLRB 75 (1958) ......................................................................................................... 97

Purity Food Stores, Inc.

150 NLRB 1523 (1965) ..................................................................................................................... 163

160 NLRB 651 (1966) ......................................................................................................................... 139

Purity Supreme, Inc., 197 NLRB 915 (1972) ......................................................................................... 142, 161

Purolator Courier Corp., 300 NLRB 812 (1990) ......................................................................................... 261

Purolite, 330 NLRB 37 (1999) ...................................................................................................................... 358

Purple Communications, Inc., 361 NLRB No. 43 (2014) ...................................................... 333, 342, 361, 392

Pyper Construction Co., 177 NLRB 707 (1969) ............................................................................................. 322

Q. B. Rebuilders, Inc., 312 NLRB 1141 (1993) ..................................................................................... 364, 365

Q-T Tool Co., 199 NLRB 500 (1972) ........................................................................................................ 316

Quadrex Environmental Co., 308 NLRB 101 (1992) .................................................................................. 232

Quaker City Life Insurance Co.; NLRB v., 319 F.2d 690 (4th Cir. 1963) ............................................. 151, 165

Quality Inn Waikiki, 297 NLRB 497 (1989) ............................................................................................... 130

Quality Limestone Products, Inc., 143 NLRB 589 (1963) ............................................................................. 169

Quality Transport Inc., 211 NLRB 198 (1974) ................................................................................................ 227

Quantum Resources Corp., 305 NLRB 759 (1991) ........................................................................................ 176

Queen City Railroad Construction, Inc., 150 NLRB 1679 (1965) ......................................................... 72, 319

Queen Kapiolani Hotel, 316 NLRB 655 (1995) ............................................................................................ 369

Queen Mary, 317 NLRB 1303 (1995) ............................................................................................ 225, 247, 248

Quest International, 338 NLRB 856 (2003) ................................................................................................. 361

Quick Shop Markets, 200 NLRB 830 (1972) ................................................................................................. 377

R & D Trucking, 327 NLRB 531 (1999) ........................................................................ 159, 161, 162, 270, 271

461

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

R. B. Butler, Inc., 160 NLRB 1595 (1966) ............................................................................................ 180, 181

R. Dakin & Co.

191 NLRB 343 (1971), enf. denied 477 F.2d 492 (9th Cir. 1973),

on remand 207 NLRB 521 (1973) ................................................................................................ 327

284 NLRB 98 (1987) ........................................................................................................................... 344

R. H Osbrink Mfg. Co., 114 NLRB 940 (1955) ............................................................................................. 389

R. L. White Co., 262 NLRB 575 (1982) ........................................................................................................ 346

R. W. Bozel Transfer, 304 NLRB 200 (1991) ................................................................................................ 221

Radio & Television Station WFLA, 120 NLRB 903 (1958) ..................................................................... 200

Radio Corp. of America

89 NLRB 699 (1950) ............................................................................................................................. 57

141 NLRB 1134 (1963) .............................................................................................................. 154, 297

173 NLRB 440 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 210

Radio Union Local 1264 v. Broadcast Service, 380 U.S. 255 (1965) ............................................................ 174

Raleigh County Commission on Aging, 331 NLRB 924 (2000) .................................................................. 347

Raley’s Supermarkets, 143 NLRB 256 (1963) ................................................................................................. 71

Raley’s, Inc., 256 NLRB 946 (1981), affd. on remand 272 NLRB 1136 (1984) ........................................... 362

Ramada Beverly Hills, 278 NLRB 691 (1986) .............................................................................................. 191

Ramona’s Mexican Food Products, Inc., 217 NLRB 867 (1975) ................................................................... 236

Rancho Los Coyotes Country Club, 170 NLRB 1773 (1968) .......................................................................... 15

Randall Rents of Indiana, 327 NLRB 867 (1999) ........................................................................................ 336

Randell Warehouse of Arizona

328 NLRB 1034 (1999) ...................................................................................................................... 360

347 NLRB 591 (2006) ........................................................................................................................ 360

Randolph Metal Works, 147 NLRB 973 (1964) ............................................................................................. 115

Range Systems Emergency Support, 326 NLRB 1047 (1998).................................................................... 24

Rapera, Inc., 333 NLRB 1287 (2001) ............................................................................................................... 33

Rapid Armored Corp., 323 NLRB 709 (1997) ...................................................................................... 62, 262

Rappahannock Sportswear Co., 163 NLRB 703 (1967) ........................................................................ 49, 101

Raritan Valley Broadcasting Co., 122 NLRB 90 (1959) .................................................................................. 11

Rattan Art Gallery, Ltd., 260 NLRB 255 (1982)............................................................................................ 382

Rawson Contractors, 302 NLRB 782 (1991) ................................................................................................. 176

Ray, Davidson & Ray, 131 NLRB 433 (1961) .................................................................................................. 9

Ray’s Sentry, 319 NLRB 724 (1995) ............................................................................................................ 200

Raymond F. Kravis Center for the Performing Arts, 351 NLRB 143 (2007) ..................................... 76, 129

Raymond’s, Inc., 161 NLRB 838 (1966) .......................................................................................................... 86

Raytee Co., 228 NLRB 646 (1977) ................................................................................................................ 271

Raytheon Co.; NLRB v., 918 F.2d 249 (1st Cir. 1990) .................................................................................. 293

RB Associates, 324 NLRB 874 (1997)........................................................................................... 159, 162, 247

RBE Electronics of S.D., 320 NLRB 80 (1995) ...................................................................................... 175

RCA Communications, Inc., 154 NLRB 34 (1965) ................................................................................... 6, 266

RCA Del Caribe, Inc., 262 NLRB 963 (1982) ............................................................................................... 101

RCA OMS, Inc., 202 NLRB 228 (1973) .......................................................................................................... 24

Reade Mfg. Co., 100 NLRB 87 (1951) .......................................................................................................... 311

Reading Eagle Co., 306 NLRB 871 (1992) .................................................................................................... 268

Ready Mix USA, Inc., 340 NLRB 946 (2003) .......................................................................... 145, 146, 147

Ready Mix, Inc., 337 NLRB 1189 (2002) ................................................................................................... 331

Ready Mixed Concrete & Materials, 122 NLRB 318 (1959) ............................................................................. 5

Recana Solutions, 349 NLRB 1163 (2007) ...................................................................................................... 12

462

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Recipe Foods, Inc., 145 NLRB 924 (1964) .................................................................................................... 282

Recycle America, 310 NLRB 629 (1993) ..................................................................................................... 333

Red & White Airway Cab Co., 123 NLRB 83 (1959)...................................................................................... 17

Red Arrow Freight Lines, 278 NLRB 965 (1986) .................................................................................... 313

Red Carpet Building Maintenance Corp., 263 NLRB 1286 (1982) ............................................................. 355

Red Hook Telephone Co., 168 NLRB 260 (1967) ......................................................................................... 196

Red Lion, 301 NLRB 33 (1991) .......................................................................................................... 324, 391

Red Lobster, 300 NLRB 908 (1990) .............................................................................................................. 161

Red Owl Stores, Inc., 114 NLRB 176 (1955) ................................................................................................ 378

Redieh Interstate, Inc., 255 NLRB 1073 (1980) ............................................................................................. 221

Redman Industries, 174 NLRB 1065 (1969) ................................................................................................ 122

Reds Express, 268 NLRB 1154 (1984) .......................................................................................................... 344

Reflector-Hardware Corp., 121 NLRB 1544 (1958) ...................................................................................... 376

Regal Health and Rehab Center, Inc., 354 NLRB 466 (2009),

incorporated by reference at 355 NLRB 352 (2010) ........................................................................... 248

Regency Hyatt House

171 NLRB 1347 (1968) ....................................................................................................................... 190

180 NLRB 489 (1969) ................................................................................................................. 371, 383

Regional Medical Center at Memphis, 343 NLRB 346 (2004) ................................................................... 18, 19

Reliance Insurance Cos., 173 NLRB 985 (1969) ................................................................................... 191, 206

Reliant Energy

339 NLRB 66 (2003) ........................................................................................................................... 307

357 NLRB 2098 (2011) ....................................................................................................................... 344

Renal Care of Buffalo, 347 NLRB 1284 (2006) ............................................................................................. 312

Renco Electronics, Inc.

325 NLRB 1196 (1998) ....................................................................................................................... 305

330 NLRB 368 (1999) ......................................................................................................................... 371

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 218 NLRB 1435 (1975) ............................................................................. 282

Renton Issaquah Freightlines, 311 NLRB 178 (1993) .................................................................................. 341

Renzetti’s Market, 238 NLRB 174 (1978) .................................................................................................... 163

Repcal Brass Mfg. Co., 109 NLRB 4 (1954) .............................................................................................. 373

Republic Electronics, 266 NLRB 852 (1983) ............................................................................................... 329

Republic Steel Corp., 131 NLRB 864 (1961) ................................................................................................ 271

Republican Co.

169 NLRB 1146 (1968) ............................................................................................................... 152, 210

361 NLRB No. 15 (2014) ............................................................................. 235, 243, 244, 246, 267, 268

Res-Care, Inc., 280 NLRB 670 (1986) ............................................................................................................ 12

Research Foundation of the City University of New York

337 NLRB 965 (2002) ........................................................................................................................... 18

350 NLRB 201 (2007) ........................................................................................................................ 203

Research Foundation-SUNY, 350 NLRB 197 (2007) .................................................................................... 203

Resort Nursing Home v. NLRB, 389 F.3d 1262 (D.C. Cir. 2004) .................................................................. 173

Retail Associates, Inc., 120 NLRB 388 (1958) ................................................................................ 81, 171, 172

Retail Clerks Local 324 (Vincent Drugs), 144 NLRB 1247 (1963) ......................................................... 134

Retail Clerks Local 428, 163 NLRB 431 (1967) ......................................................................................... 269

Retail Clerks Local 870 (White Front Stores), 192 NLRB 240 (1971) .......................................................... 156

Retail Clerks Local 880, 153 NLRB 255 (1965) ............................................................................................ 269

Retail Store Employees Local 692 (Irvins, Inc.), 134 NLRB 686 (1961) ..................................................... 115

Retail Wholesale Union District 65 (Eastern Camera & Photo Corp.), 141 NLRB 991 (1963) ........... 73, 308

463

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Retro Environmental, Inc., 364 NLRB No. 70 (2016).................................................................... 123, 124, 176

Rett Electronics, 169 NLRB 1111 (1968) ...................................................................................................... 378

Revere Copper & Brass, Inc., 172 NLRB 1126 (1968) .............................................................................. 122

Rexall Drug Co., 89 NLRB 683 (1950).......................................................................................................... 149

Reymond Baking Co., 249 NLRB 1100 (1980) ............................................................................................. 266

Reynolds Metal Co., 198 NLRB 120 (1972) ............................................................................................. 260

Reynolds Wheels International, 323 NLRB 1062 (1997) ....................................................................... 301, 381

RHCG Safety Corp., 365 NLRB No. 88 (2017) .................................................................................. 356, 357

Rheem Mfg. Co.

188 NLRB 436 (1971) .......................................................................................................................... 91

309 NLRB 459 (1992) .............................................................................................. 369, 370, 386, 387

Rhode Island Hospital, 313 NLRB 343 (1993) ................................................................................... 188, 190

Rhone-Poulenc, Inc., 271 NLRB 1008 (1984) ....................................................................................... 305, 329

Rich’s, Inc., 147 NLRB 163 (1964) ............................................................................................................... 199

Richard A. Glass Co., 120 NLRB 914 (1958) ................................................................................................ 368

Richmond Dry Goods Co., 93 NLRB 663 (1951) .......................................................................................... 152

Ridgely Mfg. Co., 198 NLRB 860 (1972) ................................................................................................... 252

Ridgewood Country Club, 357 NLRB 2247 (2012) ..................................................................................... 355

Riker Laboratories, 156 NLRB 1099 (1966) .................................................................................................. 206

Rinker Materials Corp., 294 NLRB 738 (1989) ............................................................................................. 147

Rio de Oro Uranium Mines, 120 NLRB 91 (1958) ........................................................................................ 342

Rite Aid Corp.

325 NLRB 717 (1998) ......................................................................................................................... 237

326 NLRB 924 (1998) ........................................................................................................................ 384

Rite-Care Poultry Co., 185 NLRB 41 (1970) ................................................................................................. 357

River City Elevator Co., 339 NLRB 616 (2003) ................................................................................... 49, 307

River Parish Maintenance, Inc., 325 NLRB 815 (1998) .............................................................................. 347

Riverchase Health Care Center, 304 NLRB 861 (1991)................................................................................. 248

Riverdale Manor Owners Corp., 311 NLRB 1094 (1993)............................................................................ 9, 11

Riveredge Hospital

251 NLRB 196 (1980) ......................................................................................................................... 322

264 NLRB 1094 (1982) ....................................................................................................................... 351

Rivers Casino, 356 NLRB 1151 (2011) ......................................................................................................... 335

Riverside Church, 309 NLRB 806 (1992) ........................................................................................................ 24

Riverside Manor Home for Adults, 189 NLRB 176 (1971) ........................................................................... 101

Riverside Memorial Chapels, 226 NLRB 2 (1976) ....................................................................................... 186

R-N Market, 190 NLRB 292 (1971) .................................................................................................... 142, 200

Road & Rail Services, 344 NLRB 388 (2005) ................................................................................................ 86

Roadway Package System

288 NLRB 196 (1988) ......................................................................................................................... 221

326 NLRB 842 (1998) ........................................................................................................ 219, 221, 222

Robbins & Myers, Inc., 144 NLRB 295 (1963) ........................................................................... 258, 272, 298

Roberds, Inc., 272 NLRB 1318 (1984) ......................................................................................................... 205

Robert F. Kennedy Medical Center, 336 NLRB 765 (2001) ......................................................................... 378

Robert Greenspan, D.D.S., P.C., 318 NLRB 70 (1995), enfd. 101 F.3d 107 (1996) ............................... 235, 239

Robert Orr–Sysco Food Services

334 NLRB 977 (2001) ......................................................................................................................... 360

338 NLRB 614 (2002), enfd. mem. 184 Fed. Appx. 476 (2006) ......................................... 335, 363, 364

Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, 328 NLRB 912 (1999) ...................................................... 131, 133

464

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co., 137 NLRB 85 (1962) ........................................................................... 275

Robertson Bros. Department Store, Inc., 95 NLRB 271 (1951) .................................................................... 116

Rochelle’s Restaurant, 152 NLRB 1401 (1965) .............................................................................................. 81

Rock Bottom Stores, 312 NLRB 400 (1993) ............................................................................................ 92, 158

Rock Bottom Stores, Inc.; NLRB v., 51 F.3d 366 (2d Cir. 1995) .................................................................... 92

Rock Springs Retail Merchants Assn., 188 NLRB 261 (1971)............................................................... 167, 169

Rockingham Poultry Marketing Cooperative, Inc., 174 NLRB 1278 (1969) ................................................ 184

Rock-Tenn Co., 274 NLRB 772 (1985) ......................................................................................................... 157

Rockwell Mfg. Co., 201 NLRB 358 (1973) ............................................................................................... 355

Rocky Mountain Hospital, 289 NLRB 1347 (1988) ....................................................................................... 99

Rod-Ric Corp.; NLRB v., 428 F.2d 948 (5th Cir. 1970). ............................................................................... 320

Rogan Brothers Sanitation, Inc., 362 NLRB No. 61 (2015) .......................................................................... 175

Rohm & Haas Co., 108 NLRB 1285 (1954) ...................................................................................................... 96

Roland Electrical Co. v. Walling, 326 U.S. 657 (1946) .................................................................................... 3

Rollins Transportation System, 296 NLRB 793 (1989) ................................................................................. 121

Rollins-Purle, Inc., 194 NLRB 709 (1972) .................................................................................................... 156

Romac Containers, Inc., 190 NLRB 238 (1971) ............................................................................................ 136

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore, 216 NLRB 249 (1975) ................................................................ 11

Rome Electrical Systems, Inc., 356 NLRB 170 (2010) .................................................................................. 177

Ron Wiscombe Painting & Sandblasting Co., 194 NLRB 907 (1972) ........................................................... 157

Ronrico Corp., 53 NLRB 1137 (1943) ............................................................................................................... 6

Roofing, Metal & Heating Associates, 304 NLRB 155 (1991) ...................................................................... 269

Roosevelt Memorial Park, Inc., 187 NLRB 517 (1970) ............................................................................. 85, 86

Root Dry Goods Co., 126 NLRB 953 (1960) ......................................................................... 198, 199, 283, 284

Roper Corp., 186 NLRB 437 (1970) .............................................................................................................. 133

Rose Metal Products, 289 NLRB 1153 (1988) ....................................................................................... 135, 231

Rosehill Cemetery Assn., 262 NLRB 1289 (1982) ........................................................................................ 322

Roselyn Bakeries; NLRB v., 471 F.2d 165 (7th Cir. 1972) .......................................................................... 339

Rosenberg Library Assn., 269 NLRB 1173 (1984) ........................................................................................... 19

Rosewood Care Center, 315 NLRB 746 (1994) ............................................................................................. 374

Rosewood Mfg. Co., 263 NLRB 420 (1982) .................................................................................................. 338

Ross-Meehan Foundries, 147 NLRB 207 (1964) ......................................................................................... 150

Rostone Corp., 196 NLRB 467 (1972) ................................................................................................... 152, 297

Roy N. Lotspeich Publishing Co., 204 NLRB 517 (1973) ................................................................ 311, 312

Royal Coach Lines, 282 NLRB 1037 (1987) ................................................................................................. 121

Royal Crown Cola Bottling Co., 150 NLRB 1624 (1964) ......................................................................... 103

Royal Dean Coal Co., 177 NLRB 700 (1969) ............................................................................................... 102

Royal Hearth Restaurant, 153 NLRB 1331 (1965) ..................................................................................... 281

Royal Laundry, 277 NLRB 820 (1985) .......................................................................................................... 324

Royal Packaging Corp., 284 NLRB 317 (1987) ........................................................................................... 327

Roylyn, Inc., 178 NLRB 197 (1969) .............................................................................................................. 315

Roytype, Division of Litton, 199 NLRB 354 (1972) ...................................................................... 59, 60, 103

RPM Products, Inc., 217 NLRB 855 (1975) .................................................................................................... 88

Ruan Transport Corp.

