Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015

ILLAWARRA ESCARPMENT STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PLAN 2015

Wollongong City Council

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Acknowledgements

Wollongong City Council acknowledges that the Aboriginal people of the Dharawal, Wadi Wadi and

Eloura tribe are the original occupants of the Illawarra and the original custodians of the

environment. We understand the suffering and injustice that resulted from colonisation and that for

many Aboriginal people this continues today. Wollongong City Council recognises that the Illawarra

Escarpment and foothills have particular significance to local Aboriginal people.

This plan was prepared by Wollongong City Council in consultation with the NSW Department of

Planning & Environment, National Parks & Wildlife Service, NSW Trade & Investment – Division of

Resources & Energy and the Escarpment Planning Reference Group; comprising Councillors,

landholders, community members, community group representatives and local Aboriginal

representatives.

Wollongong City Council would particularly like to thank the Illawarra Escarpment Planning

Reference Group, comprising Councillors, landholders, community members, community group

representatives and local Aboriginal representatives, for their contribution and support for the

development of this updated plan.

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Contents

Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................................................2

1 Executive Summary......................................................................................................................................7

1.1 Review...............................................................................................................................................7

1.2 Background .........................................................................................................................................7

1.3 Vision .................................................................................................................................................8

1.4 Escarpment Values ...............................................................................................................................8

1.5 Land Use Planning ................................................................................................................................8

1.6 Pressure State Response Model ............................................................................................................10

1.7 Illawarra Escarpment Action Plan ..........................................................................................................10

2 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................12

2.1 Illawarra Escarpment Boundary.............................................................................................................13

2.2 History of the Illawarra Escarpment.......................................................................................................15

2.2.1 Aboriginal History .......................................................................................................................15

2.2.2 Recent History ...........................................................................................................................15

2.3 Vision ...............................................................................................................................................17

2.4 Objectives.........................................................................................................................................17

2.5 Principles ..........................................................................................................................................17

2.6 Role of Council...................................................................................................................................18

3 Background ..............................................................................................................................................19

3.1 Commission of Inquiry (1999) ...............................................................................................................19

3.1.1 Commission of Inquiry Findings .....................................................................................................19

3.2 Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006............................................................................20

3.2.1 Management Structure................................................................................................................22

3.2.2 Management – Investigation and Planning Phase..............................................................................22

3.2.3 Management – On-ground Works...................................................................................................22

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3.3 Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Review Strategy (2007)............................................................................23

3.4 Wollongong Local Environment Plan 2009 ...............................................................................................23

3.5 Farmborough Heights to Mount Kembla Concept Plan................................................................................23

3.6 Ownership.........................................................................................................................................24

3.6.1 Mining ......................................................................................................................................25

3.6.2 Farmland...................................................................................................................................25

3.6.3 Dedication of Land to Public Ownership ..........................................................................................26

3.6.4 Stewardship ..............................................................................................................................28

4 Escarpment Values.....................................................................................................................................29

4.1 Environmental Values ..........................................................................................................................29

4.1.1 Biodiversity ...............................................................................................................................29

4.1.2 Water.......................................................................................................................................29

4.2 Cultural values ...................................................................................................................................30

4.2.1 Scenic Value ..............................................................................................................................30

4.2.2 Aboriginal Heritage Value .............................................................................................................32

4.2.3 Non-Indigenous Heritage Value ......................................................................................................33

4.2.4 Recreational Value ......................................................................................................................35

4.3 Economic Value ..................................................................................................................................36

5 Land Use Planning......................................................................................................................................37

5.1 Planning Framework............................................................................................................................37

5.1.1 Strategic context........................................................................................................................37

5.1.2 Local Planning Controls................................................................................................................38

5.2 Desired Illawarra Escarpment Land Use ..................................................................................................39

5.2.1 E2 – Environmental Conservation Character Statement .....................................................................39

5.2.2 E3 – Environmental Management Character Statement .....................................................................40

5.2.3 E4 – Environmental Living Character Statement...............................................................................41

5.3 Planning Mechanisms ..........................................................................................................................42

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5.3.1 Planning Agreements (PA) ............................................................................................................42

5.3.2 Conservation Agreements ............................................................................................................43

5.3.3 Heritage Management Plan...........................................................................................................44

5.3.4 Community Title.........................................................................................................................44

5.4 Constraints on Development.................................................................................................................44

5.4.1 Steepness .................................................................................................................................45

5.4.2 Land Stability ............................................................................................................................45

5.4.3 Conservation Significance ............................................................................................................45

5.4.4 Bush fire Risk ............................................................................................................................45

5.4.5 Visual Impact.............................................................................................................................45

5.4.6 Service Availability .....................................................................................................................46

5.5 Planning Proposal Requirements............................................................................................................46

5.5.2 Conservation Benefit...................................................................................................................47

5.5.3 Environmental Envelope ...............................................................................................................47

5.5.4 Assessment Criteria....................................................................................................................47

5.6 Development Assessment ....................................................................................................................49

6 Implementation..........................................................................................................................................50

6.1 Pressure ...........................................................................................................................................50

6.2 State................................................................................................................................................51

6.2.1 Current data ..............................................................................................................................52

6.3 Response ..........................................................................................................................................54

6.3.1 Environmental Management..........................................................................................................54

6.3.2 Cultural Management ..................................................................................................................60

6.3.3 Economic Management................................................................................................................63

6.3.4 Illawarra Escarpment Action Plan ..................................................................................................63

Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................73

Appendix A – Current Status of Mines within the Study Area.....................................................................................76

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Appendix B – Commission of Inquiry Recommendations .............................................................................................77

Appendix C – Status of Management Actions Identified in the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 for

Investigation and Planning....................................................................................................................................82

Appendix D – Status of Management Actions Identified in the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 for on-

ground work ......................................................................................................................................................84

Appendix E – Zones within the Illawarra Escarpment* ..............................................................................................85

Appendix F – Wollongong LEP 2009 Zones within the Illawarra Escarpment*................................................................92

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Illawarra Escarpment Boundary as defined in Wollongong Local Environment Plan 2009. ..................................14

Figure 1.2 Moore St Austinmer showing ring barked trees .........................................................................................16

Figure 3.1. Map of the Illawarra Area National Parks managed reserve and Council land relative to the Illawarra Escarpment

boundary and the Wollongong Local Government Area. ..............................................................................................27

Figure 4.1. Map of visual precincts defined by the Visual Quality Assessment 2006. ......................................................31

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1 ExecutiveSummary

1.1 Review

The Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 (IESMP 2015) has been prepared by

Wollongong City Council to update and replace the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan

endorsed by the NSW Minister for Planning in 2006. The update reflects the results of additional studies

and changes made to land use zones in the Illawarra Escarpment associated with the development of the

Wollongong Local Environment Plan 2009. The updated plan focuses on the role of Wollongong City

Council in managing the Illawarra Escarpment in partnership with relevant government agencies and

landholders.

The review has been conducted by Wollongong City Council in consultation with the NSW Department of

Planning & Environment, National Parks & Wildlife Service, NSW Trade & Investment – Division of

Resources & Energy and the Escarpment Planning Reference Group; comprising Councillors, landholders,

community members, community group representatives and local Aboriginal representatives.

The IESMP 2015 is intended to maintain the conservation focus of the IESMP 2006 while reflecting the

results of additional studies and changes to planning instruments since 2006. Additional studies

integrated into the update include:

 Strategic Weed Management Plan – Illawarra Escarpment 2006 (BES, 2006);

 Illawarra Escarpment Heritage Assessment 2007 (Mayne-Wilson and Associates and Meredith

Walker Heritage Futures, in association with Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd, 2007);

 Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Review Strategy 2007 (HLA-Envirosciences, 2007);

 Aboriginal Heritage Study: Illawarra Escarpment 2008 (Australian Museum Business Services,

2008); and

 Farmborough Heights to Mount Kembla Strategic Planning Study 2013 (GHD, 2013).

