REFERENCES
105PAIN MANAGEMENT BEST PRACTICES INTER-AGENCY TASK FORCE REPORT
419. Bair MJ, Krebs EE. Why is urine drug testing not used
more often in practice? Pain Pract O J World Inst Pain.
2010;10(6):493-496. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2010.00425.x
420. Tobin DG, Andrews R, Becker WC. Prescribing
opioids in primary care: Safely starting, monitoring,
and stopping. Cleve Clin J Med. 2016;83(3):207-215.
doi:10.3949/ccjm.83a.15034
421. Krebs EE, Lorenz KA, Bair MJ, et al. Development and
initial validation of the PEG, a three-item scale assessing
pain intensity and interference. J Gen Intern Med.
2009;24(6):733-738. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-0981-1
422. Polomano RC, Galloway KT, Kent ML, et al. Psychometric
Testing of the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale
(DVPRS): A New Pain Scale for Military Population. Pain
Med Malden Mass. 2016;17(8):1505-1519. doi:10.1093/
pm/pnw105
423. Vallerand A, Nowak L. Chronic opioid therapy for
nonmalignant pain: the patient’s perspective. Part II--
Barriers to chronic opioid therapy. Pain Manag Nurs
O J Am Soc Pain Manag Nurses. 2010;11(2):126-131.
doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2009.03.006
424. McAllister MJ. How to End the Stigma of Pain. http://
www.instituteforchronicpain.org/understanding-chronic-
pain/healthcare-system-failings/how-to-end-the-stigma-
of-pain. Published 2017. Accessed August 31, 2018.
425. Larance B, Campbell G, Moore T, et al. Concerns
and Help-Seeking Among Patients Using Opioids for
Management of Chronic Noncancer Pain. Pain Med
Malden Mass. 2018. doi:10.1093/pm/pny078
426. Slade SC, Molloy E, Keating JL. Stigma experienced
by people with nonspecific chronic low back
pain: a qualitative study. Pain Med Malden Mass.
2009;10(1):143-154. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2008.00540.x
427. Stumbo SP, Yarborough BJH, McCarty D, Weisner
C, Green CA. Patient-reported pathways to opioid
use disorders and pain-related barriers to treatment
engagement. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2017;73:47-54.
doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2016.11.003
428. Alford DP, German JS, Samet JH, Cheng DM, Lloyd-
Travaglini CA, Saitz R. Primary Care Patients with Drug
Use Report Chronic Pain and Self-Medicate with Alcohol
and Other Drugs. J Gen Intern Med. 2016;31(5):486-491.
doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3586-5
429. Chou R, Korthuis PT, Weimer M, et al. Medication-
Assisted Treatment Models of Care for Opioid Use
Disorder in Primary Care Settings. Rockville (MD):
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US);
2016. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK402352/.
Accessed January 14, 2018.
430. Salsitz E, Wiegand T. Pharmacotherapy of Opioid
Addiction: “Putting a Real Face on a False Demon.” J
Med Toxicol O J Am Coll Med Toxicol. 2016;12(1):58-63.
doi:10.1007/s13181-015-0517-5
431. Winstanley EL, Clark A, Feinberg J, Wilder CM. Barriers
to implementation of opioid overdose prevention
programs in Ohio. Subst Abuse. 2016;37(1):42-46. doi:10.
1080/08897077.2015.1132294
432. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, Oce of the Surgeon General. Facing
Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report
on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health. Washington (DC): US
Department of Health and Human Services; 2016. http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK424857/. Accessed
October 30, 2017.
433. President’s Commission on Combating Drug Addiction
and the Opioid Crisis. Draft of Final Report. Washington,
DC: Author; 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/
presidents-commission/. Accessed November 16, 2017.
434. Gross A, Miller J, D’Sylva J, et al. Manipulation or
mobilisation for neck pain. Cochrane Database
Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD004249. doi:10.1002/14651858.
CD004249.pub3
435. Suman A, Bostick GP, Schopflocher D, et al. Long-
term evaluation of a Canadian back pain mass
media campaign. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(9):2467-2474.
doi:10.1007/s00586-017-5249-6
436. Suman A, Bostick GP, Schaafsma FG, Anema JR, Gross
DP. Associations between measures of socio-economic
status, beliefs about back pain, and exposure to a mass
media campaign to improve back beliefs. BMC Public
Health. 2017;17(1):504. doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4387-4
437. American Psychological Association. Managing
Chronic Pain: How Psychologists Help with
Pain Management. Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association; 2012.