234 NLRB 241 (1978) ......................................................................................................................... 169

315 NLRB 592 (1994) ......................................................................................................................... 375

Ruan Transport v. NLRB, 674 F.3d 672 (7th Cir. 2012) ................................................................................ 384

Rudolph Wurlitzer Co., 117 NLRB 6 (1957) ................................................................................................ 271

Rural Fire Protection Co., 216 NLRB 584 (1975) ........................................................................................ 12

465

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Rush University Medical Center v. NLRB, 833 F.3d 202 (D.C. Cir. 2016) ........................................... 153, 298

Russ Togs, Inc., 187 NLRB 134 (1971) ........................................................................................................... 66

Russelton Medical Group, 302 NLRB 718 (1991) ................................................................................. 140, 259

Rust Engineering Co., 195 NLRB 815 (1972) ............................................................................................... 289

Rusty Scupper, 215 NLRB 201 (1974) ............................................................................................................ 73

Rutland Free Library, 299 NLRB 524 (1990) ..................................................................................................... 9

Ryan Aeronautical Co., 132 NLRB 1160 (1961) ......................................................................................... 258

Ryder Integrated Logistics, Inc., 329 NLRB 1493 (1999) ............................................................................. 154

Ryder Memorial Hospital, 351 NLRB 214 (2007) ............................................................................... 351, 387

Ryder Student Transportation Services, 332 NLRB 1590 (2000) ................................................................ 389

Ryder Truck Rental, Inc., 326 NLRB 1386 (1998) ........................................................ 231, 233, 239, 245, 246

S & C Security, 271 NLRB 1300 (1984) ....................................................................................................... 377

S & I Transportation, 306 NLRB 865 (1992) ................................................................................................. 324

S & S Parts Distributors Warehouse, 277 NLRB 1293 (1985) ....................................................................... 273

S. Abraham & Sons, 193 NLRB 523 (1971) .................................................................................................. 121

S. B. Rest. Of Huntington, Inc., 223 NLRB 1445 (1976) ............................................................................. 136

S. D. Warren Co.

114 NLRB 410 (1956) ...................................................................................................................... 152

150 NLRB 288 (1965) ........................................................................................................................... 67

164 NLRB 489 (1967) ......................................................................................................................... 135

S. H. Kress & Co., 137 NLRB 1244 (1962) ...................................................................................... 49, 53, 56

S. J. Graves & Sons Co., 267 NLRB 175 (1983) ........................................................................................... 181

S. K. Products Corp., 230 NLRB 1211 (1977) ................................................................................................ 23

S. K. Whitty & Co., 304 NLRB 776 (1991) ............................................................................................. 72, 319

S. Lichtenberg & Co., 296 NLRB 1302 (1989) ...................................................................................... 353, 370

S. S. Burford, Inc., 130 NLRB 1641 (1961) ............................................................................................. 90, 112

S. S. Joachim & Anne Residence, 314 NLRB 1191 (1994) ................................................... 116, 266, 268, 320

S. S. Kresge Co., 121 NLRB 374 (1958) ....................................................................................................... 369

S.A.G.E., Inc., 146 NLRB 325 (1964) ............................................................................................................ 193

S.D.I. Operating Partners, L.P., 321 NLRB 111 (1996) ......................................................... 230, 231, 238, 252

S.T.A.R., Inc., 347 NLRB 82 (2006) ......................................................................................................... 348

Sac & Fox Industries, 307 NLRB 241 (1992) .................................................................................................. 9

Sacramento Publishing Co., 57 NLRB 1636 (1944) .................................................................................... 195

Sacramento Steel & Supply, Inc., 313 NLRB 730 (1994) ........................................................................... 328

Sacramento Union, Inc., 160 NLRB 1515 (1966) ........................................................................................ 222

Sadler Bros. Trucking & Leasing Co., 225 NLRB 194 (1976) ................................................................. 382

Safety Cabs, Inc., 173 NLRB 17 (1968) .................................................................................................. 110, 150

Safety Carrier, Inc., 306 NLRB 960 (1992)............................................................................................ 154, 155

Safeway Inc., 338 NLRB 525 (2002) ..................................................................................................... 334, 362

Safeway Stores, Inc.

174 NLRB 1274 (1969) ............................................................................................................... 259, 273

178 NLRB 412 (1969) ........................................................................................................................ 211

256 NLRB 918 (1981) ......................................................................................................... 154, 155, 157

Saga Food Service, 212 NLRB 786 (1974) .................................................................................................... 286

Saginaw Furniture Shops, Inc., 97 NLRB 1488 (1951) .................................................................................... 97

Sahuaro Petroleum & Asphalt Co., 306 NLRB 586 (1992) ........................................................................... 378

Saia Motor Freight Line, 333 NLRB 784 (2001) ........................................................................................... 360

SAIA Motor Freight, Inc., 334 NLRB 979 (2001) ......................................................................................... 331

Saint Gobain Abrasives, Inc., 342 NLRB 434 (2004) ...................................................................................... 125

466

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Saint Marys Hospital, 260 NLRB 1237 (1982) ................................................................................................ 13

Saint Xavier University

364 NLRB No. 85 (2016) ...................................................................................................................... 22

365 NLRB No. 54 (2017) ...................................................................................................................... 22

Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Inc., 337 NLRB 82 (2001) ...................................................................................... 365

Salem Hospital Corp., 357 NLRB No. 119 (2011) .......................................................................................... 45

Salem Hospital, 333 NLRB 560 (2001) .......................................................................................................... 189

Salem Village I, Inc., 263 NLRB 704

(1982)

............................................................................................... 308

Salt & Pepper Nursery School, 222 NLRB 1295 (1976) ................................................................................. 11

Salt Lake Tribune Publishing Co., 92 NLRB 1411 (1951) ......................................................................... 194

Saltwater, Inc., 324 NLRB 343 (1997) ................................................................................................... 284, 285

Sampson Steel & Supply, Inc., 289 NLRB 481 (1988) .............................................................................. 268

Samuel B. Gass, 154 NLRB 728 (1965) ........................................................................................................ 217

San Antonio Light Division, 174 NLRB 934 (1969) ..................................................................................... 222

San Diego Gas & Electric, 325 NLRB 1143 (1998) .................................................................. 300, 301, 381

San Francisco Art Institute, 226 NLRB 1251 (1976) ..................................................................................... 286

San Francisco Bakery Employers Assn., 121 NLRB 1204 (1958) ............................................................. 376

San Francisco Sausage Co., 291 NLRB 384 (1988) ....................................................................................... 371

San Jose Mercury & San Jose News, 200 NLRB 105 (1973) ........................................................................ 132

San Juan Regional Medical Center, 307 NLRB 117 (1992)................................................................... 215, 276

San Manuel Indian Bingo & Casino, 341 NLRB 1055 (2004), enfd. 475 F.3d 1306 (D.C. Cir. 2007) ...... 8, 17

Sanborn Telephone Co., 140 NLRB 512 (1963) ....................................................................... 196, 231, 242

Sands Point Nursing Home, 319 NLRB 390 (1995) ................................................................................... 168

Sandy’s Stores, 163 NLRB 728 (1967) ....................................................................................................... 286

Santa Barbara Distributing Co., 172 NLRB 1665 (1968) .............................................................................. 168

Santa Cruz Hospital, 307 NLRB 506 (1992) ............................................................................................... 187

Santa Fe Trail Transportation Co.

119 NLRB 1302 (1958) ....................................................................................................................... 266

139 NLRB 1513 (1962) ........................................................................................................ 95, 100, 109

Saratoga County Chapter NYSARC, 314 NLRB 609 (1994) ......................................................... 278, 280, 320

Savair Mfg. Co.; NLRB v., 414 U.S. 270 (1973) ........................................................................................ 348

Sav-On Drugs, Inc., 138 NLRB 1032 (1962) ..................................................................................... 160, 197

Sawyer Lumber Co., 326 NLRB 1331 (1998) .............................................................................. 372, 374, 387

SBM Management Services, 362 NLRB No. 144 (2015) .............................................................................. 344

Scandia, 167 NLRB 623 (1967) ..................................................................................................................... 270

Scepter Ingot Castings, 331 NLRB 1509 (2000) .............................................................................................. 74

Schapiro & Whitehouse, Inc.; NLRB v., 356 F.2d 675 (4th Cir. 1966) ......................................................... 353

Schaus Roofing, 323 NLRB 781 (1997) ......................................................................................................... 208

Schick, Inc., 114 NLRB 931 (1956) ............................................................................................................... 311

Scholastic Magazines, Inc., 192 NLRB 461 (1971) ............................................................................ 206, 273

Science Applications Corp., 309 NLRB 373 (1992) ................................................................................... 269

Scoa, Inc., 140 NLRB 1379 (1963) ................................................................................................................ 278

Scolari’s Warehouse Markets, 319 NLRB 153 (1995) .............................................................................. 200

Scrantonian Publishing Co., 215 NLRB 296 (1974) ...................................................................................... 150

SDC Investment, 274 NLRB 556 (1985) ........................................................................................ 351, 386, 392

Sea Breeze Health Care Center, 331 NLRB 1131 (2000) ...................................................................... 347, 362

Seaboard Machinery Corp., 98 NLRB 537 (1951) ........................................................................................... 55

Seaboard Marine Ltd., 327 NLRB 556 (1999) ............................................................................................... 142

Seaboard Warehouse Terminals, 123 NLRB 378 (1959) ................................................................................. 69

467

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Sealite, Inc., 125 NLRB 619 (1959) ....................................................................................................... 143, 281

Sears, Roebuck & Co.

107 NLRB 716 (1954) ........................................................................................................................... 83

112 NLRB 559 (1955) .................................................................................................................. 64, 277

151 NLRB 1356 (1965) ....................................................................................................................... 205

152 NLRB 45 (1965) ........................................................................................................................... 205

160 NLRB 1435 (1966) ..................................................................................................................... 200

172 NLRB 1266 (1968) ....................................................................................................................... 280

180 NLRB 862 (1965) ........................................................................................................................ 205

182 NLRB 777 (1970) ......................................................................................................................... 198

191 NLRB 398 (1971) .............................................................................................................. 142, 198

194 NLRB 321 (1972) ......................................................................................................................... 200

261 NLRB 245 (1982) ......................................................................................................................... 198

292 NLRB 753 (1989) ................................................................................................................. 239, 252

304 NLRB 193 (1991) ......................................................................................................................... 231

319 NLRB 607 (1995) ................................................................................................................. 142, 198

Seattle Mariners, 335 NLRB 563 (2001) ....................................................................................................... 121

Seattle Opera Assn.

323 NLRB 641 (1997) ........................................................................................................................... 40

331 NLRB 1072 (2000) ....................................................................................................................... 311

Seattle University, 364 NLRB No. 84 (2016) .................................................................................................. 22

Seattle-First National Bank, 290 NLRB 571 (1988), enfd. 892 F.2d 792 (9th Cir. 1989),

cert. denied 496 U.S. 925 (1990) .......................................................................................................... 130

Seaway Food Town, Inc., 171 NLRB 729 (1968 ............................................................................................ 131

Security Aluminum Co., 149 NLRB 581 (1964) ........................................................................................... 115

Security Guard Service, 154 NLRB 8 (1965) ................................................................................................ 227

Seedorff Masonry, Inc., 360 NLRB 869 (2014), enf. denied 812 F.3d 1158 (8th Cir. 2016)

......................... 148

Sefton Fibre Can Co., 109 NLRB 360 (1954) ................................................................................................ 106

Semi-Steel Casting Co. v. NLRB, 160 F.2d 388 (8th Cir. 1947), cert. denied 332 U.S. 758 (1947) ............. 375

Seneca Foods Corp., 248 NLRB 1119 (1980) ........................................................................................ 284, 318

Sentry Investigation Corp., 198 NLRB 1074 (1972) ........................................................................................ 62

Service America Corp., 307 NLRB 57 (1992) ......................................................................................... 76, 130

Service Employees International Union Local 715 (Stanford Hospital), 355 NLRB 353 (2010) ................ 76

Service Employees Local 402 (San Diego Facilities Corp.), 175 NLRB 161 (1969) ................................. 18

ServiceMaster Aviation Services, 325 NLRB 786 (1999)................................................................................ 21

Seton Hill College, 201 NLRB 1026 (1973) .................................................................................................. 202

Seton Medical Center, 317 NLRB 87 (1995) ............................................................................................. 85, 86

Seton Medical Center/Seton Coastside, 360 NLRB 302 (2014) ..................................................................... 362

Seven Up Bottling Co., 222 NLRB 278 (1976) ................................................................................................ 70

Seven-Up/Royal Crown Bottling Cos., 323 NLRB 579 (1997); ................................................................... 351

Seville-Sea Isle Hotel Corp., 125 NLRB 299 (1960) ...................................................................................... 212

Sewanee Coal Operators’ Assn., 146 NLRB 1145 (1964) .......................................................................... 386

Sewell Mfg. Co., 138 NLRB 66 (1962).................................................................................................. 343, 352

Sewell Plastics, 241 NLRB 887 (1979) ........................................................................................................ 379

Shadow Broadcast Service, 323 NLRB 1002 (1997) ...................................................................................... 44

Shady Oaks, 229 NLRB 54 (1977) ................................................................................................................. 286

Shannon & Luchs, 166 NLRB 1011 (1967) ................................................................................................... 278

Share Group, Inc., 323 NLRB 704 (1997)........................................................................................................ 56

Shares, Inc., 343 NLRB 455 (2004) ............................................................................................................... 122

468

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Sharnay Hosiery Mills, 120 NLRB 750 (1958) ............................................................................................ 352

Shattuck School, 189 NLRB 886 (1971) ..................................................................................................... 10, 235

Shaw, Inc., 350 NLRB 354 (2007) .......................................................... 229, 230, 235, 239, 241, 243, 244, 249

Shaw’s Supermarkets, 350 NLRB 585 (2007) ................................................................................................. 94

Sheets & Mackey, 92 NLRB 179 (1951)........................................................................................................ 92

Sheffield Corp.

108 NLRB 349 (1954) ........................................................................................................................... 49

123 NLRB 1454 (1959) ............................................................................................................... 143, 289

134 NLRB 1101 (1962) ......................................................................................................... 53, 274, 275

Shelburne Shirt Co., 86 NLRB 1308 (1949) ................................................................................................ 236

Shelby Tissue, Inc., 316 NLRB 646 (1995) ....................................................................................................... 340

Shen-Valley Meat Packers, Inc., 261 NLRB 958 (1982) ......................................................................... 95, 105

Shepard Convention Services, 314 NLRB 689 (1994), enf. denied 85 F.3d 671 (D.C. Cir. 1996) ................ 381

Sheraton Hotel Waterbury, 316 NLRB 238 (1995) ............................................................................ 53, 79, 307

Sheraton Universal Hotel, 350 NLRB 1114 (2007) ............................................................... 234, 242, 244, 247

Sheridan Creations, Inc., 148 NLRB 1503 (1964), enfd. 357 F.2d 245 (2d Cir. 1966) ................................ 172

Sherwin-Williams Co., 173 NLRB 316 (1969) .............................................................................................. 298

Shipowners’ Assn. of the Pacific Coast, 110 NLRB 479 (1954) ................................................................. 382

Shop Rite Foods, Inc.

195 NLRB 133 (1972) ........................................................................................................................ 358

247 NLRB 883 (1980) ........................................................................................................................ 133

Shopping Kart Food Market, 228 NLRB 1311 (1977) ................................................................................... 350

Shore & Ocean Services, 307 NLRB 1051 (1992) ......................................................................................... 346

Showell Poultry Co., 105 NLRB 580 (1953) ......................................................................................... 336, 359

Shrader’s, Inc.; NLRB v., 928 F.2d 194 (6th Cir. 1991) ................................................................................ 346

Sida of Hawaii, Inc., 191 NLRB 194 (1971) .................................................................................................. 269

Sidney Farber Cancer Institute, 247 NLRB 1 (1980) ....................................................................................... 64

Siemens Corp., 224 NLRB 1579 (1976) ...................................................................................................... 276

Siemons Mailing Service, 122 NLRB 81 (1959) ............................................................................................. 26

Sierra Lingerie Co., 191 NLRB 844 (1971) .................................................................................................. 314

Sierra Vista Hospital, Inc., 241 NLRB 631 (1979) .......................................................................................... 64

Signet Testing Laboratories, 330 NLRB 1 (1999) .......................................................................................... 319

Silver Cross Hospital, 350 NLRB 114 (2007) ................................................................................. 42, 215, 302

Silver Spur Casino, 192 NLRB 1124 (1971) .................................................................................................. 186

Silverman’s Men’s Wear, Inc.; NLRB v., 656 F.2d 53 (3d Cir. 1981) ........................................................... 353

Simmons Co., 126 NLRB 656 (1960) ............................................................................................................. 88

Simplot Fertilizer Co., 107 NLRB 1211 (1954) ............................................................................................. 375

Sinclair Co., 164 NLRB 261 (1967) ............................................................................................................... 339

Sinclair Co.; NLRB v., 397 F.2d 157 (1st Cir. 1968) ..................................................................................... 338

Singer Co.