The updated IESMP 2015 maintains the key elements of the IESMP 2006 while bringing objectives,

principles, planning considerations and actions up to date with current frameworks, most notably, the

introduction of the Standard Instrument Local Environment Plan by the NSW Government in 2006 and

the gazettal of the Wollongong Local Environment Plan (LEP) 2009.

1.2 Background

The Illawarra Escarpment is an iconic feature of the Illawarra region. It spans across public and private

tenures and has a complex history of use spanning tens of thousands of years; from Aboriginal occupation

through to a more recent history of agriculture, forestry, mining and residential use. Although in many

areas the escarpment appears as a somewhat homogenous green backdrop to Wollongong, the

escarpment is in fact a patchwork of pristine vegetation communities and more disturbed areas. The

escarpment has complex and enduring Indigenous and Non-Indigenous cultural heritage value. It is due to

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the importance of this icon in the hearts of so many that its management must be considered with

appropriate care.

1.3 Vision

The IESMP 2015 is founded on the vision that the Illawarra Escarpment is an outstanding feature of the

Illawarra region providing a natural backdrop to the city as well as encompassing areas of high

conservation value and rich cultural heritage. The long term vision for this area is for these values to be

preserved and enhanced through public reserve or private stewardship.

1.4 EscarpmentValues

One of the objectives of the IESMP 2015 is to identify the environmental, cultural and economic values of

the escarpment and foothills requiring conservation. Through the Commission of Inquiry (1999) and the

development of the IESMP 2006, a broad range of values were identified as requiring preservation or

enhancement. Section 4 of this plan reviews these values in order to help guide improvement works on

the escarpment.

1.5 LandUsePlanning

One of the primary roles that Wollongong City Council fulfils in the management of the Illawarra

Escarpment is its land use planning function. Council has responsibility for developing the Wollongong

LEP, as well as assessing planning proposals and development applications within its local government

area. The Illawarra Escarpment is mapped in Wollongong LEP 2009 and is largely made up of

environmental zones E1 National Parks and Nature Reserves, E2 Environmental Conservation, E3

Environmental Management and E4 Environmental Living. A number of desired future outcomes have

been determined for these zones. Land use planning proposals in the escarpment will need to address

these desired future outcomes and a number of assessment criteria are presented in Section 5.5.4.

The IESMP 2006 mapped the Illawarra Escarpment based on its environmental attributes and which

identified areas as either Core Escarpment, Biophysical Support for Core, Landscape Support for Core and

Escarpment Interface.

Core Escarpment land as defined in the IESMP 2006 has the following values:

• all areas identified by DEC (2002) (bioregional assessment) as having primary conservation significance;

• all areas identified as having archaeological significance to European cultural heritage and identified as

being of state or regional heritage significance in the Wollongong LEP 1990 and the Illawarra REP (1986);

• 40m from the bank of all Category 1 streams identified by DIPNR (2004), plus a 10m buffer;

• all areas of escarpment face.

Biophysical Support for the Core Escarpment areas has the following values:

• all areas identified by DEC (2002) as being support for core areas,

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• 20 m (at a minimum) from the ‘top of bank’ of Category 2 streams identified by DIPNR (2004) plus a 10

m buffer,

• all lands that have an unbroken boundary (ie. are surrounded) by Core Escarpment areas within the

study area.

Landscape Support for the Core Escarpment areas has the following values:

• all lands (at a minimum) within 10 m from the banks of Category 3 streams

identified by DIPNR (2004) plus a 10 m buffer,

• all lands identified as being within a floodway or flood prone area,

• all lands identified by DEC (2002) as being enhancement areas,

• all lands in the Illawarra escarpment unit having cultural landscape values identified in the 1981

Illawarra Regional Landscape and Environment Study at a level 5,

• all lands that have an unbroken boundary (that is are surrounded by) Biophysical Support areas within

the study area boundary.

Escarpment Interface areas have the following values:

• areas of prime crop and pasture lands identified in the Illawarra REP (1986),

• areas identified as not being suitable for urban expansion in the Illawarra REP or currently zoned for

urban use,

• land zoned 1 or 6a in the Wollongong LEP1990,

• land that is surrounded by landscape support within the study area boundary.

The IESMP 2006 proposed new zones for Wollongong LEP 1990 to reflect the values of these landscapes.

In 2006, the State government announced a standardised approach to the production of LEPs, where all

Councils in NSW would develop their local plans with common zoning definitions. This removed the ability

for the new zones, presented in IESMP 2006, to be implemented. Instead, the Illawarra Escarpment Land

Use Review Strategy 2007 applied the attribute mapping of IESMP 2006 to the Standard Instrument LEP

zones and recommended new zones consistent with the Standard Instrument. The Land Use Review

Strategy, along with public exhibition of the draft Wollongong LEP 2007 informed the development of

Wollongong LEP 2009, such that the attribute mapping conducted in 2006 was no longer required in the

IESMP 2015. Although the mapped escarpment attributes are not included in IESMP 2015, the

environmental attributes of the escarpment remain central to its strategic management. Any planning

proposals or Development Applications on the escarpment will need to undertake detailed mapping of

these values as a part of addressing the IESMP 2015.

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1.6 PressureStateResponseModel

The IESMP 2015 utilises a pressure state response model for managing the Illawarra Escarpment. This

model identifies the pressures or key threatening processes on an asset be it natural, cultural or

economic, then identifies the current state these assets are in and from these two elements a response is

determined to mitigate or minimise the threats to the asset.

A number of pressures have been identified as impacting on the escarpment, notably; mining, pest

animals, weeds, bush fire, land clearing/fragmentation, urban encroachment, high visual impact

development, agriculture, climate variability (weather extremes and seasonal variation) and unauthorised

access.

Measures of the state of the escarpment are limited by available technology and budget. Current data on

the state of the escarpment includes vegetation mapping, digital elevation and digital surface models,

visual quality assessments, landslip mapping and a heritage register.

The response element of the model occurs where Council’s normal operations impact on escarpment

management, such as in the case of Bush Fire management, and specifically with the range of actions

detailed in the Illawarra Escarpment Action Plan presented in Chapter 6.

1.7 IllawarraEscarpmentActionPlan

The action plan has been developed in order to assist Council to progress the objectives of the IESMP

2015 utilising available resources. The IESMP 2015 is considered a Supporting Document to Council’s

Integrated Planning and Reporting Framework. It is anticipated that the Action Plan will be utilised to

guide Council actions over the next five years and then be subject to review along with a future update to

the IESMP. Actions have been developed in three key themes:

• Community Capacity;

• Planning; and

• Governance.

The Community Capacity theme presents actions and strategies related to improving the level of

understanding and appreciation of the values of the Illawarra Escarpment. It is also recognised that

actions relevant to this theme may emerge from future landholder or general community proposals

presented to Council.

Community Capacity Objectives:

 Increase understanding of escarpment values and management challenges.

 Increase appreciation of the escarpment.

 Develop skills and knowledge relevant to the ongoing management of the escarpment.

The Planning theme presents actions and strategies related to utilising the capacity of Council to

influence land use planning outcomes on the escarpment.

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Planning Objectives:

 Improve Illawarra Escarpment land use planning.

 Conserve Core Escarpment areas.

The Governance theme presents actions and strategies related to Council taking a leadership role in

preserving and enhancing the values of the Illawarra Escarpment. It includes actions related to improving

the evidence base for Council decisions on escarpment matters.