175 NLRB 211 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 355

191 NLRB 179 (1971) ........................................................................................................................ 353

199 NLRB 1195 (1972) ....................................................................................................................... 345

Sioux City Foundry, 323 NLRB 1071 (1997), enfd. 154 F.3d 832 (8th Cir. 1998) ....................................... 129

Sioux Valley Empire Electric Assn., 122 NLRB 92 (1959) ............................................................................. 15

Sir Francis Drake Hotel, 330 NLRB 638 (2000) ......................................................................................... 388

Sisters of Mercy Health Corp., 298 NLRB 483 (1990) .......................................................................... 278, 320

Sisters’ Camelot, 363 NLRB No. 13 (2015) ................................................................................................. 221

Six Flags Over Georgia, Inc., 215 NLRB 809 (1974) .................................................................................... 286

469

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, 192 NLRB 920 (1971) ................................................................................ 9, 179

Skyline Builders, Inc., 340 NLRB 109 (2003) ....................................................................................... 304, 306

Skyway Aviation, Inc., 194 NLRB 555 (1972) ................................................................................................ 20

Slay Transportation Co., 331 NLRB 1292 (2000) .......................................................................................... 221

Smith Co. of California, Inc., 215 NLRB 530 (1974) ................................................................................... 348

Smith Co., 192 NLRB 1098 (1971) ...................................................................................................... 345, 373

Smith’s Food & Drug Centers, 320 NLRB 844 (1996) ................................................................... 49, 56, 121

Smith’s Food & Drug, 295 NLRB 983 (1989) ............................................................................................... 375

Smithers Tire, 308 NLRB 72 (1992) ............................................................................................................. 337

Snap-On Tools, Inc., 342 NLRB 5 (2004) ................................................................................................... 392

SNE Enterprises, 348 NLRB 1041 (2006) .................................................................................................... 367

Soaring Eagle Casino & Resort, 359 NLRB 740 (2013),

incorporated by reference at 361 NLRB No. 73 (2014), enfd. 791 F.3d 648 (6th Cir. 2015) .................. 8

Sociedad Nacional de Marineros de Honduras (United Fruit Co.) McCulloch v., 372 U.S. 10 (1963)............ 23

Society of Independent Motion Picture Producers

94 NLRB 110 (1951) ........................................................................................................................... 321

123 NLRB 1942 (1959) ....................................................................................................................... 321

Soerens Motor Co., 106 NLRB 1388 (1953) ................................................................................................. 376

Sofitel San Francisco Bay, 343 NLRB 769 (2004) ...................................................................................... 387

Solar Aircraft Co., 116 NLRB 200 (1957) .................................................................................................. 275

Solar International Shipping Agency, 327 NLRB 369 (1998) .................................................................... 40

Solvent Services, 313 NLRB 645 (1994)...................................................................................... 302, 371, 377

Some Industries, 204 NLRB 1142 (1973) ................................................................................................... 122

Somerset Valley Rehabilitation & Nursing Center, 357 NLRB 736 (2011)............................................... 350

Somerset Welding & Steel, 291 NLRB 913 (1988) ...................................................................................... 231

Sonfarrel, Inc., 188 NLRB 969 (1971) ................................................................................................... 356, 357

Sonoma Health Care Center, 342 NLRB 933 (2004) ............................................................................. 368, 371

Sonoma-Marin Publishing Co., 172 NLRB 625 (1968) ................................................................................. 148

Sonotone Corp., 90 NLRB 1236 (1950) ................................................................................................. 257, 295

Sorenson Lighted Controls, 286 NLRB 969 (1987) ............................................................................ 380, 384

Soule Glass & Glazing Co., 246 NLRB 792 (1980), enfd. 652 F.2d 1055 (1st Cir. 1981) ................. 175

Sound Contractors Assn., 162 NLRB 364 (1966) .......................................................................................... 121

South Coast Hospice, Inc., 333 NLRB 198 (2000) ........................................................................................ 324

South Coast Terminals, Inc., 221 NLRB 197 (1976) ..................................................................................... 129

South Hills Health System Agency, 330 NLRB 653 (2000) .......................................................................... 189

South Mountain Healthcare & Rehabilitation Center, 344 NLRB 375 (2005) .......................................... 94

South Prairie Construction Co. v. Operating Engineers Local 627, 425 U.S. 800 (1976) ...................... 139, 174

Southeastern Mills, 227 NLRB 57 (1976) ...................................................................................................... 386

Southeastern Newspapers, Inc., 129 NLRB 311 (1961) ................................................................................... 52

Southern Bakeries Co., 139 NLRB 62 (1962) ................................................................................................ 185

Southern Cab Corp., 159 NLRB 248 (1966) ................................................................................................. 223

Southern California Gas Co., 178 NLRB 607 (1969) ....................................................................................... 87

Southern California Water Co., 220 NLRB 482 (1975) ................................................................................. 196

Southern Indian Health Council, 290 NLRB 436 (1988) .................................................................................. 9

Southern Labor Services, 336 NLRB 710 (2001) ................................................................................... 339, 340

Southern Metal Services; NLRB v., 606 F.2d 512 (5th Cir. 1979) ............................................................ 182

Southern Mfg. Co., 144 NLRB 784 (1963) .................................................................................................... 119

Southern Minnesota Supply Co., 116 NLRB 968 (1957) ............................................................................... 116

Southern Moldings, Inc., 219 NLRB 119 (1975) ........................................................................................... 121

470

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Southern Permanente Services, 172 NLRB 1399 (1968) .............................................................................. 101

Southern Power Co., 353 NLRB 1085 (2009), incorporated by reference at 356 NLRB 201 (2010) ........... 164

Southern Radio & Television Equipment Co., 107 NLRB 216 (1954) .......................................................... 55

Southland Containers, 312 NLRB 1087 (1993) ............................................................................................. 390

Southwest Gas Corp.

199 NLRB 486 (1972) ......................................................................................................................... 196

305 NLRB 542 (1991) ......................................................................................................................... 324

Southwestern Michigan Broadcasting Co., 94 NLRB 30 (1951) ................................................................... 381

Southwestern Portland Cement Co., 126 NLRB 931 (1960) ................................................................... 95, 97

Space Mark, Inc., 325 NLRB 1140 (1998) ..................................................................................... 145, 324, 379

Sparta Health Care Center, 323 NLRB 526 (1997) ........................................................................................ 370

Spartan Aviation Industries, 337 NLRB 708 (2002) ...............................................................................................20

Spartan Department Stores, 140 NLRB 608 (1963) ............................................................... 146, 164, 192, 193

Speakman Electric Co., 307 NLRB 1441 (1992) ........................................................................................... 329

Special Citizens Futures Unlimited, 331 NLRB 160 (2000) ........................................................................ 355

Special Machine & Engineering, 282 NLRB 1410 (1987) .............................................................................. 75

Specialty Healthcare & Rehabilitation Center of Mobile, 357 NLRB 934 (2011) ...............................................

...................................................................................................................... 143, 151, 188, 189, 198, 276

Speco Corp., 298 NLRB 439 (1990) ................................................................................................................. 346

Spector Freight System, Inc.

141 NLRB 1110 (1963) ........................................................................................................................ 227

216 NLRB 551 (1975) .......................................................................................................................... 227

Speedee 7-Eleven, 170 NLRB 1332 (1968) ................................................................................................... 223

Speedrack Products Group Limited, 325 NLRB 609 (1998) .......................................................................... 317

Speedway Petroleum, 269 NLRB 926 (1984) ............................................................................................... 312

Spencer Foods, 268 NLRB 1483 (1984) ........................................................................................................... 93

Spentonbush/Red Star Cos., 319 NLRB 988 (1995), enf. denied 106 F.3d 484 (2d Cir. 1997) ..... 226, 242, 245

Sprague Ponce Co., 180 NLRB 281 (1970) .................................................................................................. 341

Sprain Brook Manor Nursing Home, 348 NLRB 851 (2006) ...................................................................... 360

Sprayking, Inc., 226 NLRB 1044 (1976) ...................................................................................................... 355

Sprecher Drilling Corp., 139 NLRB 1009 (1962) .......................................................................................... 320

Springfield Terrace LTD, 355 NLRB 937 (2010) .......................................................................... 107, 230, 238

Springs Industries, 332 NLRB 40 (2000) ....................................................................................................... 335

Spurlino Materials, LLC, 357 NLRB 1510 (2011) ......................................................................................... 174

SPX Corp., 320 NLRB 219 (1995) ................................................................................................................... 340

Square D Co., 169 NLRB 1040 (1968) .......................................................................................................... 210

SSC Mystic Operating Co. v. NLRB, 801 F.3d 302 (D.C. Cir. 2015).............................................................. 30

St. Aloysius Home, 224 NLRB 1344 (1977) .................................................................................................... 14

St. Barnabas Hospital, 355 NLRB 233 (2010) ............................................................................................... 287

St. Clare’s Hospital, 229 NLRB 1000 (1977) ...................................................................................... 285, 287

St. Edmund’s High School, 337 NLRB 1260 (2002) ................................................................................. 22, 25

St. Elizabeth Community Hospital v. NLRB, 708 F.2d 1436 (9th Cir. 1983) .......................................... 13, 312

St. Elizabeth Manor, Inc., 329 NLRB 341 (1999) .......................................................................................... 121

St. Francis Hospital, 282 NLRB 950 (1987) ................................................................................................. 133

St. Francis Medical Center-West, 323 NLRB 1046 (1997) ..................................... 225, 229, 235, 236, 248, 252

St. Francis Pie Shop, Inc., 172 NLRB 89 (1968)................................................................................................ 2

St. Joe Minerals Corp., 295 NLRB 517 (1989) ...................................................................................... 315, 316

St. John of God Hospital, Inc., 260 NLRB 905 (1982) .................................................................................. 122

St. John’s Hospital, 307 NLRB 767 (1992) ........................................................................................... 153, 298

471

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

St. Joseph News-Press, 345 NLRB 474 (2005) .............................................................................................. 222

St. Joseph Riverside Hospital, 224 NLRB 721 (1976) .............................................................................. 376

St. Joseph’s College, 282 NLRB 65 (1986) ..................................................................................................... 21

St. Louis Bakery Employers Labor Council, 121 NLRB 1548 (1958) ............................................................. 97

St. Louis Cordage Mills, 168 NLRB 981 (1967) ............................................................................ 106, 109, 110

St. Louis Packing Co., 169 NLRB 1106 (1968) ............................................................................................ 51

St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 205 NLRB 316 (1973) ............................................................................................ 222

St. Luke’s Health Care Assn., 312 NLRB 139 (1993) ............................................................................... 215

St. Luke’s Health System, Inc., 340 NLRB 1171 (2003) .............................................................................. 166

St. Luke’s Hospital, 234 NLRB 130 (1978) ........................................................................................ 168, 171

St. Margaret Memorial Hospital, 303 NLRB 923 (1991) ............................................................................ 187

St. Mary’s Duluth Clinic Health System, 332 NLRB 1419 (2000) ................................................................ 153

St. Mary’s Hospital, 317 NLRB 89 (1995) ....................................................................................................... 86

St. Mary’s Medical Center, 322 NLRB 954 (1997)......................................................................................... 71

St. Paul Ramsey Medical Center, 291 NLRB 755 (1988) .............................................................................. 25

St. Peter More-4, 327 NLRB 878 (1999) ........................................................................................................ 56

St. Peters Manor Care Center, 261 NLRB 1161 (1982) ........................................................................... 322

St. Petersburg Limousine Service, 223 NLRB 209 (1976) ............................................................................... 227

St. Thomas-St. John Cable TV, 309 NLRB 712 (1992) ............................................................................. 281

St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, 357 NLRB 854 (2011) .................................................................. 153, 298

St. Vincent Hospital, LLC, 344 NLRB 586 (2005) ........................................................................................ 380

Stackhouse Oldsmobile, Inc., 140 NLRB 1239 (1963) .................................................................................. 109

Stamford Taxi, Inc., 332 NLRB 1372 (2000) ................................................................................................ 223

Standard Brands, 214 NLRB 72 (1974) .......................................................................................................... 98

Standard Molding Corp., 137 NLRB 1515 (1962) ......................................................................................... 109

Standard Oil Co.

107 NLRB 1524 (1954) .................................................................................................................... 258

119 NLRB 598 (1958 .......................................................................................................................... 87

147 NLRB 1226 (1964) ..................................................................................................................... 182

230 NLRB 967 (1977) ....................................................................................................................... 221

Standard-Coosa-Thatcher Co., 115 NLRB 1790 (1956) ................................................................................ 380

Standby One Associates, 274 NLRB 952 (1985) ........................................................................................... 116

Stanford Park Hotel, 287 NLRB 1291 (1988) ............................................................................................... 190

Stannah Stairlifts, Inc., 325 NLRB 572 (1998) ............................................................................................. 363

Star Brush Mfg. Co., 100 NLRB 679 (1951) .................................................................................................... 77

Star Expansion Industries Corp., 170 NLRB 364 (1968) ............................................................................ 385

Star Kist Caribe, Inc., 325 NLRB 304 (1998) ............................................................................................. 327

Star Video Entertainment L.P., 290 NLRB 1010 (1988) ................................................................................ 328

STAR, Inc., 337 NLRB 962 (2002) ................................................................................................................ 345

State Bank of India v. NLRB, 808 F.2d 526 (7th Cir. 1986)........................................................................ 353

State Bank of India, 229 NLRB 838 (1977) .................................................................................................... 23

State Bar of New Mexico, 346 NLRB 674 (2006) ............................................................................................ 18

State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 158 NLRB 925 (1966) ............................................... 166, 191

Staten Island University Hospital, 308 NLRB 58 (1992) ............................................................................. 157

Station Operators, 307 NLRB 263 (1992) .............................................................................................. 345, 361

Staub Cleaners, Inc., 171 NLRB 332 (1968) ......................................................................................... 354, 366

Staub Cleaners, Inc.; NLRB v., 357 F.2d 1 (2d Cir. 1966) ............................................................................. 363

Stay Security, 311 NLRB 252 (1993)............................................................................................................... 89

Steeltech Mfg., 315 NLRB 213 (1994) .......................................................................................................... 361

472

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Steelworkers Local 1070 (Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.), 171 NLRB 945 (1968) ..................................... 109

Steelworkers Local 392 (BP Minerals), 293 NLRB 913 (1989) ..................................................................... 131

Steelworkers Local 7912 (U.S. Tsubaki), 338 NLRB 29 (2002) .................................................................... 134

Steiny & Co., 308 NLRB 1323 (1992) ..................................................................................................... 50, 319

Steppenwolf Theatre Co., 342 NLRB 69 (2004) ............................................................................... 280, 320

Stericycle, Inc., 357 NLRB 582 (2011) ........................................................................................................ 348

Sterilon Corp., 147 NLRB 219 (1964) ........................................................................................................... 133

Stern’s, Paramus, 150 NLRB 799 (1965) ............................................................................................. 151, 198

Stevens Trucking, Inc., 226 NLRB 638 (1976) ................................................................................................ 67

Stevenson Equipment Co., 174 NLRB 865 (1969) ......................................................................................... 388

Stewart-Warner Corp.

123 NLRB 447 (1959) ................................................................................................................... 60, 102

273 NLRB 1736 (1985) ....................................................................................................................... 62

Stickless Corp., 115 NLRB 979 (1956) ............................................................................................................ 51

Stock Building Supply, 337 NLRB 440 (2002) ......................................................................................... 83, 84

Stockton Roofing Co., 304 NLRB 699 (1991) ................................................................................................. 50

Stormont-Vail Healthcare, Inc., 340 NLRB 1205 (2003) ....................................................... 162, 163, 166, 189

Stox Restaurant, 172 NLRB 1474 (1968)................................................................................................... 105

Strand Theatre, 235 NLRB 1500 (1978) .......................................................................................................... 26

Stroock & Stroock & Lavan, 253 NLRB 447 (1981) ................................................................................... 192

Stubnitz Greene Corp., 116 NLRB 965 (1957) ............................................................................................. 106

Student Transportation of America, Inc., 362 NLRB No. 156 (2015) ................................................................. 340

Stur-Dee Health Products, 248 NLRB 1100 (1980) ................................................................................. 85, 87

Suburban Journals of Greater St. Louis, 343 NLRB 157 (2004) .................................................................... 343

Suburban Newspaper Group, 195 NLRB 438 (1972) ............................................................. 227, 232, 247, 279

Suburban Newspaper Publications, Inc.