Governance Objectives:

 Provide leadership on escarpment matters.

 Develop the evidence base to help guide policy development and decision making.

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2Introduction

The Illawarra Escarpment is one of the most important landscape and cultural features of the Illawarra

region and has high aesthetic and environmental value to the Illawarra community. It has a deep and

complex cultural and spiritual significance for the Aboriginal community. Since 1788, the escarpment has

been viewed, chronologically as a constraint to be overcome, a resource to be exploited and an asset to

be preserved.

This plan was prepared by Wollongong City Council in consultation with the NSW Department of Planning

& Environment, National Parks & Wildlife Service, NSW Trade & Investment – Division of Resources &

Energy and the Escarpment Planning Reference Group; comprising Councillors, landholders, community

members, community group representatives and local Aboriginal representatives.

The plan is an updated version of the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 (IESMP

2006) and has been informed by a number of studies which include:

 Commission of Inquiry into the Long Term Planning and Management of the Illawarra Escarpment

(Simpson, 1999)

 Bioregional Assessment (flora and fauna) Parts 1–3 (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service,

2002b);

 Riparian (Creek) Corridor Management Study (DIPNR, 2004);

 Landslip maps – University of Wollongong and Wollongong City Council (Flentje, 2007);

 Strategic Weed Management Plan (BES, 2006);

 Strategic Management Plan for Historic Coal Mining Sites of the Illawarra (OHM Consultants,

2006);

 Illawarra Escarpment Heritage Assessment (Mayne-Wilson and Associates and Meredith Walker

Heritage Futures, in association with Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd, 2007);

 Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Review Strategy (HLA-Envirosciences, 2007);

 Aboriginal Heritage Study: Illawarra Escarpment (Australian Museum Business Services, 2008);

 Illawarra Biodiversity Strategy (Wollongong City Council, 2011);

 Illawarra Regional Food Strategy (Wollongong City Council, 2013); and

 Farmborough Heights to Mount Kembla Strategic Planning Study (GHD, 2013).

It also refers to studies that directly affect the planning and management of the escarpment, these

include:

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 Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area: draft Plan of Management (NSW National Parks

and Wildlife Service, 2011)

 Bush Fire Risk Management Plan (Illawarra Bush Fire Management Committee, 2008); and

 Bushfire Asset Protection Zone Risk Management Study (BES, 2006).

2.1 IllawarraEscarpmentBoundary

The Illawarra Escarpment forms a natural boundary and scenic backdrop to the Wollongong coastal plain.

Although the landform extends south beyond the boundary of Wollongong Local Government Area (LGA),

this management plan is limited to the Wollongong LGA.

It is difficult to define a boundary for the Illawarra Escarpment due to the variety of landscape features

that comprise the Illawarra Escarpment. The existence of residential development such as Mount Kembla

village in areas with escarpment landform characteristics further complicates the process. In particular, in

the north of the Wollongong LGA there is typically a steep transition from the escarpment and the coastal

plain, whereas the south has significant areas of rolling foothills comprising elevated benches of relatively

flat land. No single elevation represents where the coastal plain ends and the escarpment begins. The

boundary of the Illawarra Escarpment has been defined differently in:

 The Illawarra Regional Environmental Plan (1986);

 Commission of Inquiry into the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal Plain (1999);

 Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan (2006); and

 Wollongong Local Environment Plan 2009.

For administrative purposes and to provide clarity, the most recent definition from the Wollongong LEP

2009 is used in this document. A map of the Illawarra Escarpment Study area is provided in Figure 1.1. As

discussed further in this document, escarpment values and considerations often extend beyond this

boundary, however, the Wollongong LEP 2009 boundary is the trigger used for consideration of Illawarra

Escarpment issues in land use planning proposals.

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Figure 1.1 Illawarra Escarpment Boundary as defined in Wollongong Local Environment Plan 2009.

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2.2 HistoryoftheIllawarraEscarpment

2.2.1 AboriginalHistory

The Aboriginal world view of the Dreaming differs from the linear historical perspective of Non-

Indigenous history. Traditional Aboriginal people view the land as an intrinsic part of their existence. As

such, the Illawarra Escarpment is not simply a landmark or area to shelter in or traverse, but an integral

part of their reality.

The Illawarra Escarpment is central to numerous dreaming stories that integrate the lores, customs and

protocols to which the Aboriginal peoples encompassed by the escarpment adhere. “Warra Bingi Nunda

Gurri” is the escarpment Dreaming. It includes all living things; it is as much about Aboriginal people as it

is about the plants, bird and animals of the escarpment. It embraces the seasons, spirituality and

teachings of Aboriginal culture. It is central to Aboriginal belonging.

Aboriginal people have occupied the Illawarra for at least 20,000 years. The Illawarra was well populated

before European contact due to the abundant natural resources of the escarpment and coastal plain. The

escarpment contains many important Aboriginal cultural sites associated with ceremonial practices and

gathering food and medicine (NPWS, 2003). Many of these are not yet documented (Australian Museum

Business Services, 2008).

The traditional Aboriginal clans of the Illawarra belonged to the Dharawal language group (Organ, 1997).

The settlement of the Illawarra, initially by escaped convicts, then through government land grants,

substantially displaced local Aboriginals from utilising the escarpment and coastal plain. Corroborees

were held in the area up until 1870. The escarpment provided opportunities for Aboriginal occupation

into the 20

century due to its steepness and vegetation making it unsuitable for cultivation by the

colonisers (Kass, 2010).

2.2.2 RecentHistory

Following European settlement, the escarpment has not always been so heavily vegetated. Many early

paintings and photographs of the escarpment show a region full of ringbarked trees and cleared

vegetation as mining and forestry harvested much of the vegetation (Figure 1.2). Therefore, a large

portion of the escarpment is in a state of regeneration from these extractive practices.

Mining and agricultural activities continue within the escarpment today. In recent years, the escarpment

has increasingly been under pressure for housing development. Although the Illawarra Escarpment is not

seen as an area suitable for urban release like the coastal plain, it remains highly attractive for residential

development. Once escarpment land is developed for housing, its potential to contribute to broader

cultural, environmental or scenic values is either removed or diminished. There is strong community

pressure on Council for there to be no further development of the escarpment for housing.

The community, various non-government organisations as well as a range of government agencies, have

all expressed concern for the preservation and conservation (of the natural and cultural resources) of the

escarpment over many years. The escarpment is a collective asset that must be planned for and

conserved by collective effort and commitment.

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The escarpment has ongoing cultural significance for the Illawarra Aboriginal community. Conservation of

escarpment land is of central importance to maintaining local Aboriginal cultural heritage.

Community concern for conservation of the escarpment arose alongside the development of

environmental awareness from the 1960s. More intensive involvement emerged with the establishment

of the Illawarra Escarpment Working Party (IEWP) in October 1990. The IEWP operated under the

leadership of Wollongong City Council with various members from 1990 to 1997.

Part of the role of the Illawarra Escarpment Working Party was to comment on rezoning proposals in the

Illawarra Escarpment. Examples of inappropriate development on the escarpment increased until

submissions regarding concern for the management and planning of the escarpment were made to the

NSW Minister for Urban Affairs and Planning on behalf of Wollongong City Council, as well as many

residents. These prompted the Minister to announce a ‘Commission of Inquiry into the Long Term

Planning and Management of the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal Plain’. The Commission of Inquiry

(COI) began conducting hearings on 7 December 1998 and the final report was completed in May 1999.

In December 2000, the NSW Government announced its broad endorsement for implementing the

recommendations of the COI into ‘The Long Term Planning and Management of the Illawarra Escarpment’

(see section 3.1). Following the COI, a number of studies were undertaken and a public consultation

process guided the development of the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan which was

endorsed by Council in 2005 and the NSW Minister for Planning in May 2006.