226 NLRB 154 (1976) ......................................................................................................................... 195

230 NLRB 1215 (1977) ......................................................................................................................... 67

Suburban Yellow Taxi Co. v. NLRB, 721 F.2d 366 (D.C. Cir. 1983) ........................................................... 223

Sub-Zero Freezer Co., 271 NLRB 47 (1984) .................................................................................................. 45

Suffolk Banana Co., 328 NLRB 1086 (1999) ...................................................................................... 101, 109

Summa Corp. v. NLRB, 625 F.2d 293 (9th Cir. 1980).................................................................................. 375

Summer’s Living Systems, 332 NLRB 275 (2000) ........................................................................................ 116

Summit Express, Inc., 350 NLRB 592 (2007) ................................................................................................ 177

Sumter Plywood Corp.; NLRB v., 535 F.2d 917 (5th Cir. 1977) .................................................................. 353

Sun Mart Foods, 341 NLRB 161 (2004) ........................................................................................................ 345

SunarHauserman, 273 NLRB 1176 (1984) ................................................................................................... 133

Sunnyvale Medical Clinic, 241 NLRB 1156 (1979) ........................................................................................ 37

Sunoco, Inc., 347 NLRB 421 (2006) .............................................................................................................. 133

Sunray Ltd., 258 NLRB 517 (1981) ............................................................................................................. 289

Sunrise Rehabilitation Hospital, 320 NLRB 212 (1995) ................................................................................ 384

Sunward Materials, 304 NLRB 780 (1991) .................................................................................................. 376

Super K Mart Center (Broadview, Illinois), 323 NLRB 582 (1997).............................................................. 200

Super Value Stores, 283 NLRB 134 (1987)..................................................................................... 71, 155, 156

Superior Baker, 294 NLRB 256 (1989) ......................................................................................................... 231

Superior of Missouri, Inc., 338 NLRB 570 (2002) ........................................................................................ 299

Superior Protection Inc., 341 NLRB 267

(2004)

........................................................................................... 156

Superior Travel Service, 342 NLRB 570 (2004) .............................................................................................. 5

Superior Truss & Panel, Inc., 334 NLRB 916 (2001) ................................................................................ 383

473

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Supermercados Pueblo, 203 NLRB 629 (1973) .................................................................................... 199, 211

Supershuttle International Denver, Inc., 357 NLRB 68 (2011) .................................................................. 65, 66

Supershuttle of Orange County, 330 NLRB 1016 (2000) .............................................................................. 120

Supervalu, Inc., 328 NLRB 52 (1999) .......................................................................................................... 314

Supreme Airport Shuttle LLC, 365 NLRB No. 27 (2017) ............................................................................... 30

Supreme, Victory & Deluxe Cab Cos., 160 NLRB 140 (1966) ................................................................... 26

Sure Tan v. NLRB, 467 U.S. 883 (1984) ....................................................................................................... 311

Surprenant Mfg. Co., 144 NLRB 507 (1963), enfd. 341 F.2d 756 (6th Cir. 1965) .................................. 339

Sutter Mutual Water Co., 160 NLRB 1139 (1966) ........................................................................................ 219

Swedish Medical Center, 325 NLRB 683 (1998) ......................................................................................... 135

Sweetener Supply Corp., 349 NLRB 1122 (2007) ................................................................................. 311, 312

Sweetwater Paperboard, 357 NLRB 1687 (2011) .......................................................................................... 361

Swift & Co.

101 NLRB 33 (1951) ......................................................................................................................... 148

115 NLRB 752 (1956) ........................................................................................................................ 268

119 NLRB 1556 (1958) ....................................................................................................................... 266

124 NLRB 50 (1959) ............................................................................................................................. 65

129 NLRB 1391 (1961) ...................................................................................................... 142, 234, 265

131 NLRB 1143 (1961) ...................................................................................................................... 272

145 NLRB 756 (1963) ............................................................................................................... 95, 97, 99

166 NLRB 589 (1967) ................................................................................................................. 272, 273

213 NLRB 49 (1974) ............................................................................................................................. 90

Swift Cleaners, 191 NLRB 597 (1971) .............................................................................................................. 4

Swissport USA, Inc., 353 NLRB 143 (2003) ................................................................................................... 21

Sylvania Electric Products, 119 NLRB 824 (1958) ..................................................................................... 314

Syosset General Hospital, 190 NLRB 304 (1971) ...................................................................................... 258

Syracuse Region Blood Center, 302 NLRB 72 (1991) .................................................................................. 13

Syracuse University

204 NLRB 641 (1973) ........................................................................................................... 10, 202, 296

325 NLRB 162 (1997) ................................................................................................................. 280, 289

350 NLRB 755 (2007) ........................................................................................................................... 59

System Auto Park & Garage, 248 NLRB 948 (1980) ..................................................................................... 286

System One Corp., 322 NLRB 732 (1996) ....................................................................................................... 20

T & G Mfg., 173 NLRB 1503 (1969) ......................................................................................................... 380

T & L Leasing, 318 NLRB 324 (1995) ............................................................................................ 32, 301, 324

T. H. Rogers Lumber Co., 117 NLRB 1732 (1957) ......................................................................................... 26

Taber Instruments; NLRB v., 421 F.2d 642 (2d Cir. 1970) ....................................................................... 342

Tac/Temps, 314 NLRB 1142 (1994) ...................................................................................................... 261, 262

Taft Broadcasting, 226 NLRB 540 (1976) ..................................................................................................... 226

Tajon, Inc., 269 NLRB 327 (1984) ................................................................................................................. 121

Tallahassee Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 168 NLRB 1037 (1968), enfd. 409 F.2d 201 (5th Cir. 1969) .............. 182

Tampa Sand & Material Co., 129 NLRB 1273 (1961) .................................................................................. 317

Tanforan Pack Food Purveyors Council v. NLRB, 656 F.2d 1358 (9th Cir. 1981) ...................................... 383

Taylor Baking Co., 143 NLRB 566 (1963) ........................................................................................................ 3

Taylor Cadillac, Inc., 310 NLRB 639 (1993) ................................................................................................. 374

Taylor Publishing Co., 167 NLRB 228 (1967)............................................................................................... 355

Taylor Wharton Division, 336 NLRB 157 (2001) .......................................................................................... 334

Taylor-O-Brien Corp., 112 NLRB 1 (1955) ..................................................................................................... 248

TCI Cablevision, 329 NLRB 700 (1999) ....................................................................................................... 344

474

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

TCI West, Inc., 322 NLRB 928 (1997), enf. denied 145 F.3d 1113 (9th Cir. 1998) ................................... 384

TDK Ferrites Corp., 342 NLRB 1006 (2004) .............................................................................................. 214

Teamsters Local 115 (Vila-Barr Co.), 157 NLRB 588 (1966) ................................................................. 148

Teamsters Local 2000, 321 NLRB 1383 (1996)..................................................................................... 6, 21, 66

Teamsters Local 249, 139 NLRB 605 (1962) .................................................................................................. 67

Teamsters Local 295 (Emery Air Freight Corp.), 255 NLRB 1091 (1981) ...................................................... 20

Teamsters Local 299 (Overnite Transportation Co.), 328 NLRB 1231 (1999) .............................. 337, 363

Teamsters Local 327 (American Bread Co.), 170 NLRB 91 (1968) ................................................................ 44

Teamsters Local 449 (Buffalo Linen); NLRB v., 353 U.S. 87 (1957) ........................................................... 167

Teamsters Local 554 (McAllister Transfer), 110 NLRB 1769 (1955) ............................................................. 8

Teamsters Local 705 (K-Mart), 347 NLRB 439 (2006) ............................................................................... 355

Teamsters Local 776 (Rite Aid), 305 NLRB 832 (1991)................................................................................. 71

Teamsters Local 89 (United Parcel Service), 346 NLRB 484 (2006) .................................................... 133, 157

Teamsters Local 980 (Landis Morgan), 177 NLRB 579 (1969) ..................................................................... 363

TEG/LVI Environmental Services, 326 NLRB 1469 (1998) ........................................................................... 351

Tekweld Solutions, Inc., 361 NLRB No. 18 (2014), enfd. 639 Fed. Appx. 16 (2d Cir. 2016) ............... 312, 324

Teledyne Economic Development v. NLRB, 108 F.3d 56 (4th Cir. 1997) ................................................ 12

Television Artists AFTRA, 222 NLRB 197 (1976) ......................................................................................... 26

Television Station WVTV, 250 NLRB 198 (1980) .................................................................................. 86, 87

Telonic Instruments, 173 NLRB 588 (1969) ................................................................................................ 356

Temple Security, Inc., 328 NLRB 663 (1999), enf. denied 230 F.3d 909 (7th Cir. 2000) .......................... 260

Temple University, 194 NLRB 1160 (1972) ................................................................................................. 10

Temptations, 337 NLRB 376 (2001) .................................................................................................................. 3

Ten Broeck Commons, 320 NLRB 806 (1996) .............................................................................. 243, 249, 250

Tennessee Gas Pipeline, 254 NLRB 1031 (1981)....................................................................................... 197

Terminal System, Inc., 127 NLRB 979 (1960) .............................................................................................. 64

Terrace Gardens Plaza, 313 NLRB 571 (1993) .............................................................................................. 375

Terri Lee, Inc., 103 NLRB 995 (1953) ......................................................................................................... 143

Terry Machine Co., 356 NLRB No. 120 (2011) ........................................................................................... 366

Tetrad Co., 122 NLRB 203 (1959) ................................................................................................................. 318

Texas Bus Lines, 277 NLRB 626 (1985) ......................................................................................................... 82

Texas Cartage Co., 122 NLRB 999 (1959) .................................................................................................... 169

Texas Eastman Co., 175 NLRB 626 (1969) ................................................................................................... 72

Texas Empire Pipe Line Co., 88 NLRB 631 (1950) ...................................................................................... 143

Texas Meat Packers, Inc., 130 NLRB 279 (1961) ................................................................................. 44, 336

Texas-Zinc Minerals Corp., 126 NLRB 603 (1960) ......................................................................................... 9

Textile Service Industries, 284 NLRB 1108 (1987) ...................................................................................... 390

Textile Workers Union of America, 138 NLRB 269 (1962) ................................................................. 269, 282

T-H Products Co., 113 NLRB 1246 (1955) ................................................................................................... 116

The Door, 297 NLRB 601 (1990) .................................................................................................................. 247

The Grand, 197 NLRB 1105 (1972) ............................................................................................................... 198

The Sun, 329 NLRB 854 (1999) ........................................................................................................... 75, 132

Thiele Industries, 325 NLRB 1122 (1998) ............................................................................................ 357, 384

Thiokol Chemical Corp., 123 NLRB 888 (1959) ...................................................................................... 116

Third Coast Emergency Physicians, P.A., 330 NLRB 756 (2000) .......................................................... 246, 254

Thomas Electronics, Inc., 109 NLRB 1141 (1954) ....................................................................................... 376

Thomas Products Co., 167 NLRB 732 (1967) ................................................................................................... 342

Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc., 128 NLRB 236 (1960) ......................................................................... 161

Thoreson-McCosh, Inc., 329 NLRB 630 (1999) .......................................................................................... 316

475

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Thorn Americas, Inc., 314 NLRB 943 (1994) ................................................................................................ 314

Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940) .................................................................................................... 337

Thos. de la Rue, Inc., 151 NLRB 234 (1965) ................................................................................................. 104

Threads-Inc., 191 NLRB 667 (1971) .............................................................................................................. 142

Three Oaks, Inc., 178 NLRB 534 (1969) ....................................................................................................... 349

Thriftway Supermarket, 276 NLRB 1450 (1985) ........................................................................................... 331

Thrifty Auto Parts, 295 NLRB 1118 (1989) ................................................................................................... 356

Tiberti Fence Co., 326 NLRB 1043 (1998) ....................................................................................................... 232

Tidelands Marine Services, 116 NLRB 1222 (1956) ...................................................................................... 369

Timber Products Co., 164 NLRB 1060 (1967) ............................................................................................... 214

Times Herald Printing Co., 94 NLRB 1785 (1951) ....................................................................................... 194

Times Square Stores Corp., 79 NLRB 361 (1948) ................................................................................. 44, 315

Tinius Olsen Testing Machine Co., 329 NLRB 351 (1999) ........................................................................... 359

Tito Contractors, Inc.; NLRB v., 847 F.3d 724 (D.C. Cir. 2017) ................................................................... 159

TLI, Inc., 271 NLRB 798 (1984) ................................................................................................................... 176

T-Mobile USA, Inc., 365 NLRB No. 23 (2017) ............................................................................................... 75

TNT Skypack, Inc., 341 NLRB 62 (1993) ....................................................................................................... 21

Toledo Hospital

312 NLRB 652 (1993) ......................................................................................................................... 214

315 NLRB 594 (1994) ........................................................................................................................... 43

Toledo Marine Terminals, Inc., 123 NLRB 583 (1959) ............................................................................... 318

Tol-Pac, Inc., 128 NLRB 1439 (1960) .......................................................................................................... 282

Tom Brown Drilling Co., 172 NLRB 1267 (1968) ........................................................................................ 391

Tom Wood Datsun; NLRB v., 767 F.2d 350 (7th Cir. 1985) ....................................................................... 312

Tom’s Monarch Laundry & Cleaning Co., 168 NLRB 217 (1968) ........................................................... 168

Tomadur, Inc., 196 NLRB 706 (1972) ........................................................................................................... 314

Tops Club, Inc., 238 NLRB 928 (1978) ........................................................................................................ 267

Toto Industries (Atlanta), 323 NLRB 645 (1997) .............................................................................................. 122

Towmotor Corp.

182 NLRB 774 (1970) ..................................................................................................................... 50, 93

187 NLRB 1027 (1971) ............................................................................................................... 211, 294

Town & Country Cadillac, Inc., 267 NLRB 172 (1983) ................................................................................ 348

Town & Country, 194 NLRB 1135 (1972) ............................................................................................... 61, 125

Towne Ford Sales, 270 NLRB 311 (1984) ............................................................................................ 154, 155

Townley Metal & Hardware Co., 151 NLRB 706 (1965) .............................................................................. 272

Townley Sweeping Service, 339 NLRB 301 (2003) ........................................................................................ 25

Tractor Supply Co., 235 NLRB 269 (1978) ................................................................................................... 316

Trade Wind Taxi, 168 NLRB 860 (1968) ...................................................................................................... 88

Trade Winds Drilling Co., 139 NLRB 1012 (1962) ................................................................................... 320

Trailmobile, Division of Pullman, Inc., 221 NLRB 954 (1975) ............................................................ 72, 123

Training School at Vineland, 332 NLRB 1412 (2000) ........................................................................... 248, 251

Trane

338 NLRB 866 (2003) .......................................................................................................................... 163

339 NLRB 866 (2003)................................................................................................................. 159, 163

Trans World Airlines, 211 NLRB 733 (1974) .................................................................................................. 20

Trans-American Video, Inc., 198 NLRB 1247 (1972) ............................................................................. 93, 182

Transcare New York, Inc., 355 NLRB 326 (2010) ........................................................................................ 305

476

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Transcontinental Bus System

119 NLRB 1840 (1958) ......................................................................................................................... 53

178 NLRB 712 (1969) ......................................................................................................................... 146

Trans-East Air, Inc., 189 NLRB 185 (1971) ............................................................................................. 18, 21

Transerv Systems, 311 NLRB 766 (1993) ...................................................................................................... 142

Transportation Maintenance Services, 328 NLRB 691 (1999) ................................................................. 77, 83

Tree-Free Fiber Co., 328 NLRB 389 (1999) ........................................................... 231, 233, 234, 235, 239, 247

Trenton Foods, Inc., 101 NLRB 1769 (1953) .................................................................................................. 55

Trevilla of Golden Valley, 330 NLRB 1377 (2000) ....................................................................... 249, 250, 254

Triangle Publications, Inc., 118 NLRB 595 (1957) ....................................................................................... 266

Tribune Co., 190 NLRB 398 (1971)............................................................................................................... 145

Trico Disposal Service, 191 NLRB 104 (1971) ....................................................................................... 5, 26

Trico Products Corp.

169 NLRB 287 (1968) ........................................................................................................................ 210

238 NLRB 380 (1978) ........................................................................................................................ 368

Trident Seafoods, Inc., 318 NLRB 738 (1995) ........................................................................................... 145

Trilco City Lumber Co., 226 NLRB 289 (1976) ............................................................................................ 323

Trinity Lutheran Hospital, 218 NLRB 199 (1975) ......................................................................................... 103

Triple J Variety Drug Co., 168 NLRB 988 (1967) ......................................................................................... 380

Tri-State Transportation Co.

179 NLRB 310 (1969) ..................................................................................................................... 86, 90

289 NLRB 356 (1988) .............................................................................................................. 280, 281

Tropicana Products, Inc., 122 NLRB 121 (1959) ............................................................................................. 26

Troy Hills Nursing Home, 326 NLRB 1465 (1998) ....................................................................................... 248

Truckee-Carson Irrigation District, 164 NLRB 1176 (1967) ....................................................................... 219

Trumbull Memorial Hospital, 338 NLRB 900 (2003) ................................................................................. 143

Trump Plaza Associates v. NLRB, 679 F.3d 822 (D.C. Cir. 2012) ........................................................ 335, 365

Trump Taj Mahal Associates, 329 NLRB 256 (1999) ............................................................................ 136, 343

Trump Taj Mahal Casino, 306 NLRB 294 (1992), enfd. 2 F.3d 35 (3d Cir. 1993) ....................................... 320

Truserv Corp., 349 NLRB 227 (2007) ........................................................................................................... 120

Trustees of Boston University v. NLRB, 575 F.2d 301 (1st Cir. 1978) ................................................... 202

Trustees of Columbia University, 350 NLRB 574 (2007) ............................................................................ 355

Trustees of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 186 NLRB 565 (1970) ..................................................................... 10

TRW Carr Division, 266 NLRB 326 (1983) .................................................................................................. 275

Tryon Trucking, 192 NLRB 764 (1971) ...................................................................................................... 183

Tulane University, 195 NLRB 329 (1972) ..................................................................................................... 204

Turner Industries Group, LLC, 349 NLRB 428 (2007) .......................................................... 140, 181, 214, 319

Turner Shoe Co., 249 NLRB 144 (1980) .............................................................................................. 340, 342

Tusculum College, 199 NLRB 28 (1972) ....................................................................................................... 318

Tweddle Litho, Inc., 337 NLRB 686 (2002) .................................................................................................... 71

Twenty-First Century Restaurant, 192 NLRB 881 (1971) ..................................................................... 160, 161

Tyson Fresh Meats, Inc., 343 NLRB 1335 (2004) ................................................................................. 331, 387

U. S. Coal & Coke Co., 3 NLRB 398 (1937) ................................................................................................ 124

U. S. Steel Corp.

137 NLRB 1372 (1962) ....................................................................................................................... 297

187 NLRB 522 (1971) ................................................................................................................. 134, 157

188 NLRB 309 (1971) ......................................................................................................................... 262

192 NLRB 58 (1971) ........................................................................................................... 140, 142, 143

U.S. Baking Co., 165 NLRB 951 (1967) ........................................................................................................ 149

477

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

U.S. Bedding Co., 52 NLRB 382 (1943) ..................................................................................................... 149

U.S. Consumer Products, 164 NLRB 1187 (1967) .................................................................................... 355

U.S. Ecology Corp., 331 NLRB 223 (2000) ................................................................................................. 360

U.S. Electrical Motors, 261 NLRB 1343 (1982) ............................................................................................ 362

U.S. Gypsum Co.