Figure 1.2 Moore St Austinmer showing ring barked trees

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2.3 Vision

This management plan is founded on the following vision for the escarpment:

The Illawarra Escarpment is an outstanding feature of the Illawarra region providing a natural backdrop

to the city as well as encompassing areas of high conservation value and rich cultural heritage. The long

term vision for this area is for these values to be preserved and enhanced through public reserve or

private stewardship.

2.4 Objectives

Theobjectivesof theIESMP2015areto:

1. identify the environmental, cultural and economic values of the escarpment and foothills

requiring conservation;

2. define the principles and strategic direction for protecting and enhancing escarpment values.

3. outline an action plan for Council to improve escarpment management.

2.5 Principles

The IESMP 2015 is based on a number of guiding principles that include:

 the Aboriginal people are the original custodians of the environment;

 the escarpment has important natural and cultural heritage values which need to be preserved;

 some areas of the escarpment are in a degraded state and therefore require active management;

 any development of the escarpment should result in an overall conservation improvement to the

escarpment;

 private stewardship of escarpment land is required to protect and enhance escarpment values;

 partnerships between land managers and government is required to improve the condition of the

escarpment;

 all sectors of the community need to be engaged in asset management;

 an adaptive management approach is required to ensure actions are effective;

 the escarpment must be considered as a whole to avoid multiple small decisions leading to

negative cumulative impacts;

 a long term strategic approach should be adopted; and

 Ecologically Sustainable Development principles should be applied in managing the assets of the

escarpment*.

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*Ecological Sustainable Development (ESD) is defined by the National Strategy for ESD as:

Development that improves the total quality of life, both now and in the future, in a way that

maintains ecological processes on which life depends.

The ESD principles articulated for local governments, that underpin the definition of ESD include:

 Precautionary principle – whereby lack of scientific certainty doesn’t prevent you taking

mitigating measures to prevent impact;

 Intra and inter-generational equity – fairness and equal access to opportunities both in our

lifetimes and for future generations;

 Environmental valuation – placing a value on the environmental resource;

 Ecological integrity – protecting biological diversity and maintaining essential ecological processes

and life support systems;

 Community consultation – the community should be consulted about the ecological, social and

economic considerations in decision making;

 Continual improvement – there is an imperative to take immediate action to become more

sustainable; and

 Integration – the effective integration of environmental, social and economic considerations in

decision making.

Many of these principles have been recurring themes throughout the Commission of Inquiry as well as

the various consultative forums. Commissioner Simpson discussed the precautionary principle a number

of times throughout his report and stressed the need to determine management options and priorities

according to this principle.

2.6 RoleofCouncil

Council has limited direct control of outcomes on the Illawarra Escarpment due to its minor status as a

land owner on the escarpment and the limitations of its legislative power. The primary managers of

escarpment land are the National Parks and Wildlife Service (approximately 29% of the escarpment), and

the many private landholders (approximately 60% of the escarpment).

The influence of Council on the Illawarra Escarpment is confined to its role in developing and

implementing local planning controls and working with land managers within the escarpment as well as

the broader community. The limited ability of Council to directly affect escarpment management is an

underlying assumption in the preparation of this plan.

Although Council is limited in its ability to directly control outcomes on the Illawarra Escarpment, the

content of this plan provide the basis for Council, land managers and the community to work in

partnership to maintain and improve the escarpment as a natural backdrop to the city, as well as

encompassing areas of high conservation value and rich cultural heritage.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 19 | Page

3Background

3.1 CommissionofInquiry(1999)

The Commission of Inquiry (COI) into the Long Term Planning and Management of the Illawarra

Escarpment was announced by the then Minister for Urban Affairs and Planning on 19 October 1998. The

terms of reference for the COI required the Commissioner to formulate and recommend appropriate and

long term land use planning, development control and land management measures to protect and

conserve the environment of the escarpment. Ancillary to this, the Commissioner was required to

recommend criteria for identifying land to form “core” and “non core” escarpment areas and to

recommend the appropriate ownership and management arrangements for such land.

Commissioner Simpson conducted the COI during December 1998 and January 1999. 118 parties made

written submissions to the inquiry, 58 parties made oral submissions in the primary sessions and 19

parties appeared in the submission in reply session.

In May 1999, the Commissioner released his written report. The report made 22 recommendations on

broad strategic planning, policy and environmental management issues. It also commented on specific

land use change and development proposals (see a précis of the COI recommendations in section 3.1.1).

The findings were critical of past approaches to planning and landuse management of the escarpment

and fringe escarpment land. The criticism was principally aimed at a lack of comprehensive constraints

mapping to underpin the Fair Trading Policy (FTP) and Rural Residential Policy (RRP). While these policies

recognised the need for, and indeed required rigorous constraints investigation with each proposal, the

COI found that these investigations should have occurred as part of the preparation of the policy rather

than on a site-by-site basis as had been the case.

The major recommendations of the COI were aimed at redressing this lack of baseline constraint

mapping. The Commissioner supported the fair trading concept as a means of acquiring environmentally

significant land. Protection and conservation of the escarpment through acquisition into public

ownership was seen by the Commissioner as a preferred option for future management. Both the

Commissioner in his report and the Minister in his announcement in support of the COI identified as a

priority, the creation of a regional park under the National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974. However, neither

the Minister nor Commissioner addressed the issue of how the acquisition of this area would be

achieved. The issue of transition of escarpment land into public ownership remains a challenge, and is

considered further in this report.

3.1.1 CommissionofInquiryFindings

The Commissioner concluded that the management, planning, conservation and protection of the

escarpment should be as a single entity. It was concluded that the escarpment must be considered in a

total catchment management framework (including riparian land function, downstream hydrology and

flooding on the coastal plain). Similar planning principles should apply to the ecology, visual and heritage

significance. Simplistically, the visual backdrop of the escarpment requires the preservation of the tree

line in both the core and non–core escarpment land. The Commissioner’s findings detailed below

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 20 | Page

contend that development must not be allowed to dominate the escarpment and that habitat and

biodiversity considerations are not limited or restricted to zoning boundaries.

 The implementation of the Fair Trading Policy, despite the objectives of the zonings under the

Local Environment Plan, has resulted in increased intensity of development in environmentally

zoned 7(b) land.

 The Rural Residential Policy and Fair Trading Policy are not explicit in providing an adequate guide

to the extent of development to emerge from these policies.

 Wollongong City Council (WCC) has placed too much emphasis on conservation and securing of

Core Escarpment 7(a) lands into public ownership to the detriment (environmental and

conservation) of the environmentally zoned 7(b) land.

 There has been a lack of ecological appraisal for the environmental capacity of environmentally

zoned 7(b) lands to accommodate the likely level of development as a result of the Fair Trading

Policy (FTP). Similarly, inadequate consideration has been given to the cumulative impact of

development in the environmentally zoned 7(b) land.

 Consideration of upstream/downstream impacts of rezoning proposals has not occurred,

particularly as it relates to past mining activities, catchment management principles and coal

waste deposits and land stability.

 The decision making of some rezoning lacked any understanding of ecological/biological

principles and the inter-relationship between Core Escarpment 7(a) and environmentally zoned

7(b) land, the escarpment and coastal plain.

 There has been inadequate consultation with relevant State Government departments and the

community at initial stages of rezoning applications.

 The State and Regional significance of the escarpment needs to be determined so a proper

assessment can be made of development impacts at the local and regional level.

 The outcome of the constraint mapping studies may suggest that the majority of the escarpment

is unsuitable or incapable of further rural or residential development.

 The present approach to environmental planning and management of the escarpment is

inadequate.

 More detailed provisions are required in the Illawarra Regional Environmental Plan 1986

concerning management and conservation of the escarpment that should be directly related to

the principles of ESD.

3.2 IllawarraEscarpmentStrategicManagementPlan2006

Following the COI, a whole of government Project Coordination Team (PCT) comprising state government

agenciesandCouncilwasestablishedin2001.ThePCTwasledbythethenDepartmentofInfrastructure

Planning and Natural Resources. In order to engage the broader community, an Illawarra Escarpment

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 21 | Page

Community Reference Group (IECRG) was established in October 2002. The IECRG reviewed the draft

IESMP between 9 August 2003 and 5 November 2003. The IECRG feedback reflected frustration that the

group had insufficient time to discuss the range of issues involved in the draft IESMP. The process of

developing the draft IESMP involved:

 multiple meetings of the IECRG to discuss aspects of the draft plan;

 three workshops conducted by CSIRO as part of the Social Study, these workshops focussed on

community perceptions of proposed land use changes;

 consultation occurred with over 100 (mostly landholders) to inform the commission studies and

develop the framework for the draft plan.

The draft Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan was publically exhibited between February

and May 2004.

In response to the exhibition, 278 submissions were received on the draft IESMP, including a range of

views. Many submissions also suggested improvements to the Plan and requests for special consideration

with regard to certain properties.

Review of the submissions revealed a number of key issues that were consistently raised regarding:

 The need for more funding for the escarpment;

 The likely negative effect of the IESMP on escarpment land values;

 The inequity of proposed zonings on land not developed prior to the Commission of Inquiry;

 Confusion over existing use rights;

 The need for financial compensation for landowners in the escarpment;

 Criticism of the Tradeable Development Rights concept;

 Inadequate time to consider the draft IESMP;

 Inadequate consideration of bushfire management;

 Incorrect mapping of escarpment values and boundary;

 Objection to the concept of an Escarpment Regional Park – public ownership will lead to neglect;

and

 Not all of the COI recommendations were addressed by the IESMP.

In May 2005, Council endorsed the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan to be submitted to

the NSW Minister for Planning. The Minister endorsed the amended Illawarra Escarpment Strategic

Management Plan in May 2006.

Notable changes made between the Council endorsed draft and the adopted IESMP 2006 were:

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 22 | Page

 Management Structure – to be a committee of Council rather than a separate State Authority;

 Where the IESMP overlaps the West Dapto Structure Plan, the West Dapto Structure Plan takes

precedence; and

 The proposed Entitlement Transfer Scheme be removed from the IESMP.

3.2.1 ManagementStructure

The IESMP 2006 called for a Committee of Wollongong Council to manage the implementation of the

plan. The Escarpment Planning Reference Group was established by Council at its 26 March 2012

meeting. The reference group is made up of three Councillors, representatives of community groups,

individual community representatives, landholder representatives and Aboriginal representatives. The

reference group is supported by agency advisors from the NSW Department of Planning and

Environment, the Office of Environment and Heritage, Local Land Services and the National Parks and

Wildlife Service. The group meet bi-monthly to progress the implementation of the actions within IESMP

2006 and comment on relevant rezoning proposals. In 2014, the group has focussed on reviewing and

updating the IESMP. The group will continue to meet on an as needs basis.

3.2.2 Management–InvestigationandPlanningPhase

The management measures proposed by the IESMP 2006 were summarised as key actions in two phases.

The first phase was the investigation and planning phase. This consisted of studies to inform the

management of the Illawarra Escarpment and contribute further information to the revision of land use

zoning. The second phase consisted of on-ground works programs arising from the recommendations of

the studies. In some cases, the actions identified within the IESMP 2006 mirrored actions and/or

initiatives which had already been identified in other plans or which were required by legislation/agency

guidelines.

Several major studies were conducted as part of the Investigation and Planning Phase of the IESMP 2006:

 Land Use Review Strategy (HLA-Envirosciences, 2007);

 Aboriginal Heritage Study (Australian Museum Business Services, 2008);

 Non-Indigenous Heritage Assessment (Mayne-Wilson and Associates and Meredith Walker

Heritage Futures, in association with Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd, 2007);

 Strategic Weed Management Plan (BES, 2006);

 Visual Quality Analysis (DSB Landscape Architects, 2006); and

 Riparian Corridor Policy Study (HLA-Envirosciences, 2006).

Actions identified within the Investigation and Planning Phase of the IESMP 2006 are described in

Appendix C. This is to provide a snapshot of their status at the time of the preparation of this updated

plan.

3.2.3 Management–On-groundWorks

The on-ground works programs proposed by the IESMP 2006 are generally components of broader

Council management programs. Biodiversity, weed, riparian corridor, erosion, feral animal control,

heritage, bush fire, and asset management are all considered as part of Wollongong-wide Council

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 23 | Page

programs. The level of on-ground works occurring in the Illawarra Escarpment is limited by the small

proportion of Council land located within the escarpment (approximately 5% of the escarpment study

area) and current operational budgets. Progress on the on-ground works phase is summarised in

Appendix D.

3.3 IllawarraEscarpmentLandUseReviewStrategy(2007)

Following the endorsement of the IESMP in May 2006, Wollongong City Council commissioned the

preparation of the Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Review Strategy (IELURS). The IELURS was completed

and endorsed by Council in August 2007.

The initial draft Wollongong LEP translated Wollongong LEP 1990 zones into their most appropriate

standard template zone. The IELURS reviewed these planning controls in the escarpment against the

objectives and attributes mapping of the IESMP 2006. It recommended zonings and additional clauses to

be exhibited as part of Draft Wollongong LEP 2007 and Draft West Dapto LEP 2006.

The IELURS reviewed the entire IESMP 2006 study area. For areas where extensive areas were mapped as

Core Escarpment or Biophysical Support for Core Escarpment, environmental zones were recommended

in favour of Rural Zones. The IELURS also developed additional analysis of the scenic and visual character

of the Illawarra Escarpment through a Visual Quality Analysis and provided additional information on

subjects such as bush fire management and built form to support the development of Wollongong

Development Control Plan (DCP) 2010 Chapter B6 Development in the Illawarra Escarpment.

The IELURS took into account the Strategic Weed Management Plan for the Illawarra Escarpment 2006,

and was undertaken concurrently with the Illawarra Escarpment Heritage Assessment Part II 2007 and the

Aboriginal Heritage Study 2008.

3.4 WollongongLocalEnvironmentPlan2009

The draft Wollongong LEP was exhibited between December 2008 and April 2009. The draft LEP included

zones recommended by the IELURS which was a supporting document to the exhibition. In consideration

of issues raised in submissions, Council revised some zonings and zone boundaries in the escarpment

from those recommended by the IELURS. The Wollongong LEP 2009 was endorsed by Council on 28 July

2009 and approved by the Minister for Planning on 26 February 2010.

3.5 FarmboroughHeightstoMountKemblaConceptPlan

In adopting the Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Review Strategy in 2007, Council resolved that the

Farmborough Heights to Mount Kembla precinct required a Master Plan to guide future zoning. In 2011,

the Department of Planning recognised the potential for appropriately scaled and located development in

the study area. Council resolved in 2012 to engage consultants to develop a Concept Plan for the area. In

December 2013 the Plan was endorsed by Council following public exhibition. The Department of

Planning endorsed the Plan in March 2014.