93 NLRB 91 (1951) ............................................................................................................................. 225

115 NLRB 734 (1956) ......................................................................................................................... 358

116 NLRB 1140 (1956) ......................................................................................................................... 251

157 NLRB 652 (1966) .......................................................................................................................... 75

178 NLRB 85 (1969) ........................................................................................................................... 252

U.S. Lingerie Corp., 170 NLRB 750 (1968) ................................................................................................ 172

U.S. Pillow Corp., 137 NLRB 584 (1962) ...................................................................................................... 104

U.S. Plywood-Champion Papers, 174 NLRB 292 (1969) .............................................................................. 213

U.S. Pollution Control, Inc., 278 NLRB 274 (1986) .......................................................................... 247, 288

U.S. Radium Corp., 122 NLRB 468 (1958) ................................................................................................... 234

U.S. Tsubaki, Inc., 331 NLRB 327 (2000) ..................................................................................................... 158

U.S. v. John, 437 U.S. 634 (1978) ...................................................................................................................... 9

U.S. West Communications, 310 NLRB 854 (1993) ..................................................................................... 156

Uarco, Inc., 216 NLRB 1 (1974) .................................................................................................................... 345

UC Health v. NLRB, 803 F.3d 559 (D.C. Cir. 2015) ....................................................................................... 30

UGL-UNICCO Service Co., 357 NLRB 801 (2011) .................................................................. 94, 95, 122, 127

U-Haul Co. of Nevada, Inc., 341 NLRB 195 (2004) ..................................................................... 351, 388, 389

Ukiah Valley Medical Center, 332 NLRB 602 (2000) ..................................................................................... 25

UMass Memorial Medical Center, 349 NLRB 369 (2007) ...................................................... 88, 107, 293, 296

Underwriters Laboratories, 323 NLRB 300 (1997) ........................................................................................ 335

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. v. NLRB, 147 F.3d 1048 (1998) .................................................................. 343

Unibilt Industries, 278 NLRB 825 (1986) ...................................................................................................... 383

Unifirst Corp., 361 NLRB No. 1 (2014) ......................................................................................................... 344

Union Bag & Paper Corp., 110 NLRB 1631 (1955) ........................................................................................ 96

Union Carbide Corp.

156 NLRB 634 (1966) ................................................................................................................. 214, 295

190 NLRB 191 (1971) ........................................................................................................................... 94

205 NLRB 794 (1973) ......................................................................................................................... 211

Union Electric Co., 217 NLRB 666 (1975):................................................................................................... 130

Union Envelope Co., 10 NLRB 1147 (1939) ................................................................................................ 149

Union Fish Co., 156 NLRB 187 (1966) ................................................................................................... 94, 172

Union Mfg. Co., 123 NLRB 1633 (1959) ........................................................................................................ 77

Union Square Theatre Management

326 NLRB 70 (1998) ..................................................................................................... 33, 235, 237, 246

327 NLRB 618 (1999) ........................................................................................................................... 33

Union Steam Pump Co., 118 NLRB 689 (1957) .......................................................................................... 212

Union Switch & Signal Co., 76 NLRB 205 (1948) .................................................................................... 376

Uniroyal, Inc., 194 NLRB 268 (1972) ....................................................................................................... 130

UNISERV, 340 NLRB 199 (2003) ............................................................................................................... 351

Unitec Industries, 180 NLRB 51 (1970) ........................................................................................................... 340

United Aircraft Corp., 103 NLRB 102 (1953) ................................................................................................ 351

United Airlines Services Corp., 290 NLRB 954 (1988) ................................................................. 344, 345, 346

United Boat Service Corp., 55 NLRB 671 (1944) ............................................................................................ 53

United Broadcasting Co. of New York, Inc., 248 NLRB 403 (1980) ............................................................ 342

478

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

United Broadcasting Co., 223 NLRB 908 (1976) .......................................................................................... 107

United Builders Supply Co., 287 NLRB 1364 (1988) .................................................................................... 331

United Cerebral Palsy Assn. of Niagara County, 327 NLRB 40 (1998) ................................................. 136, 359

United Dairies, Inc.; NLRB v., 337 F.2d 283 (10th Cir. 1964) ...................................................................... 33

United Gas, 190 NLRB 618 (1971) ............................................................................................................ 196

United Health Care Services, Inc., 326 NLRB 1379 (1998) ................................................................... 33, 90

United Hospitals, Inc., 249 NLRB 562 (1980) ................................................................................................ 70

United Hydraulics Corp., 205 NLRB 62 (1973) ............................................................................................. 130

United Insurance Co. of America, 325 NLRB 341 (1998) ..................................................................... 304, 381

United Insurance Co.; NLRB v., 390 U.S. 254 (1968) ................................................................................... 219

United Metal Trades Assn., 172 NLRB 410 (1968) ................................................................................... 168

United Methodist Home of New Jersey, 314 NLRB 687 (1994).................................................................... 345

United Operations, Inc., 338 NLRB 123 (2002)..................................................................................... 142, 143

United Parcel Service

258 NLRB 223 (1981) ......................................................................................................................... 272

303 NLRB 326 (1991) ................................................................................................................. 131, 157

318 NLRB 778 (1995) ........................................................................................................................... 20

325 NLRB 37 (1997) ................................................................................................................... 154, 157

United Rentals, Inc., 341 NLRB 540 (2004) .......................................................................................... 142, 152

United States Aluminum Corp., 305 NLRB 719 (1991) ................................................................................ 281

United Stores of America, 138 NLRB 383 (1962) .......................................................................................... 194

United Supermarkets, 287 NLRB 119 (1987) ............................................................................................. 117

United Telecontrol Electronics, 239 NLRB 1057 (1978) ....................................................................... 283, 284

United Telephone Co. of Ohio, 179 NLRB 732 (1969) ............................................................................. 87, 88

United Truck & Bus Service Co., 257 NLRB 343 (1982) ............................................................................... 63

United Warehouse & Terminal Corp., 112 NLRB 959 (1955) .......................................................................... 4

United Way of Howard County, 287 NLRB 987 (1988) .................................................................................. 16

Universal Enterprises, 291 NLRB 670 (1988) ................................................................................................ 173

Universal Form Clamp Co., 163 NLRB 184 (1967) .................................................................................... 209

Universal Metal Products Corp., 128 NLRB 442 (1960) ............................................................................... 161

Universal Mfg. Co., 197 NLRB 618 (1972) ................................................................................................... 316

Universal Mfg. Corp. of Mississippi, 156 NLRB 1459 (1966) ...................................................... 354, 365, 366

Universidad Central de Bayamon v. NLRB, 793 F.2d 383 (1st Cir. 1985),

denying enf. of 273 NLRB 1110 (1984) ................................................................................................. 22

University of Chicago, 272 NLRB 873 (1984) ......................................................................................... 62, 262

University of Detroit, 193 NLRB 566 (1971) .............................................................................................. 253

University of Dubuque, 289 NLRB 349 (1988) ..................................................................................... 133, 203

University of Great Falls v. NLRB, 278 F.3d 1335 (D.C. Cir 2002) ................................................................ 22

University of Great Falls

325 NLRB 83 (1997) ................................................................................................................... 203, 269

331 NLRB 1663 (2000) ................................................................................................................... 23, 25

University of New Haven, 267 NLRB 939 (1983) .................................................................................... 203

University of New Haven, Inc., 190 NLRB 478 (1971) .............................................................................. 280

University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 313 NLRB 1341 (1994) ........................................................ 214, 296

University of San Francisco, 265 NLRB 1221 (1982) ................................................................................... 281

University of Southern California, 365 NLRB No. 11 (2016) ....................................................................... 269

University of Tulsa, 304 NLRB 773 (1991) ................................................................................................... 263

479

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

University of Vermont

223 NLRB 423 (1976) ............................................................................................. 10, 18, 202, 253, 282

297 NLRB 291 (1989) ......................................................................................................... 10, 18, 19, 25

University of West Los Angeles, 321 NLRB 61 (1996) ................................................................................. 286

University Towers, 285 NLRB 199 (1987) ................................................................................................. 348

Upper Great Lakes Pilots, 311 NLRB 131 (1993) .......................................................................................... 269

Upshur-Rural Electric, 254 NLRB 709 (1981) .............................................................................. 227, 231, 242

Upstate Home for Children, 309 NLRB 986 (1992) ................................................................................... 189

Up-To-Date Laundry, 124 NLRB 247 (1959) ................................................................................................. 51

Urban Telephone Corp., 196 NLRB 23 (1972) .............................................................................................. 342

URS Federal Services, Inc., 365 NLRB No. 1 (2016) ..................................................................... 36, 328, 355

Ursery Cos., 311 NLRB 399 (1993) ............................................................................................................... 365

US Reinforcing, Inc., 350 NLRB 404 (2007) ................................................................................................. 177

USF Reddaway, Inc., 349 NLRB 329 (1997) ................................................................................................. 247

USM Corp., 256 NLRB 996 (1981) ................................................................................................................ 87

Utah Power & Light Co., 258 NLRB 1059 (1981) .......................................................... 78, 89, 140, 259, 296

UTD Corp., 165 NLRB 346 (1967) ................................................................................................................ 290

Utica-Herbrand Tool Div. of Kelsey-Hayes Co., 145 NLRB 1717 (1964) .................................................. 365

Utilco Co., 197 NLRB 664 (1972) ................................................................................................................. 103

Utility Appliance Corp., 106 NLRB 398 (1953) ............................................................................................ 150

U-Tote-Em Grocery Co., 185 NLRB 52 (1970) ............................................................................................. 199

V. J. Elmore 5¢, 10¢ and $1.00 Stores, Inc., 99 NLRB 1505 (1951) ............................................................. 162

V.I.M. Jeans, 271 NLRB 1408 (1984).................................................................................................... 160, 161

V.I.P. Limousine, 274 NLRB 641 (1985) ...................................................................................................... 379

V.I.P. Movers, 232 NLRB 14 (1977) ........................................................................................................... 279

V.I.P. Radio, 128 NLRB 113 (1960) ............................................................................................................. 280

Valley Bakery, Inc.; NLRB v., 1 F.3d 769 (9th Cir. 1993) ............................................................................ 343

Valley Forge Flag Co., 152 NLRB 1550 (1965) ........................................................................................... 143

Valley Harvest Distributing, 294 NLRB 1166 (1989) ..................................................................................... 70

Valley of Virginia Cooperative Milk Producers Assn., 127 NLRB 785 (1960) ............................................ 181

Valley West Welding Co., 265 NLRB 1597 (1982) ....................................................................................... 66

Value Village, 161 NLRB 603 (1966) ............................................................................................................ 193

Van Camp Seafood Co., 212 NLRB 537 (1974) ................................................................................................ 6

Van Dorn Plastic Machinery Co. v. NLRB, 736 F.2d 343 (6th Cir. 1984) ................................................... 351

Van Dorn Plastic Machinery Co., 300 NLRB 278 (1990) ...................................................................... 117, 119

Van Eerden Co., 154 NLRB 496 (1965)

......................................................................................................... 168

Van Lear Equipment, Inc., 336 NLRB 1059 (2001) ............................................................................ 162, 163

Van Leer Containers, 298 NLRB 600 (1990) ......................................................................................... 342, 343

Vanadium Corp. of America, 117 NLRB 1390 (1957) ............................................................................... 67

Vanalco, Inc., 315 NLRB 618 (1994)............................................................................................................. 314

Vanella Buick Opel, Inc., 196 NLRB 215 (1972) ............................................................................................ 37

Vanity Fair Mills, Inc., 256 NLRB 1104 (1981) .................................................................................... 103, 371

Variety Artists (Golden Triangle Restaurant), 155 NLRB 1020 (1965)............................................................. 6

VCNCL, L.L.C.; NLRB v., 655 Fed. Appx. 196 (5th Cir. 2016) ................................................................... 349

Vecellio & Grogan, 231 NLRB 136 (1977)

................................................................................................... 153

Vemco, Inc., 315 NLRB 200 (1994) .............................................................................................................. 307

Vencare Ancillary Services, 334 NLRB 965 (2001) ........................................................................................ 59

Vencor Hospital-Los Angeles, 328 NLRB 1136 (1999) ............................................................................ 242, 249

Vent Control, Inc., 126 NLRB 1134 (1960) ................................................................................................... 323

480

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Venture Industries, 327 NLRB 918 (1999) ................................................................................. 244, 245, 324

Veolia Transportation Services

363 NLRB No. 98 (2016) ............................................................................. 230, 234, 242, 243, 244, 249

363 NLRB No. 188 (2016) ............................................................. 84, 226, 230, 233, 235, 243, 244, 239

Veritas Health Services v. NLRB, 671 F.3d 1267 (D.C. Cir. 2012) ............................................................... 367

Verizon Information Systems, 335 NLRB 558 (2001) ............................................................................. 71, 107

Verizon Wireless, 341 NLRB 483 (2004) .............................................................................................. 160, 195

Versail Mfg., 212 NLRB 592 (1974).............................................................................................................. 378

VFL Technology Corp.

329 NLRB 458 (1999)............................................................................................................ 72, 91, 112

332 NLRB 1443 (2000) ......................................................................................................................... 82

Viacom Cablevision

267 NLRB 1141 (1983) ....................................................................................................................... 344

268 NLRB 633 (1984) ......................................................................................................................... 324

Vickers, Inc.

124 NLRB 1051 (1959) ....................................................................................................... 115, 116, 140

152 NLRB 793 (1965) ......................................................................................................................... 331

Victor Industries Corp. of California, 215 NLRB 48 (1974)

.......................................................................... 153

Victor Mfg. & Gasket Co., 133 NLRB 1283 (1961) ........................................................................................ 95

Video Tape Co., 288 NLRB 646 (1989) ........................................................................................................ 333

Village IX, Inc.; NLRB v., 723 F.2d 1360 (7th Cir. 1983) ............................................................................ 341

Vindicator Printing Co., 146 NLRB 871 (1964) ................................................................................... 222, 277

Virgin Isles Hotel, Inc., 110 NLRB 558 (1955) ................................................................................................. 6

Virginia Concrete Co., 316 NLRB 261 (1995) ............................................................................................... 315

Virginia Concrete Corp., 338 NLRB 1182 (2003) ........................................................... 44, 330, 336, 351, 358

Virginia Electric & Power Co.; NLRB v., 314 U.S. 469 (1941) ................................................................. 337

Virginia Mason Medical Center, 350 NLRB 923 (2007) ............................................................................... 117

Virginia Mfg. Co., 311 NLRB 992 (1993) .................................................................................... 231, 271, 275

Virtua Health, Inc., 344 NLRB 604 (2005) ............................................................................................ 188, 276

Visitainer Corp., 237 NLRB 257 (1978) .......................................................................................................... 87

Visiting Nurses Assn. of Central Illinois, 324 NLRB 55 (1997) .................................................................... 166

Visiting Nurses Assn., 314 NLRB 404 (1994) ............................................................................................... 374

Vista Hill Foundation; NLRB v., 639 F.2d 479 (9th Cir. 1980), enfg. 239 NLRB 667 (1978) ..................... 388

Vita Food Products, Inc., 116 NLRB 1215 (1957) ......................................................................................... 363

Vitro Corp., 309 NLRB 390 (1992) ................................................................................................................ 205

Vogue Art Ware & China Co., 129 NLRB 1253 (1961) ................................................................................ 289

Volair Contractors, Inc., 341 NLRB 673 (2004) ........................................................................... 226, 230, 235

Volt Technical Corp.

176 NLRB 832 (1970) ......................................................................................................................... 387

232 NLRB 321 (1977) ......................................................................................................................... 282

Voyager 1000, 202 NLRB 901 (1973) ............................................................................................................. 20

Vulcanized Rubber & Plastics Co., 129 NLRB 1256 (1961) ....................................................................... 271

W & J Sloane, Inc., 173 NLRB 1387 (1969) ................................................................................................. 200

W. C. Hargis & Sons, 164 NLRB 1042 (1967) .............................................................................................. 288

W. Horace Williams Co., 130 NLRB 223 (1961) ...................................................................................... 50, 95

W. T. Grant Co., 179 NLRB 670 (1969) ....................................................................................................... 77

W. W. Wilton Wood, Inc., 127 NLRB 1675 (1960)....................................................................................... 315

W.M.P. Security Service Co., 309 NLRB 734 (1992) .................................................................................... 25

Wabash Transformer Corp., 205 NLRB 148 (1973), enfd. 509 F.2d 647 (8th Cir. 1975).............................. 371

481

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Wackenhut Corp. v. NLRB

178 F.3d 543 (D.C. Cir. 1999) .................................................................................................... 62, 262

666 F.2d 464 (11th Cir. 1982) ........................................................................................................ 384

Wackenhut Corp.

169 NLRB 398 (1968) ........................................................................................................................... 62

196 NLRB 278 (1972) ................................................................................................................. 141, 262

Wadsworth Theatre Management, 349 NLRB 122 (2007) ..................................................................... 280, 321

Wagner Electric Corp.

125 NLRB 834 (1959) ......................................................................................................................... 378

127 NLRB 1082 (1960) ....................................................................................................................... 318

167 NLRB 532 (1967) ......................................................................................................................... 346

Wagoner Transportation Co., 177 NLRB 452 (1969) ..................................................................................... 105

Wah Chang Albany Corp., 171 NLRB 385 (1968) ......................................................................................... 212

Wahiawa Transport System, Inc., 183 NLRB 991 (1970) .......................................................................... 78, 99

Wahl Clipper Corp., 195 NLRB 634 (1972) .................................................................................................. 316

Waiters & Bartenders Local 500 (Mission Valley), 140 NLRB 433 (1963) .............................................. 81

Wake Electric Membership Corp., 338 NLRB 298 (2002) ............................................................................ 247

Wakefield’s Deep Sea Trawlers, Inc., 115 NLRB 1024 (1956) .................................................................... 135

Wald Sound, Inc., 203 NLRB 366 (1973) ...................................................................................................... 371

Walgreen Co., 198 NLRB 1138 (1972) .......................................................................................................... 160

Walgreen Louisiana Co., 186 NLRB 129 (1970) .......................................................................................... 286

Walker Boat Yard, 273 NLRB 309 (1984) .................................................................................................. 211

Walker-Roemer Dairies, Inc., 196 NLRB 20 (1972) ................................................................................. 185

Wallace Shops, Inc., 133 NLRB 36 (1961) ................................................................................................ 29, 30

Wallace-Murray Corp., 192 NLRB 1090 (1971) ............................................................................................ 132

Wal-Mart Stores

328 NLRB 904 (1999) ......................................................................................................................... 200

335 NLRB 1310 (2001) ............................................................................................................ 231, 249

339 NLRB 64 (2003) .......................................................................................................................... 306

340 NLRB 220 (2003) ......................................................................................................................... 231

Walnut Hills Country Club, 145 NLRB 81 (1964) ........................................................................................ 15

Walt’s Broiler, 270 NLRB 556 (1984) ................................................................................................... 168, 172

Walter A. Kelley, 139 NLRB 744 (1962)...................................................................................................... 24

Walter Packing, 241 NLRB 131 (1979) ......................................................................................................... 313

WAPI-TV-AM-FM, 198 NLRB 342 (1972) .............................................................................................. 77, 78

Ward Baking Co., 139 NLRB 1344 (1962) .................................................................................................... 173

Warner-Lambert Co., 298 NLRB 993 (1990) ............................................................................................... 296

Warren Manor Nursing Home, Inc., 329 NLRB 3 (1999) .............................................................................. 342

Warren Unilube, Inc. v. NLRB, 690 F.3d 969 (8th Cir. 2012) ....................................................................... 126

Wasatch Oil Refining Co., 76 NLRB 417 (1948) ........................................................................................... 225

Washington Beef Producers, Inc., 264 NLRB 1163 (1982) .......................................................................... 252

Washington Fruit & Produce Co., 343 NLRB 1215 (2004) ........................................................................... 356

Washington National Hilton Hotel, 323 NLRB 222 (1997) .......................................................................... 345

Washington Nursing Home, 321 NLRB 366 (1996) .......................................................................... 243, 250, 251

Washington Palm, Inc., 314 NLRB 1122 (1994) ......................................................................................... 200

Washington Post Co., 254 NLRB 168 (1981) ................................................................................ 131, 145, 268

Waste Automation & Waste Management, 314 NLRB 376 (1994) ............................................................... 335

Waste Management de Puerto Rico, 339 NLRB 262 (2003) .......................................................... 265, 267, 268

Waste Management Northwest, 331 NLRB 309 (2000) ................................................................. 159, 161, 162

482

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Waste Management of Maryland, Inc., 338 NLRB 1002 (2003) ......................................................... 86, 87

Waste Management of New York

323 NLRB 590 (1997) .......................................................................................................................... 56

326 NLRB 1126 (1998) ....................................................................................................................... 307

Waste Management of Northwest Louisiana, 326 NLRB 1389 (1998) .......................................................... 378

Waste Management of Palm Beach, 329 NLRB 198 (1999) .......................................................................... 344

Waste Management, Inc., 330 NLRB 634 (2000) .......................................................................................... 361

Watchmanitors, Inc., 128 NLRB 903 (1960) ................................................................................................. 261

Water Tower Inn, 139 NLRB 842 (1962) ......................................................................................... 152, 190

Waterbed World, 286 NLRB 425 (1987), enfd. 974 F.2d 1329 (1st Cir. 1992) ..................................... 252, 331

Watkins Construction Co., 332 NLRB 828 (2000) ................................................................................. 302, 382

Wave Hill, Inc., 248 NLRB 1149 (1980) ........................................................................................................... 9

Waverly-Cedar Falls Health Care, 297 NLRB 390 (1989) ..................................................................... 245, 246

Wayland Distributing Co., 204 NLRB 459 (1973) ....................................................................................... 183

Wayne Co. Neighborhood Legal Services, 229 NLRB 1023 (1977)..................................................... 14, 192

Wayne County Legal Services, 333 NLRB 146 (2001) ................................................................................. 303

WBAI Pacifica Foundation, 328 NLRB 1273 (1999) .................................................................................... 311

WDAF Fox 4, 328 NLRB 3 (1999) .............................................................................................................. 282

WDTN-TV, 267 NLRB 326 (1983) ............................................................................................................... 226

We Transport, Inc., 198 NLRB 949 (1972) ................................................................................................. 116

Weather Vane Outerwear Corp., 233 NLRB 414 (1977) ....................................................................... 72, 101

Weaver Motors, 123 NLRB 209 (1959) ...................................................................................................... 236

Weber Aircraft, 191 NLRB 10 (1971) ......................................................................................................... 152

Wedgewood Industries, 243 NLRB 1190 (1979) ........................................................................................... 355

Welfare & Pension Funds, 178 NLRB 14 (1969) ............................................................................................ 66

Wells Fargo Armored Service Corp., 300 NLRB 1104 (1990) ...................................................................... 293

Wells Fargo Corp., 270 NLRB 787 (1984) .................................................................................... 134, 141, 260

Wells Fargo Guard Services, 236 NLRB 1196 (1978) .................................................................................... 62

Welsh Farms Ice Cream, Inc., 161 NLRB 748 (1966) ................................................................................... 252

West Coast Meat Packing Co., 195 NLRB 37 (1972) .................................................................................. 356

West India Mfg. & Service Co., 195 NLRB 1135 (1972) ............................................................................ 103

West Indian Co., 129 NLRB 1203 (1961) ...................................................................................................... 116

West Jersey Health System, 293 NLRB 749 (1989) ..................................................................................... 166

West Lawrence Care Center, 305 NLRB 212 (1991) ....................................................................... 77, 104, 171

West Penn Power Co. v. NLRB, 337 F.2d 993 (3d Cir. 1964) ....................................................................... 225

West Texas Equipment Co., 142 NLRB 1358 (1963) .................................................................................... 327

West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co.

120 NLRB 1281 (1958) ...................................................................................................................... 145

122 NLRB 738 (1958) ......................................................................................................................... 252

140 NLRB 1160 (1963) ....................................................................................................................... 261

Westchester Corp., 124 NLRB 194 (1959) ......................................................................................................... 5

Western & Southern Life Insurance Co., 163 NLRB 138 (1967),

enfd. 391 F.2d 119 (3d Cir. 1968) ................................................................................................... 191

Western Baptist Hospital, 246 NLRB 170 (1980) ............................................................................................ 65

Western Cartridge Co., 134 NLRB 67 (1962) ............................................................................................. 155

Western Colorado Power Co., 190 NLRB 564 (1971) .................................................................................. 132

Western Commercial Transport, 288 NLRB 214 (1988) ......................................................................... 76, 129

483

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Western Electric Co.

98 NLRB 1018 (1951) ......................................................................................................................... 147

126 NLRB 1346 (1960) ....................................................................................................................... 258

268 NLRB 351 (1983) ......................................................................................................................... 275

Western Freight Assn., 172 NLRB 303 (1968) ................................................................................................ 90

Western Light & Telephone Co., 129 NLRB 719 (1961) ............................................................................. 196

Western Meat Packers, 148 NLRB 444 (1964) ............................................................................................ 117

Western Pennsylvania Carriers Assn., 187 NLRB 371 (1971) ....................................................................... 184

Western Pipeline, Inc., 328 NLRB 925 (1999) ............................................................................................ 74

Western Roto Engravers, Inc., 168 NLRB 986 (1968) ............................................................................. 86, 87

Western Saw Mfrs., 155 NLRB 1323 (1965) ......................................................................................... 227, 239

Western Union Corp., 224 NLRB 274 (1976) ................................................................................................ 175

Western Wirebound Box Co., 191 NLRB 748 (1971) .................................................................................... 155

Westin Hotel, 277 NLRB 1506 (1986) ........................................................................................................... 190

Westinghouse Broadcasting & Cable, Inc.; NLRB v., 849 F.2d 15 (1st Cir. 1988) ................................... 322

Westinghouse Broadcasting Co. (WBZ-TV), 215 NLRB 123 (1974) ............................................................ 226

Westinghouse Broadcasting Co.

188 NLRB 157 (1971) ................................................................................................................. 227, 239

195 NLRB 339 (1972) ......................................................................................................... 227, 239, 242

Westinghouse Electric Corp. v. NLRB, 440 F.2d 7 (2d Cir. 1971), cert. denied 404 U.S. 853 (1971) .... 140

Westinghouse Electric Corp.

89 NLRB 8 (1950) ............................................................................................................................... 258

114 NLRB 1515 (1956) ....................................................................................................................... 120

115 NLRB 185 (1956) ......................................................................................................................... 118

115 NLRB 530 (1956) ........................................................................................................................... 78

118 NLRB 1043 (1957) ..................................................................................................... 145, 272, 273

129 NLRB 846 (1961) ........................................................................................................................... 73

144 NLRB 455 (1963) .................................................................................................................. 84, 147

163 NLRB 723 (1967)......................................................................................................................... 259

173 NLRB 310 (1969) ........................................................................................................................ 133

Westminster Community Hospital, Inc., 221 NLRB 185 (1975),

enfd. mem. 566 F.2d 1186 (9th Cir. 1977) .......................................................................................... 344

Weston Biscuit Co., 117 NLRB 1206 (1955) ................................................................................................ 115

Weston Paper & Mfg. Co., 100 NLRB 276 (1951) ....................................................................................... 147

Westwood Health Care Center, 330 NLRB 935 (2000) ................................................................................. 233

Westwood Horizons Hotel, 270 NLRB 802 (1984) .............................................................................. 331, 362

WETM-TV, 363 NLRB No. 32 (2015) .......................................................................................................... 242

Weyerhaeuser Co.

142 NLRB 702 (1963) ................................................................................................................... 30, 109

166 NLRB 299 (1967)

......................................................................................................................... 168

173 NLRB 1170 (1968) ....................................................................................... 265, 267, 271, 272, 275

315 NLRB 963 (1994) ................................................................................................................ 322, 355

Weyerhaeuser Timber Co., 93 NLRB 842 (1951) ............................................................................................ 76

Whatcom Security Agency, Inc., 258 NLRB 985 (1981) ............................................................................. 378

Wheeling Island Gaming, Inc., 355 NLRB 637 (2010) .............................................................................. 187

White Cap Inc., 323 NLRB 477 (1997) ........................................................................................................ 119

White Cross Discount Centers, Inc., 199

NLRB 721 (1972)

......................................................................... 199

White Plains Lincoln Mercury, 288 NLRB 1133 (1988) ............................................................................ 329

White River Lumber Co., 88 NLRB 158 (1950) .............................................................................................. 57

484

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Whitehead & Kales Co., 196 NLRB 111 (1972) ........................................................................................ 275

Whiting Corp., 99 NLRB 117 (1951), revd. on other grounds 200 F.2d 43 (7th Cir. 1952) ......................... 312

Whiting Milk Co., 137 NLRB 1143 (1962) .................................................................................................... 294

Wickes Corp., 231 NLRB 154 (1977) ............................................................................................................ 198

Wickes Furniture

201 NLRB 610 (1973) ........................................................................................................................ 205

201 NLRB 615 (1973) ......................................................................................................................... 205

255 NLRB 545 (1981) ........................................................................................................................ 205

Wickly, Inc., 131 NLRB 467 (1961) ............................................................................................................. 86

Wigwam Stores, 166 NLRB 1034 (1967) .................................................................................................... 205

Wilkes-Barre Publishing Co., 245 NLRB 929 (1979) ..................................................................................... 26

Willamette Industries

322 NLRB 856 (1997) ......................................................................................................................... 301

323 NLRB 739 (1997), enf. denied 144 F.3d 877 (D.C. Cir. 1998) ................................................ 214

Willey’s Express, 275 NLRB 631 (1985) ....................................................................................................... 343

William J. Keller, Inc., 198 NLRB 1144 (1972) ............................................................................................ 285

Williamette Industries, 336 NLRB 743 (2001) .................................................................... 234, 243, 249, 252

Williams Transportation Co., 233 NLRB 837 (1977) .............................................................................. 71, 133

Williamson Co., 244 NLRB 953 (1979) ...................................................................................................... 130

Williams-Sonoma Direct, Inc., 365 NLRB No. 13 (2017) ............................................................................... 39

Willis Shaw Frozen Food Express, 173 NLRB 487 (1968) .................................................................... 232, 247

Wilshire at Lakewood, 345 NLRB 1050 (2005)..................................................................................... 234, 243

Wilson & Co., 37 NLRB 944 (1941) ........................................................................................................... 302

Wilson & Dean Construction Co., 295 NLRB 484 (1989) ............................................................... 72, 181, 319

Wilson Athletic Goods Mfg. Co., 76 NLRB 315 (1948) .......................................................................... 370

Wilson Engraving Co., 252 NLRB 333 (1980) ...................................................................................... 287, 288

Wilson Packing & Rubber Co., 51 NLRB 910 (1943) ................................................................................... 150

Wilson Tree Co., 312 NLRB 883 (1993) ....................................................................................................... 245

Wilson Wholesale Meat Co., 209 NLRB 222 (1974) ..................................................................................... 185

Windee’s Metal Industries, 309 NLRB 1074 (1992) ............................................................................ 74, 81, 82

Windham Community Memorial Hospital, 312 NLRB 54 (1993) .............................................................. 324

Windsor House C & D, 309 NLRB 693 (1992) ....................................................................................... 365

Windsor School, Inc., 200 NLRB 991 (1972) ............................................................................................. 10

Winkie Mfg. Co. v. NLRB, 348 F.3d 254 (7th Cir. 2003), affg. 338 NLRB 787 (2003) ............................... 283

Winsett-Simmonds Engineers, Inc., 164 NLRB 611 (1967) .......................................................................... 317

Winstar World Casino, 362 NLRB No. 109 (2015) ........................................................................................... 8

Wisconsin Bell, 283 NLRB 1165 (1987) ......................................................................................................... 77

Witteman Steel Mills, Inc., 253 NLRB 320 (1981) ........................................................................................ 122

WLNE-TV, 259 NLRB 1224 (1982) ............................................................................................................ 200

WLVI Inc., 349 NLRB 683 (2007) .......................................................................................................... 132, 288

Wm. H. Block Co., 151 NLRB 318 (1965) ................................................................................................. 200

Wm. J. Burns International Detective Agency, Inc., 134 NLRB 451 (1962) .................................................. 89

Wm. L. Hoge & Co., 103 NLRB 20 (1953)................................................................................................. 123

Wm. P. McDonald Corp., 83 NLRB 427 (1949) .............................................................................................. 51

Wm. Wolf Bakery, Inc., 122 NLRB 1163 (1959) ............................................................................................ 98

Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corp.