The Farmborough Heights to Mount Kembla Concept Plan was accompanied by a set of planning

principles consistent with the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan. Following the exhibition

of the draft Plan, additional principles were endorsed by Council.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 24 | Page

 The provision of limited residential development must be considered within the context of active

conservation and as a secondary outcome (COI);

 Planning proposals must provide justification in terms of specific conservation initiatives

proposed to enhance the escarpment for the long term; and

 A corridor of rural and bushland around the eastern approaches to Mt Kembla must be

maintained to provide a separation from Cordeaux Heights and to preserve the historic identity of

Mt Kembla Village.

Individuals within the study area are responsible for submitting planning proposals to Council. However,

these will be considered with regards to the Concept Plan and must demonstrate mechanisms by which

the rezoning will lead to an overall conservation improvement for the escarpment or foothills.

3.6 Ownership

The Illawarra Escarpment, as defined in this plan, contains approximately 2000 parcels of land in

approximately 1300 separate ownerships. The majority of the area is in private ownership, with 40.5% in

public ownership.

National Parks and Wildlife Service account for almost 29% of the escarpment area, with all other public

land owners combined making up the remaining 11%.

Table 2. Escarpment ownership.

Public Area Ha. Proportion

Private 5732.8 59.5%

National Parks and Wildlife Service 2784.6 28.9%

Wollongong City Council 446.2 4.6%

Water NSW 379.8 3.9%

Roads and Maritime Services 123.7 1.3%

Sydney Water Corporation 59.7 0.6%

State Rail Authority of NSW 45.9 0.5%

Rail Corp 43.8 0.5%

Land and Property Management Authority 20.2 0.2%

Department of Education 0.6 0.0%

TOTAL 9637.3

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 25 | Page

3.6.1 Mining

Mining companies are significant landholders in the escarpment due to the long and ongoing history of

coal mining in the escarpment. There are currently three active mines within the study area. In the

financial year 2012–13, approximately 5,824,337 tonnes of coal was extracted from these mines.

 Wongawilli Colliery – 496,851 tonnes Run of Mine coal

 Russell Vale Colliery – 784,733 tonnes Run of Mine coal

 Dendrobium Colliery – 4,542,753 tonnes Run of Mine coal

The Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area (IESCA) was established in 1980 following an initial

donation of land from Australian Iron and Steel Pty Ltd (now BHP Billiton). Mines that are no longer active

and have been rehabilitated are sometimes suitable for redevelopment. Since 2006, mine redevelopment

options in the escarpment have been considered in light of the objectives of the IESMP 2006.

A summary of the current status of mines within the study area is presented in Appendix A.

Mining has brought economic benefits to the Wollongong LGA. Mining companies currently contribute

towards the active management of the Illawarra Escarpment through weed, bush fire and pest

management. The Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area has also been established above mine

sites, where the surface is managed by the NPWS, but the underlying resources are owned by the coal

companies.

Current mining activity is largely regulated by the state government. Mining activities are monitored and

reviewed by the Illawarra Coal Mine Interagency Group, made up of representatives from the

Department of Trade & Investment, National Parks and Wildlife Service, Environmental Protection

Agency, Water NSW, Office of Environment and Heritage and Wollongong City Council. The group review

Mining Operations Plans and Annual Environmental Management Reports submitted by active mine

operations. Current mining operations are regulated to ensure that activities do not lead to significant

environmental impacts.

3.6.2 Farmland

Wollongong has a proud history of agriculture, with a particularly advanced dairy farming industry

existing for much of the 20

Century. With increased planned urban development in West Dapto, and

economic restructuring of the dairy sector, agricultural land use has progressively declined in

Wollongong.

Under Council’s Fair Trade and Rural Residential Policies, some landowners subdivided their land as a

means of transitioning from agricultural or rural use to residential use, in some cases, dedicating parcels

of land to Council to contribute to a future escarpment reserve. These policies were repealed following

the recommendations of the COI 1999, and Council has not re-instated these policies.

Following the repeal of the Fair Trade and Rural Residential Policies, some residents have expressed

frustration at no longer having a clear policy framework for developing former farmland for residential

purposes (West Dapto Rural Ratepayers Association, 2003).

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 26 | Page

In the south of the Wollongong LGA, the landform of the escarpment is less steep than the northern

areas. Within this environment of hills and valleys between the coastal plain and the steep escarpment,

agricultural activities have historically been pursued. The nature of the landform in this area has made

land use planning more difficult and it has been considered as part of both the West Dapto Urban Release

Area and Illawarra Escarpment planning processes. As the rezoning and development of West Dapto

progresses, the interface between the escarpment and West Dapto will need to be carefully managed.

There is growing evidence of the importance of local food production for food security and health. In

many instances across the world and even as close as the south coast of NSW, food is being produced on

relatively small lots in proximity to local markets. The potential for small scale, diversified, regenerative

food production to form a part of the future management of the escarpment foothills has not been

closely examined as yet.

3.6.3 DedicationofLandtoPublicOwnership

The conservation of the Illawarra Escarpment in a continuous reserve has been mooted since 1971

(Natural Heritage Society Report). A primary motivation for the Fair Trading Policy was the transfer of

core escarpment land into public ownership. This theme was again reflected in the COI 1999 which called

for core escarpment land to be dedicated to the creation of a National Park.

The history of land dedication is complex, with the Illawarra State Conservation Area retaining the rights

for underground mining. The current extent of National Parks managed reserve in the Wollongong Local

Government Area is shown in Figure 2. Also, some parcels of land dedicated under the now defunct Fair

Trade Policy were not accepted as part of the reserve system by NPWS due to their condition or isolation

from the broader reserve. These parcels are retained in Council ownership with a view to future

integration into National Parks Reserve.

Although an increase in the continuity and extent of the Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area is

desirable to aid the conservation and management of high conservation land, Council cannot dictate this

process. Dedication of land to National Parks reserve is considered by NPWS on a case-by-case basis. All

proposals for dedication of land to append the Illawarra State Conservation Area are reviewed by the

Office of Environment and Heritage.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 27 | Page

Figure 3.1. Map of the Illawarra Area National Parks managed reserve and Council land relative to the

Illawarra Escarpment boundary and the Wollongong Local Government Area.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 28 | Page

3.6.4 Stewardship

In 2006, the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan (IESMP 2006) acknowledged that a broader

concept of an escarpment ‘park’ must be considered where dedication to reserve was not the only means

of conserving the escarpment. It suggested voluntary conservation agreements and a range of financial

and non-financial incentives could be used to encourage management consistent with the principles

applied to managing National Parks reserves.

Since the endorsement of the IESMP in 2006, Council has focussed primarily on the development of Local

Environment Plan zones on the Illawarra Escarpment. The long term process of Council working with

landowners to support and encourage conservation activities on the escarpment outside of normal

planning functions is yet to occur. This updated IESMP 2015 endeavours to develop this capacity through

actions detailed in Chapter 6.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 29 | Page

4EscarpmentValues

One of the primary objectives of the IESMP 2015 is to identify the environmental, cultural and economic

values of the escarpment and foothills requiring conservation. Through the COI and the IESMP 2006, a

broad range of values have been identified as requiring preservation. This section reviews the range of

values to be considered in escarpment management. Over time, and with increased knowledge of the

escarpment, these values will be further refined and measured.

4.1 Environmenta lValues

4.1.1 Biodiversity

TheIllawarraEscarpmentissituatedwithintheSydneyBioregionwhichextendsfromNewcastleinthe

north, to Batemans Bay in the south (NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002a). Many plants

within the escarpment are at the limits of their northern or southern extent leading to a high biodiversity

as these subregional communities overlap. The escarpment is unique within this bioregion due to its

dramatic form, climate and geology. With high rainfall, fertile soil and warm temperatures, it supports

many vegetation communities restricted to the Illawarra region, in particular, extensive rainforests (NSW

National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002a).