364 NLRB No. 111 (2016) .......................................................................................................... 267, 269

365 NLRB No. 55 (2017) ...................................................................................................................... 33

Wolfe Metal Products Corp., 119 NLRB 659 (1958) ...................................................................................... 52

485

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

Wolverine Dispatch, Inc., 321 NLRB 796 (1996) .................................................................................. 261, 373

Wolverine World Wide, Inc., 196 NLRB 410 (1972) ............................................................ 231, 239, 242, 253

Women & Infants’ Hospital of Rhode Island, 333 NLRB 479 (2001) ........................................................... 107

Women in Crisis Counseling, 312 NLRB 589 (1993) .................................................................................... 356

Woodcrest Health Care Center, 359 NLRB 522 (2013),

incorporated by reference at 361 NLRB No. 117 (2014) ..................................................................... 306

Woodland Hills Country Club, 146 NLRB 330 (1964) .................................................................................... 15

Woodman Co., 119 NLRB 1784 (1958) ....................................................................................................... 260

Woodman’s Food Markets, 332 NLRB 503 (2000) ............................................................................... 356, 357

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 143 NLRB 568 (1963) ........................................................................ 5

Woods Quality Cabinetry Co., 340 NLRB 1355 (2003) ............................................................................... 51

Woodward Detroit CVS, LLC, 355 NLRB 1115 (2010) ............................................................................ 277

Woolwich, Inc., 185 NLRB 783 (1970) ................................................................................................... 70, 134

Worthington Corp., 155 NLRB 59 (1965) ...................................................................................................... 275

WPVI-TV, 194 NLRB 1063 (1972) ............................................................................................................. 201

Wright City Display Mfg. Co., 183 NLRB 881 (1970) ....................................................................... 184, 211

Wright Mfg. Co., 106 NLRB 1234 (1953) ................................................................................................... 314

WSI Savannah River Site, 363 NLRB No. 113 (2016) ................................................................... 238, 241, 243

WTAR Radio-TV Corp., 168 NLRB 976 (1968) ........................................................................................... 201

WTMJ Inc., 222 NLRB 1111 (1976).............................................................................................................. 201

WTMJ-AM-FM-TV, 205 NLRB 36 (1973) .................................................................................................. 200

WTOP, Inc., 115 NLRB 758 (1956) .............................................................................................................. 290

WTTV, 115 NLRB 535 (1956) ..................................................................................................................... 201

WTVJ, Inc., 120 NLRB 1180 (1958) ............................................................................................................. 201

Wurster, Bernardi & Emmons, Inc., 192 NLRB 1049 (1971) ................................................................... 9, 179

Wyandotte Savings Bank, 245 NLRB 943 (1979) ............................................................................. 179, 180

Wyman-Gordon Co.; NLRB v., 394 U.S. 759 (1969) .......................................................................... 321, 354

Yale Industries, 324 NLRB 949 (1997) .......................................................................................................... 345

Yale University, 184 NLRB 860 (1970) .......................................................................................... 60, 142, 203

Yellow Cab of Quincy, 312 NLRB 142 (1993) .............................................................................................. 223

Yellow Cab, Inc., 131 NLRB 239 (1961) ................................................................................................ 87, 227

Yellow Taxi of Minneapolis, 262 NLRB 702 (1982)..................................................................................... 223

Yellowstone International Mailing, 332 NLRB 386 (2000) ........................................................................... 122

Yerges Van Liners, Inc., 162 NLRB 1259 (1967) .................................................................................. 377, 378

Yeshiva University; NLRB v., 444 U.S. 672 (1980) ...................................................... 202, 253, 267, 268, 269

YKK (USA) Inc., 269 NLRB 82 (1984) ...................................................................................................... 352

Young & Rubicam International, Inc., 226 NLRB 1271 (1976) .................................................................... 223

Young Women’s Christian Assn.; NLRB v., 192 F.3d 111 (8th Cir. 1999) ..................................................... 12

Youville Health Care Center, 326 NLRB 495 (1998) ........................................................................ 226, 231

Y-Tech Services, 362 NLRB No. 7 (2015) .................................................................................................... 378

Yuengling Brewery Co. of Tampa, 333 NLRB 892 (2001) ........................................................................... 213

Yukon Kuskokwim Health Corp.

328 NLRB 761 (1999) ..................................................................................................................... 9, 17

341 NLRB 1075 (2004) ..................................................................................................................... 8, 17

Yuma Coca-Cola Bottling Co., 339 NLRB 67 (2003) .................................................................................... 327

Zartic, Inc., 315 NLRB 495 (1994) ................................................................................................................ 353

Ziegler, Inc., 333 NLRB 949 (2001) ........................................................................................................ 71, 133

Zim’s Foodliner v. NLRB, 495 F.2d 1131 (7th Cir. 1974) ............................................................................. 340

486

TABLE OF CASES DISCUSSED

487

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

(References are to Sections of the Outline)

Abandonment of bargaining unit (see disclaimer)

Accounting firms, jurisdiction ............................................................................................................................ 1-312

Accretion ............................................................................................................................................. 11-220, 12-500

Actors and actresses, voting eligibility formula .................................................................................. 23-450, 23-460

Advisory Opinions .............................................................................................................................................. 1-601

Administrative Procedure Act ................................................................................................................. 1-602, 2-100

Affiliation changes, union ..................................................................................................................... 4-600, 11-100

After-acquired clauses ........................................................................................................................................ 9-620

AFL–CIO – no-raid procedures .......................................................................................................................... 7-133

Age, use in unit determinations ......................................................................................................................... 12-233

Agency issues:

Managerial employees ........................................................................................................................ 19-200

Pro-union supervisory conduct ........................................................................................................... 24-330

Supervisors ......................................................................................................................................... 17-517

Third-party conduct – objections .......................................................................................... 24-220, 24-320

Agreement for consent or stipulated election ........................................................................................ 3-700, 23-530

Agricultural workers, statutory exclusion ......................................................................................................... 17-100

Airlines, jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................... 1-402

Aliens, voting eligibility ................................................................................................................................... 23-110

Alter ego ........................................................................................................................................................... 14-700

Amendment to certification, AC petition for ........................................................................................ 4-600, 11-100

Amendment of petition ....................................................................................................................................... 9-520

American Samoa, jurisdiction ............................................................................................................................. 1-206

Apartment Houses, jurisdiction........................................................................................................................... 1-303

Applicants for employment, voting eligibility. ................................................................................................. 23-100

Appropriate bargaining unit (see Unit for bargaining)

Arbitration:

Representation issues ............................................................................................................................ 7-131

Voter eligibility where discharge under arbitration ............................................................................ 23-113

Architects, jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................ 1-301

Art museums, jurisdiction ................................................................................................................................... 1-304

Assembly of employees .................................................................................................................................... 24-306

Assumption of contract ....................................................................................................................................... 9-224

Authority of Regional Directors (see Table of Contents, Chapter 2)

Authority, supervisory ........................................................................................................................... 17-500 et seq.

Authorization cards:

Showing of interest (see Chapter 5)

Supervisory solicitation ...................................................................................................................... 24-330

Ballots (see representation elections)

Banking industry, unit determinations.. ............................................................................................................ 15-110

Bars to election (see Table of Contents, Chapters 9 and 10)

Bargaining history:

Contract bar, impact on rival petitions.. ................................................................................................ 9-560

Multi-Employer units, unit determinations ................................................................................. 14-320, 330

Multi-location units, unit determinations ............................................................................................ 13-900

Retail industry, unit determinations .................................................................................................... 15-242

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

488

Unit determinations, generally ................................................................................................ 12-220, et seq.

Bargaining orders, bar to election. ............................................................................................................ 10-300, 400

Bargaining unit, see unit for bargaining

Baseball, jurisdiction........................................................................................................................................... 1-322

Basketball, jurisdiction ....................................................................................................................................... 1-322

Blocking charge rule ......................................................................................................................................... 10-800

Blood banks, jurisdiction. ................................................................................................................................... 1-315

Board agent, conduct and testimony of ............................................................................................... 22-119, 24-410

Bona fide labor organization, under FLSA. ...................................................................................................... 11-500

Briefs................................................................................................................................................................... 3-870

Broadcasting industry, jurisdiction ..................................................................................................................... 1-308

Building and construction industry:

Prehire agreements, section 8(f), contract bar. ................................................................................... 9-1000

Showing of interest ............................................................................................................................... 5-210

Unit determinations ............................................................................................................................ 15-120

Voting eligibility formula.. ................................................................................................................. 23-420

Business office clericals:

Generally.. ............................................................................................................................... 19-400 et seq.

Health care institutions.. ....................................................................................................... 15-170, 19-460

Buttons, see Campaign Insignia

Campaign Insignia. ........................................................................................................................................... 24-444

Captive audience speeches. ............................................................................................................................... 24-310

Card check:

Showing of interest (see Chapter 5)

Recognition bar................................................................................................................................... 10-500

Casinos

Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................... 1-313

Unit determinations ............................................................................................................................ 15-150

Casual employees, unit placement and voting eligibility .................................................................................. 20-140

Ceding jurisdiction, Board authority ................................................................................................................... 1-100

Certification:

Amendment of ........................................................................................................................ 4-600, 11-100

Clarification of ........................................................................................................................ 4-500, 11-200

Comity to state agency certification.. ................................................................................................. 10-120

Decertification ............................................................................................................... 4-200, 7-300 et seq.

Issuance after election.. ...................................................................................................................... 22-122

Judicial review.. .................................................................................................................................... 3-910

One-year bar rule ........................................................................................................................ 10-200, 210

Revocation of. .............................................................................................................. 2-200, 6-130, 11-600

Challenged ballots.. ................................................................................................................................ 22-112 et seq.

Charge nurses:

Unit determinations ............................................................................................................................ 15-160

Supervisory issues concerning ............................................................................................................ 17-550

Charitable institutions, jurisdiction.. ................................................................................................................... 1-319

Children, see Day Care centers, jurisdiction:

Church – church affiliated/operated organizations, jurisdiction ............................................................. 1-403, 1-503

Clerical employees:

Plant - office ........................................................................................................................... 19-400 et seq.

Health care institutions.. ..................................................................................................................... 19-460

Collective bargaining:

History, see bargaining history

Unit, see unit for bargaining

Collective-bargaining agreements:

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

489

Contract bar (see Table of Contents, Chapter 9)

Pre-hire agreements, section 8(f) ........................................................................................................ 9-1000

Premature extension doctrine ............................................................................................................... 9-580

Racial and gender based discrimination in ........................................................................................... 9-800

Unlawful provisions:

Union security ........................................................................................................................ 9-700

Unlawful under §8(e) ............................................................................................................. 9-900

Colleges and universities:

Faculty:

Unit determinations .............................................................................................................. 15-261

Managerial status .................................................................................................................. 19-200

Other unit determination issues .......................................................................................................... 15-262

Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................... 1-307

Religious affiliation and jurisdiction ........................................................................................ 1-403, 1-503

Supervisory issues. ............................................................................................................................. 17-540

Unit determinations, generally ............................................................................................................ 15-260

Comity to State elections .................................................................................................................................. 10-120

Condominiums, jurisdiction. ............................................................................................................................... 1-309

Confidential employees ............................................................................................................................ 19-100, 110

Conflicts of interest

Union as business rival ......................................................................................................................... 6-350

Union as employer ................................................................................................................................ 6-360

Consent election agreement, see election agreements

Construction industry see Building and Construction Industry

Contract bar doctrine (see Table of Contents, Chapter 9)

Country Clubs, jurisdiction ................................................................................................................................. 1-321

Courts, NLRB final orders, review and enforcement.. ............................................................................. 3-900 et seq.

Craft units (see 12-120 and Table of Contents, Chapter 16)

Credit unions, jurisdiction ................................................................................................................................... 1-310

Cultural Centers .................................................................................................................................................. 1-304

Dates:

Of election.. .......................................................................................................................... 20-370, 22-101

For filing petition ............................................................................................................ 3-100, 9-510 et seq

For computing showing of interest ....................................................................................................... 5-800

For eligibility of voters ............................................................................................................ 23-200 et seq.

Day Care centers, jurisdiction.. ........................................................................................................................... 1-311

Deauthorization of union security authority ....................................................................................................... 4-400

Decertification elections. ............................................................................................................. 4-200, 7-300 et seq.

Declaratory orders ............................................................................................................................................... 1-602

Declining to assert jurisdiction, Board authority .................................................................................... 1-100, 1-500

Deferral

To arbitration ............................................................................................................................ 7-130, et seq.

To No-Raid agreements ........................................................................................................................ 7-133

Defunct unions .................................................................................................................................................... 9-420

Delay and turnover - effect on petition ............................................................................................................... 7-400

Delegation to Regional Directors ........................................................................................................................ 2-100

De Minimis conduct, objections. ........................................................................................................... 24-240 et seq.

Department chairpersons, supervisory status. ................................................................................................... 17-540

Direction of election, generally ................................................................................................................ 3-890 et seq.

Authority of Regional Directors to issue - See Chapter 2

Disability - Sick leave, voting eligibility of employees on ............................................................................... 23-114

Discipline and discharge, voting eligibility of employees subject to... ............................................... 23-113, 23-300

Disclaimer of interest - See Table of Contents, Chapter 8 and 9-420

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

490

Discrimination:

Allegations of/by petitioning union.. .................................................................................................... 6-130

Appeals to racial prejudice as objection ............................................................................................. 24-308

Discrimination in contracts ................................................................................................................... 9-800

District of Columbia, jurisdiction ....................................................................................................................... 1-205

Doctors:

Interns and residents, voting eligibility/employee status of.. .............................................................. 20-400

Unit determinations.. .......................................................................................................................... 15-160

Dog racing, jurisdiction ...................................................................................................................................... 1-502

Domestic servants, statutory exclusion ............................................................................................................. 17-200

Dual function employees, unit placement and voting eligibility.. ..................................................................... 20-500

Dues and initiation fees:

Unlawful contractual provisions ........................................................................................................... 9-700

Waiver of, as objectionable conduct ................................................................................................... 24-304

Education institutions, see Colleges and Universities:

Religious affiliation and jurisdiction.. .......................................................................................... 1-403, 503

Election agreements, generally. .......................................................................................................................... 3-700

Construing stipulation of parties ......................................................................................................... 23-530

Regional Director authority as to (see Chapter 2)

Election campaigns (see Representation Elections)

Election of representatives, (see Representation Elections)

Election petitions (see Representation Petitions)

Electioneering.. ......................................................................................................................................... 24-440, 442

Eligibility of voters (see Table of Contents, Chapter 23)

Employee Benefits:

Community of interest factor .............................................................................................................. 12-232

Filing lawsuit on behalf of employees as objectionable benefit.. ....................................................... 24-305

Misleading information in election campaigns as objectionable ........................................................ 24-307

Preelection promise or grant as objectionable .................................................................................... 24-302

Secondary indicium of supervisory status .......................................................................................... 17-530

Employees:

Agricultural, statutory exclusion. ....................................................................................................... 17-100

Casual, unit placement and voting eligibility. .................................................................................... 20-140

Clients (Rehabilitation), unit placement and voting eligibility. .......................................................... 20-630

College faculty (see Colleges and Universities)

Confidential, policy exclusion .................................................................................................... 19-100, 110

Domestic servants, statutory exclusion. .............................................................................................. 17-200

Dual-function, unit placement and voting eligibility. ......................................................................... 20-500

Duty to furnish names of (see Excelsior List)

Family members, statutory and policy exclusions ................................................................ 17-300, 19-300

Former employees, voting eligibility. ...................................................................................... 23-112 et seq.

Government employees, jurisdiction. ........................................................................................... 1-314, 401

Guards, unit placement and certifiable representatives ........................................................... 18-200 et seq.

Health care (see Health Care Institutions).

Independent Contractors (see Independent contractors)

Laid-off, voting eligibility.. ................................................................................................................ 23-115

Managerial, policy exclusion.. ............................................................................................................ 19-200

Medical residents and interns, unit placement and voting eligibility .................................................. 20-400

New hires, voting eligibility ............................................................................................................... 23-111

Part-time, unit placement and voting eligibility ...................................................................... 20-100 et seq,

Prisoners and work release inmates, voting eligibility.. ..................................................................... 23-125

Probationary, unit placement and voting eligibility.. .......................................................................... 20-610

Professional:

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

491

Statutory considerations and unit placement ........................................................................ 18-100

Self-determination elections among ..................................................................................... 21-400

Residual, units of ................................................................................................................................ 12-400

Seasonal, unit placement and voting eligibility. ................................................................................. 20-300

Sick leave, voting eligibility ............................................................................................................... 23-114

Strikers and replacements, voting eligibility ...................................................................................... 23-120

Students, unit placement and voting eligibility................................................................................... 20-400

Supervisors (see Supervisors)

Technical, policy considerations and unit placement ......................................................................... 19-500

Temporary, unit placement and voting eligibility ............................................................................... 20-200

Trainees, unit placement and voting eligibility ................................................................................... 20-620

Employer associations:

Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................... 1-208

Units for bargaining (see Table of Contents Chapter 14)

Employer petitions ............................................................................................................ 4,300, 5-630, 7-200 et seq.

Employers:

Independent contractors as ...................................................................................................... 17-400 et seq.

Joint employers (see Chapter 14)

Labor organizations as... ........................................................................................................... 1-207, 6-360

Multiemployer groups (see Chapter 14)

Single employer status (see Chapter 14)

Statutory definition (see Chapter 14)

Employment applicants, voting eligibility ........................................................................................................ 23-100

Entertainment industry:

Jurisdiction. .................................................................................................................................. 1-302, 305

Eligibility formulas. ............................................................................................................................ 23-460

Evidence:

Rules of.. ...................................................................................................................... 3-800 et seq., 22-119

Submissions, of in objections cases .................................................................................................... 24-130

Excelsior list, see voter list

Expedited elections ......................................................................................................... 4-700, 5-610, 7-150, 22-123

Extent of Organization in unit determinations .. .................................................................. 12-140, 12-300, 13-1000

Faculty (see Colleges and Universities)

Fair Labor Standards Act .................................................................................................................................. 11-500

False allegations in election campaigns as objectionable ................................................................... 24-307, 24-441

Family relationships, bargaining unit, exclusion from ........................................................................ 17-300, 19-300

Federal Sector:

Government contractors, jurisdiction ................................................................................................... 1-314

Postal Service, jurisdiction. .................................................................................................................. 1-210

Federal funds, jurisdiction .................................................................................................................... 1-204

Filing lawsuits as objectionable. ....................................................................................................................... 24-305

Final offer elections. ......................................................................................................................................... 11-400

Firefighters, guard status of .............................................................................................................................. 18-220

First amendment:

Free speech, §8(c ).. .............................................................................................................. 24-232, 24-301

NLRB jurisdiction, religious organizations. ................................................................................. 1-403, 503

Foreign employers, jurisdiction. ......................................................................................................................... 1-501

Foreign language voters and witnesses. ................................................................................................ 3-850, 24-428

Forged documents ............................................................................................................................... 24-307, 24-441

Free Speech (see First Amendment)

Funeral homes, unit determinations .................................................................................................................. 15-140

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

492

Gambling/gaming:

Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................... 1-313

Unit determinations ............................................................................................................................ 15-150

Gifts as objectionable .......................................................................................................................... 24-303, 24-443

Good faith doubt as to union majority ..................................................................................................... 7-200 et seq.