Biodiversity Values to be Preserved or Enhanced

 Natural ecosystem function;

 Connectivity – moist forest escarpment linkage, Yallah Calderwood linkage, plateau forest

woodland/heathland linkage;

 Vegetated buffers – high conservation value ecosystems require vegetated buffers to reduce

edge effects;

 Healthy systems to support food production;

 High air quality associated with ecosystem services;

 Genetic diversity for resilience to climate change;

 Carbon sequestering; and

 Rare and endangered species, communities, habitats and populations.

4.1.2 Water

There is very little documented evidence of the location of groundwater and aquifers within the Illawarra

Escarpment. Despite this lack of detail, underground water supplies are likely to be integral to the survival

of sensitive vegetation communities such as rainforests and above the escarpment, swamplands. Also,

activities within the escarpment such as mining and agriculture are likely to be modifying downstream

water quality and quantity.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 30 | Page

In particular, current and past mining activities are likely to be modifying groundwater and surface water

quality and quantity. Contamination/pollution of surface water such as creeks and streams from domestic

and other human presence, mine tailings and disposal, particularly where they have entered streams

following mining operations are all processes that can negatively affect water values.

Streams and creeks are important features linking the escarpment to the coastal plain and ocean.

Management of water quality and quantity is important for maintaining the health of these waterways

and their receiving systems.

Improved knowledge of water values and processes affecting water such as the location of water storage

areas, source pollutants and stream modifications is required to guide management options.

Water Related Values to be Preserved or Enhanced

 Natural ecosystem function;

 Water quality – for human use or ecological function;

 Reduction of bed and bank erosion;

 Reduced risk of flooding;

 Enhancement of riparian vegetation and reliant ecosystems;

 Natural water supply to dependent ecosystems; and

 Visual quality – waterfalls, streams and pools, cultural heritage.

4.2 Culturalvalues

The physical prominence of the escarpment has profoundly influenced the history of the Wollongong LGA

and continues to be an integral part of the City’s sense of place (Mayne-Wilson and Associates and

Meredith Walker Heritage Futures, in association with Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd, 2007). It has

historical, present and future cultural value to the city as well as being an important repository of natural

and cultural heritage. The relationship between people and the escarpment is highly complex (Macquarie,

2013). For the purposes of this plan, several key areas of cultural value are highlighted and discussed.

4.2.1 ScenicValue

There has been no formal comparison of the Illawarra Escarpment with other places. However, there are

strong parallels between the escarpment, its history of use, proximity of urban development and public

appreciation and the foreshore of Sydney Harbour and parts of the Blue Mountains (Mayne-Wilson and

Associates and Meredith Walker Heritage Futures, in association with Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd,

2003). Similar to Sydney Harbour and the Blue Mountains, the escarpment has strong cultural and

natural heritage value.

The visual quality of the escarpment is generally regarded as exceptional or very high (HLA-

Envirosciences, 2007). A Visual Quality Analysis of Escarpment Scenic Values undertaken on behalf of

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 31 | Page

Council in 2006 identified several precincts of distinctive character with varying levels of visual value

(Figure 4.1).

Figure 4.1. Map of visual precincts defined by the Visual Quality Assessment 2006.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 32 | Page

Table 3. The visual value of ten precincts within the escarpment study area. Landform scarcity refers to

whether the landform is unique (H), repetitive (M) or common (L). Vegetation significance refers to the

aesthetic importance and integrity of the precinct and the built environment features measure the

degree to which the built form adds or subtracts from these aesthetic values.

Precinct Landform Scarcity

Vegetation

Significance

Built Environment

Features

Marshall Mount H H M

–

West Dapto Bowl M

–

HH L

–

The Heights L L L

Mount Kembla M

–

HH M

–

Mount Keira H H H

Balgownie H H M

–

Coastal Ridges M H M

Cliff Coast H H M

–

Stanwell H H M

–

Maddens Plains H H M

–

From this precinct based analysis it is evident that visual values vary amongst sub-sections of the

escarpment. This must be kept in mind when assessing the relative impact of proposals on scenic value.

These issues are discussed in more detail within the visual assessment report (DSB Landscape Architects,

2006).

Scenic Values to be Preserved or Enhanced

 Escarpment as a vegetated backdrop to Wollongong coastal plain;

 Escarpment ridges, spurs, valleys and creeks;

 Scenic rural interface between the vegetated escarpment and urban development; and

 Opportunity for dramatic lookouts over the coastal plain.

4.2.2 AboriginalHeritageValue

The Aboriginal Heritage Study completed for Council in 2008 identified that the Illawarra Escarpment

contains places of cultural heritage significance to the local Aboriginal community, as well as Aboriginal

cultural heritage sites of all degrees of archaeological and cultural significance (Australian Museum

Business Services, 2008). The study highlighted that due to the inaccessibility of many areas of the

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 33 | Page

escarpment, a large number of Aboriginal cultural heritage sites are likely to exist, but are not as yet

recorded. The study also pointed to the fact that Aboriginal heritage extends beyond physical evidence of

occupation.

Consistent with the Office of Environment and Heritage Aboriginal Heritage Guidelines, there are two

types of Aboriginal significance: social significance and archaeological significance (Office of Environment

and Heritage, 2011). Social significance refers to the importance of a site or feature to the local Aboriginal

community, whereas archaeological significance refers to the importance of a site or object to the

understanding of previous human behaviour.

The Aboriginal Heritage Study 2008 identified the Wodi Wodi track leading from the escarpment to

Sandon Point in Bulli as being of particular cultural importance to local Aboriginals (Australian Museum

Business Services, 2008). The lower section of this track is generally known as the Throsby track.

The archaeological significance of sites within the Illawarra Escarpment can only be determined by

individual assessment. It should be noted, however, that the high levels of historical disturbance

associated with forestry, agriculture and mining mean any remaining archaeological sites are likely to be

significant.

Central to the management recommendations of the report is the need to include consultation with the

local Aboriginal community in escarpment matters, from strategic planning through to on-ground works.

Aboriginal Heritage Values to be Preserved or Enhanced

 Sites of social significance;

 Escarpment ridges, spurs, valleys and creeks;

 Evidence of previous Aboriginal occupation; and

 Local cultural knowledge and connection with the escarpment.

4.2.3 Non-IndigenousHeritageValue

The Heritage Study completed for Council in 2007 identified the escarpment’s high natural values and

exceptional scenic qualities which provide a most distinctive sense of place and provides a unifying

feature and symbol of the Illawarra region (Mayne-Wilson and Associates and Meredith Walker Heritage

Futures, in association with Godden Mackay Logan Pty Ltd, 2007). Most importantly, the study recognises

that the escarpment is a ‘cultural landscape’ in that it has been modified over time and acquired cultural

significance for the community.

The study identified nine themes:

Theme Evidence Significance

1. Escarpment as a place

to negotiate: contact,

travel, roads and

Tracks,paths,roads,stone

abutments, culverts, surveyors

marks, rail lines, rail viaducts,

Major cultural resource for

understanding and appreciating

the escarpment, including

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 34 | Page

settlement camp sites. views from it.

2. A place to live and work

Sites of shacks, huts, miners’

cottages, mine managers’

houses, workers

accommodation, roads to and

from work, schools, halls,

churches, cemeteries,

memorials.

Provides evidence of changes in

dwellings and the way in which

people lived.

3. Production

–

Timber,

agriculture, dairy and

mining

Tracks, former mills, flying

foxes, saw pits, marked trees,

remainsofcuttrees,structures

made from local timber; fields,

dairies, milking sheds,

plantings, fence lines, dams;

collieries, infrastructure

between mines and the coast,

airshafts, powder magazines,

core sample sheds, mine

portals, mine offices and

gardens, mine accommodation.