Government:

Contractors, jurisdiction. ...................................................................................................................... 1-314

Political subdivisions, jurisdiction. ....................................................................................................... 1-401

Graduate students, unit determinations and voting eligibility. ............................................................ 15-261, 20-400

Grievances .......................................................................................................................................................... 7-131

Guards:

Definition of.. ..................................................................................................................................... 18-220

Unions of ............................................................................................................................................ 18-230

Unit determinations .............................................................................................................. 12-130, 18-240

Handicapped workers, unit determinations and voting eligibility..................................................................... 20-630

Head nurses, supervisory status ........................................................................................................................ 17-560

Health Care Institutions:

Business office clericals, unit placement. ............................................................................. 15-160, 19-460

Drivers, unit determinations ............................................................................................................... 15-136

Guards, unit determinations.. .............................................................................................................. 15-160

Jurisdiction. .......................................................................................................................................... 1-315

Maintenance employees, unit determinations. .................................................................................... 16-300

Medical residents and interns, unit determinations and voting eligibility .......................................... 20-400

Physicians, unit determinations.. ........................................................................................................ 15-160

Professionals, unit determinations ...................................................................................................... 15-160

Psychiatric institutions, unit determinations ....................................................................................... 15-160

Registered nurses:

Unit determinations.. ............................................................................................................ 15-160

Supervisory status.. .............................................................................................................. 17-550

Supervisors. ........................................................................................................................................ 17-550

Technical employees, unit determinations.. ........................................................................................ 19-510

Unit determinations ............................................................................................................................ 15-160

Hearings:

Preelection ................................................................................................................................. 3-800 et seq.

Post-election.. ..................................................................................................................................... 22-119

History (see Bargaining History)

Home visits as objectionable ............................................................................................................................ 24-306

Horse racing, jurisdiction. ................................................................................................................................... 1-502

Hospitals (see Health Care Institutions)

Hotels:

Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................... 1-316

Unit determinations ............................................................................................................................ 15-170

Housestaff (Medical Residents and Interns), unit placement and voting eligibility.......................................... 20-400

Impasse in bargaining, withdrawal from multiemployer bargaining relationship ............................................. 14-430

Independent Contractors, statutory exclusion.. ...................................................................................... 17-400 et seq.

Indian Tribes, jurisdiction ................................................................................................................................... 1-213

Intervention.. ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-840

Insurance industry, unit determinations. ........................................................................................................... 15-180

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

493

Investigation of objections.. .............................................................................................................................. 22-118

Isolated conduct as objectionable .......................................................................................................... 24-240 et seq.

Job classification in unit determinations ........................................................................................................... 12-530

Joint employers ................................................................................................................................................. 14-600

Jurisdiction of courts/judicial review (see Courts)

Jurisdiction of NLRB (see Table of Contents, Chapter 1)

Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act.. ........................................................................................... 6-120

Labor organizations (see Unions)

"Laboratory conditions" ...................................................................................................................... 24-231, 24-232

Laid-off employees, voting eligibility............................................................................................................... 23-115

Last Offer election.. .......................................................................................................................................... 11-400

Law firms:

Jurisdiction.. ......................................................................................................................................... 1-317

Unit determinations ............................................................................................................................ 15-190

Lawsuits, filing of as objectionable .................................................................................................................. 24-305

Leave, voting eligibility. ................................................................................................................................... 23-114

Libraries, jurisdiction .......................................................................................................................................... 1-304

Legal clinics (see law firms)

Licensed practical nurses (LPNs):

Supervisory status ............................................................................................................................... 17-550

Unit determinations ............................................................................................................................ 15-160

Location of election. ......................................................................................................................................... 22-105

Locked out employees, voting eligibility.... ...................................................................................................... 23-120

Longshore, eligibility formula. ......................................................................................................................... 23-410

Ludlow exception to certification year bar.. ...................................................................................................... 10-222

Lufkin rule. ........................................................................................................................................................ 24-500

Mail ballots:

Objections concerning.. ...................................................................................................................... 24-427

Use of.. ............................................................................................................................................... 22-110

Maintenance employees:

Severance elections and unit placement, generally.. ........................................................................... 16-130

Skilled maintenance, health care, unit placement.. ............................................................................. 16-300

Managerial employees, policy exclusion .......................................................................................................... 19-200

Maritime industry, unit determinations. ............................................................................................................ 15-210

Medical schools, jurisidiction ............................................................................................................................. 1-315

Members only contracts... ................................................................................................................................... 9-160

Mental institutions, unit determinations. ........................................................................................................... 15-170

Mergers ............................................................................................................................................................. 11-220

Milchem Rule.. .................................................................................................................................................. 24-442

Minority unions - Prehire Agreements .............................................................................................................. 9-1000

Misrepresentation of information as objectionable ............................................................................. 24-307, 24-441

Motels (see Hotels)

Multi-employer bargaining units (see Table of Contents, Chapter 14)

Multi-location employer units (see Table of Contents, Chapter 13)

Museums, jurisdiction.. ....................................................................................................................................... 1-304

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

494

Musicians (see Entertainment Industry)

Name and address lists (see voter list)

National Emergency Disputes Election ............................................................................................................ 11-400

National Mediation Board ................................................................................................................................... 1-402

Neutrality agreements ......................................................................................................................................... 9-620

Newspapers:

Jurisdiction. .......................................................................................................................................... 1-318

Independent contractor issues ............................................................................................................. 17-420

Unit determinations. ........................................................................................................................... 15-220

Nonemployers, employees of, statutory exclusion... ......................................................................................... 17-700

Nonprofit organizations, jurisdiction .................................................................................................................. 1-319

Non-retail enterprises, jurisdiction.. .................................................................................................................... 1-201

Notice:

Of election.. .......................................................................................................................... 22-106, 24-423

Of election set-aside (Lufkin). ............................................................................................................. 24-500

Of union affiliation vote ..................................................................................................................... 11-100

Of withdrawal from multi-employer bargaining ................................................................................ 14-410

Nurses:

Supervisory status.. ............................................................................................................................. 17-550

Unit determinations.. .......................................................................................................................... 15-160

Nursing homes:

Jurisdiction... ........................................................................................................................................ 1-315

Unit determinations. ........................................................................................................................... 15-160

Objections to elections .......................................................................... 22-117 et seq., Table of Contents Chapter 24

Observers of elections:

Generally. ........................................................................................................................................... 22-108

Objections pertaining to. ..................................................................................................................... 24-424

Off duty employees, payment for voting as objectionable.. .............................................................................. 24-430

Office buildings, jurisdiction .............................................................................................................................. 1-320

Office clericals (see Clerical Employees)

Organizational and recognitional picketing (see Expedited Elections)

Owner-operators, independent contractor issues:

Taxicab drivers ................................................................................................................................... 17-430

Truck drivers ...................................................................................................................................... 17-410

Part-time employees, unit placement and voting eligibility. .................................................................. 20-100 et seq.

Pensions – retirees, voting eligibility. ............................................................................................................... 23-116

Physicians (see Doctors)

Picketing (see Expedited Elections)

Plant guards (see Guards)

Political subdivisions, jurisdiction ...................................................................................................................... 1-401

Postal Service, jurisdiction .................................................................................................................................. 1-210

Posting notices (see Notice)

Private agreements, contract bar quality of .............................................................................................. 9-600 et seq.

Probationary employees, unit placement and voting eligibility ........................................................................ 20-610

Professional employees:

Definition ............................................................................................................................................ 18-120

Health care institutions, unit determinations ...................................................................................... 15-160

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

495

Unit determinations, generally ............................................................................................................ 18-100

Professional sports, jurisdiction .......................................................................................................................... 1-322

Public sector (see Government)

Public utilities:

Jurisdiction. .......................................................................................................................................... 1-323

Unit determinations. ........................................................................................................................... 15-230

Puerto Rico, jurisdiction.. ................................................................................................................................... 1-206

Quality control employees, unit placement ....................................................................................................... 19-600

Quantitative Sufficiency - Showing of Interest ........................................................................................ 5-600 et seq.

Question concerning representation (QCR) (see Table of Contents Chapter 7)

Quits, voting eligibility ..................................................................................................................................... 23-112

Racial discrimination (see Discrimination)

Radio stations:

Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................... 1-308

Unit determinations. ........................................................................................................................... 15-250

Railway Labor Act (RLA), employers subject to ............................................................................................... 1-402

Raffles as objectionable... ................................................................................................................... 24-303, 24-443

RC petitions, generally.. ...................................................................................................................................... 4-100

RD petitions (see Decertification Elections)

RM Petitions (see Employer Petitions)

Reasonable period of time for bargaining ....................................................................................................... 10-1000

Recognition Bar ................................................................................................................................................ 10-500

Registered nurses (see Nurses)

Religiously oriented organizations, jurisdiction.......................................................................................... 1-403, 503

Relocation of operations, effect on contract bar ................................................................................................. 9-223

Replacements for strikers, voting eligibility ..................................................................................................... 23-120

Representation elections

Affiliation/merger elections ................................................................................................................ 11-100

Amendment of certification.. .............................................................................................................. 11-100

Ballot box, integrity of and objections concerning.. ........................................................................... 24-410

Ballots

Count of and objections concerning ..................................................................................... 24-429

Challenge (see Challenge Ballots)

Mail ballots (see Mail Ballots)

Reproduction of as objectionable. ........................................................................................ 24-441

Secrecy of and objections concerning .................................................................................. 24-426

Certification of representative/results (see Certification)

Consent agreements (see Consent Agreements)

Contract bar (see Contract-bar)

Craft-severance elections (see Craft Units)

Date (see Date)

Deauthorization of union-security authority (see Deauthorization)

Direction of Election. ........................................................................................................................... 3-890

Expedited elections (see Expedited Election)

Hearings (see Hearings)

"Laboratory conditions" standards (see Laboratory Conditions)

NLRB agents:

Conduct of as objectionable. ................................................................................................ 24-410

Testimony of ........................................................................................................................ 22-119

Notice of election (see Notice)

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

496

Objections to election (see Objections to Election)

Observers (see Observers)

One-year rule. ............................................................................................................................. 10-200, 210

Place of election.................................................................................................................................. 22-105

Question concerning representation (QCR) - (see Question Concerning Representation)

Recognitional picketing (see Expedited Elections)

Rerun election. .................................................................................................................................... 23-230

Runoff election ................................................................................................................................... 23-220

Time of election (see Date)

Unfair labor practice charge - (see Unfair Labor Practice)

Voluntary recognition bar (see Recognition Bar)

Voter eligibility (see Table of Contents Chapter 23)

Representation petitions

Among fluctuating work force .................................................................................. 10,600, 10-700, 12-226

Clarification of units.. .............................................................................................................. 11-200 et seq.

Contract bar (see Contract-bar doctrine)

Employers (see Employer Petitions)

Filing requirements:

Petition ............................................................................................................ 3-100, 9-510 et seq.

Joint union petitions.. ............................................................................................................. 6-370

Review of dismissed petition.. ............................................................................................... 3-900

Reproduction of Board documents as objectionable. .......................................................................... 24-307, 24-441

Rerun elections. ................................................................................................................................................ 23-230

Residents and interns (see Doctors)

Residual employees/units .................................................................................................................................. 12-400

Resignation from employment (see Quits)

Restaurants, jurisdiction.. .................................................................................................................................... 1-324

Retail trade, jurisdiction.. .................................................................................................................................... 1-202

RM petitions (see Employer Petitions)

Runoff elections.. .............................................................................................................................................. 23-220

Schism in bargaining representative ........................................................................................................ 9-410 et seq,

Schools (see Colleges and universities)

Seasonal employees (see Employees)

Section 8(a)(4), jurisdiction. ............................................................................................................................... 1-211

Servants (see Employees)

Service and maintenance employees (see Maintenance Employees)

Severance elections (see Craft Units)

Sex, in unit determinations ............................................................................................................................... 12-234

Sex discrimination (see Discrimination)

Shopping centers, jurisdiction.. ........................................................................................................................... 1-325

Sick leave, voting eligibility. ............................................................................................................................ 23-114

Single-plant units ............................................................................................................................................. 12-100

Social Security, voting eligibility of annuitants... ............................................................................................. 23-116

Social service organizations, jurisdiction. ........................................................................................................... 1-326

Speech right - Section 8(c), see Free speech

Sports, jurisdiction .............................................................................................................................................. 1-322

State governments and political subdivisions (see Government)

State elections, comity to .................................................................................................................................. 10-120

Stipulated election agreement, see election agreements

Stipulated units (see election agreements)

Stipulation for certification of consent election (see election agreements)

Stipulation, construing.. .................................................................................................................................... 23-530

Stock ownership and unit placement................................................................................................................. 19-210

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

497

Strikers and Replacements (see Employees)

Students (see Employees)

Subpoenas. ............................................................................................................................................ 1-603, 22-119

Successor bar... ................................................................................................................................................. 10-500

Successors... ........................................................................................................................................................ 9-224

Summer employees (see Employees, Students)

Supervisors

Agency law ......................................................................................................................................... 17-517

Effect on organization's status as "labor organization".. ....................................................................... 6-330

Educational institutions ...................................................................................................................... 17-540

As election observers .......................................................................................................................... 24-424

Health care institutions ....................................................................................................................... 17-550

Promotion to position of ..................................................................................................................... 17-516

Substitution for ................................................................................................................................... 17-515

Supervisory authority:

As defined in Section 2(11) ...................................................................................... 17-510 et seq.

Primary indicia .......................................................................................................... 17-520 et seq.

Symphony orchestras, jurisdiction ...................................................................................................................... 1-328

Taxicab companies, jurisdiction ......................................................................................................................... 1-329

Taxicab drivers, independent contractor issues................................................................................................. 17-430

Teachers (see Colleges and universities)

Technical employees, unit determination policies .............................................................................. 19-500, 19-510

Television stations (see Radio)

Temporary employees (see Employees)

Territories, NLRB jurisdiction over. ................................................................................................................... 1-206

Threats as objectionable .................................................................................................................................... 24-301

Third-party preelection conduct .......................................................................................................... 24-220, 24-320

Time of election (see Date)

Trainees, supervisory status issues.................................................................................................................... 17-516

Transit systems, jurisdiction. .............................................................................................................................. 1-330

Tribal enterprises, jurisdiction ............................................................................................................................ 1-213

Tropicana Rule ................................................................................................................................................... 1-603

Trucking industry:

Independent contractor issues ............................................................................................................. 17-410

Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................................................... 1-203

Unit determinations ................................................................................................................. 15-130 et seq.

Trusteeships ........................................................................................................................................................ 6-320

"24" hour "rule," captive audience speeches ..................................................................................................... 24-310

UC petitions .......................................................................................................................................... 4-500, 11-200

UD petitions (see Deauthorization)

Unfair labor practice:

Pendency of charge (blocking charge) ................................................................................................ 10-800

Representation election, effect on ......................................................................................... 24-231, 24-241

Litigation in representation cases ........................................................................................... 3-920, 24-250

Settlement of.. ..................................................................................................................................... 10-300

Union security/Union shop:

Contract bar ............................................................................................................................... 9-700 et seq.

Deauthorization (see Deauthorization)

Unions

Bona fide ............................................................................................................................................ 11-500

SUBJECT MATTER INDEX

498

Conflict of interest/business rival.. ....................................................................................................... 6-350

Constitution and bylaws of ................................................................................................................... 6-310

Discrimination by (see Discrimination)

As employers ............................................................................................................................ 1-207, 6-360

Labor organization, definition.. ................................................................................................. 6-100 et seq.

Unit for bargaining:

Accretion (see Accretion)

Appropriate unit (see Table of Contents, Chapters 12 and 15)

Bargaining history (see Bargaining History)

Clarification of (see Certification, Clarification of)

Community of interest factor .............................................................................................................. 12-220

Changes in ... ........................................................................................................... 10-600, 10-700, 12-226

Confidential employees (see Confidential)

Construction industry (see Building and Construction Industry)

Continuity of, representative .............................................................................................................. 11-100

Contracting units................................................................................................................................. 10-700

Craft (see Table of Contents, Chapter 16)

Desires of employees .......................................................................................................................... 12-239

Expanding units .................................................................................................................................. 10-600

Extent of organization (see Extent of Organization)

Fluctuations in size .................................................................................................. 10-600, 10-700, 12-226

Health care industry (see Health care institutions)

Merger or consolidation of units ......................................................................................................... 11-220

Multi-employer (see Table of Contents, Chapter 14)

Multiplant units (see Table of Contents, Chapter 13)

Professional employees (see Employees)

Residual employees (see Employees)

Severance (see Table of Contents, Chapter 16)

Single-plant units.. .............................................................................................................................. 12-100

Supervisor, exclusion from (see Supervisors)

Technical employees (see Employees)

Universities (see Colleges and universities)

Warehouse units ................................................................................................................................. 15-270

Videotaping as objectionable ............................................................................................................................ 24-312

Violence, effect of on Board certification ............................................................................................... 3-930, 6-380

Voter list .................................................................................................................................. 23-500 et seq., 24-309

Voting, see Representation elections

Pooling of votes.. ................................................................................................................................ 21-600

Wages:

Increase during election campaign as objectionable. .......................................................................... 24-302

Misleading information during election campaigns as objectionable.. ............................................... 24-307

Withdrawal, from multi-employer bargaining relationship .............................................................................. 14-400

Work force, fluctuating ............................................................................................................ 9-210, 10-600, 10-700