Tangible link with history of

early settlement and utilisation

of the escarpment as a

resource. Mine sites are

integral to understanding the

patterns of urban settlement

and the social fabric of many

communities.

4. Exploration, science,

leisure and tourism

Tourist roads, walking tracks,

lookouts, tourist centres,

kiosks, restaurants, tourist

accommodation, creative

works, places reserved for

scenic and natural value.

Demonstrates the strong and

enduring relationship between

the escarpment’s natural

qualities and its popularity as a

place to visit.

5. Escarpment as a scenic

backdrop and

inspiration

Lookouts and viewpoints where

the escarpment is visible.

Provides evidence of the

importance of the escarpment

as an aesthetic feature of the

Illawarra.

6. Conservation and

environmentalism

Land acquired for conservation,

land regenerated since the

second half of the 20

Century.

Evidence of the natural and

scenic importance of the

escarpment.

7. Development of Lower

Slopes

Old buildings, roads, remnant

trees, dams and infrastructure.

Evidence of previous land use

and occupation of the lower

slopes of the escarpment.

8. Utilities

–

Water and

electricity

Water tanks, electricity

stanchions

Evidence of the purposeful

location of utilities to suit the

urban development of

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 35 | Page

Wollongong.

9. Defence Tank traps

Tangible evidence of the

concerns for land defence

during WWII.

Non-Indigenous Heritage Values to be Preserved or Enhanced

 Sites of cultural significance;

 Artefacts representative of the history of landuse on the escarpment;

 Evidence of previous occupation of the escarpment; and

 Local historical knowledge and connection with the escarpment.

4.2.4 RecreationalValue

The escarpment is highly attractive for a number of recreational uses; bushwalking, bird watching,

mountain biking, hunting and trail bike riding amongst the most popular. With each of these activities

there are benefits and potential impacts on the environment and risks to safety. Hunting and trail bike

riding are restricted to private properties with appropriate licences and permission.

Despite the demand for access to the escarpment, a comprehensive approach to managing these

interests across all tenures is yet to emerge. Although it is beyond the scope of this management plan to

comprehensively address the issue of competing recreational demands across multiple tenures, a number

of values are presented to guide their consideration in lieu of a more comprehensive plan.

National Parks and Wildlife Service manage recreational values within their reserve according to the

National Parks and Wildlife Service Plan of Management for the Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation

Area 1987. Walking track development is guided by the Draft Masterplan for Walking Tracks and

Associated Facilities 2005 (Epacris Environmental Consultants, 2005). These plans outline a number of

desired outcomes and management responses that could potentially guide the management of the

escarpment more broadly if private landholders were supportive of their implementation.

There is community interest in an extensive Illawarra Escarpment Walking Track extending from Stanwell

Park to Macquarie Pass and link with further trails to the south of Wollongong. Further support from all

levels of government is required to realise an Illawarra Escarpment Walking Track. The Illawarra Region of

Councils conducted preliminary work on identifying a route from Stanwell Park through to the

Shoalhaven River in the early 1990s. Extensive private ownership of land along this route and a lack of

investment have hindered the implementation of this long distance walk, but planning and development

of walking tracks within NPWS managed estate continues. Council is supporting the NPWS implement

their walking tracks through integration of ‘off park’ infrastructure supportive of their network such as

the Grand Escarpment Walk.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 36 | Page

Recreational Values to be Preserved or Enhanced

 Escarpment as a destination for ecologically sensitive recreation;

 Escarpment is accessible for a variety of mobility levels; and

 Escarpment as a place for solitude and reflection.

4.3 EconomicValue

Current productive use of the escarpment includes coal mining, ecotourism development and agriculture.

Economic investment in the escarpment landscape can be generated by some forms of development

where there are special provisions for improvement of the cultural and environmental values of the site.

Due to the special conservation significance of the Illawarra Escarpment, economic benefits must be

complementary to positive environmental and cultural outcomes.

Although productive use of land is essential to drive investment in the active management of the

Illawarra Escarpment, the environmental and cultural values (Sections 4.1–4.2) take precedence over its

economic exploitation due to its significance. It is important that land use planning decisions protect the

escarpment by not degrading its cultural and environmental values for economic gain.

Economic Values to be Preserved or Enhanced

 Areas capable of supporting local employment including tourism;

 Areas capable of supporting food production; and

 Residential development which enhances the environmental, scenic and cultural values of

the escarpment.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 37 | Page

5LandUsePlanning

One of the primary roles that Wollongong City Council fulfils in the management of the Illawarra

Escarpment is its land use planning function. Council has responsibility for developing the Wollongong

Local Environmental Plan as well as assessing planning proposals and development applications within its

local government area. Although the primary land use planning analysis has been completed for Illawarra

Escarpment land, Council is approached from time to time with planning proposals to modify what land

use is permissible within an existing zone, or to modify the existing zoning to a new zone. The land use

planning section of this strategy is intended to help guide the preparation of planning proposals within

the Illawarra Escarpment.

The existing planning framework, including current strategic documents and Wollongong LEP zones

present within the Illawarra Escarpment are addressed in Section 5.1. Sections 5.2–5.5 outline factors to

be considered in the development of a planning proposal for Illawarra Escarpment Land. Section 5.2

provides Character Statements and Desired Future Outcomes for the primary escarpment zones. These

character statements and desired future outcomes are supplementary to the Standard Instrument

objectives for these zones and relate to the special nature of the Illawarra Escarpment. A range of

planning mechanisms suitable for consideration in a planning proposal is presented in Section 5.3. The

key constraints relevant for escarpment land are outlined in Section 5.4. Specific requirements of

planning proposals are listed in Section 5.5.

Land use planning on the Illawarra Escarpment is focused on achieving the ongoing conservation and

enhancement of the Illawarra Escarpment. The Illawarra Escarpment is not seen as an area appropriate

for meeting demands for urban growth. Planning proposals on the escarpment need to focus on the

conservation outcome proposed for the escarpment and demonstrate how changes will provide an

overall improvement to the environmental and cultural values of the Illawarra Escarpment as outlined

within this plan.

5.1 PlanningFramework

The current zoning applying to escarpment land in Wollongong LEP 2009 is considered reflective of the

escarpment attributes developed in the IESMP 2006. This is due to the work completed by the Illawarra

Escarpment Land Use Review Strategy 2007 in applying the attribute mapping of IESMP 2006 to the

Standard Instrument LEP zones. The Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Review Strategy 2007 along with

public exhibition of the draft Wollongong LEP 2007, has informed the development of Wollongong LEP

2009. The Illawarra Escarpment is mapped in Wollongong LEP 2009 and is largely made up of

environmental zones E1 – National Parks and Nature Reserves, E2 – Environmental Conservation, E3 –

Environmental Management and E4 – Environmental Living (Table 4).

5.1.1 Strategiccontext

The IESMP 2015 has been developed in the context of the following strategic documents (specific actions

are mentioned where possible):

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 38 | Page

 Illawarra Regional Strategy (NSW Department of Planning, 2007)– Wollongong City Council will

incorporate the planning controls recommended in the Illawarra Strategic Management Plan into

its local environmental plan. [Note: completed in 2010 with the notification of the Wollongong

LEP 2009 – discussed below];

 Illawarra/South Coast Regional Action Plan (NSW Department of Premier & Cabinet, 2012) –

Protect our local environment and community;

 Southern Rivers Catchment Action Plan 2013–23 (Southern Rivers CMA, 2013). Objective: Health

and integrity of natural habitats supports people and the environment;

 Illawarra Natural Resource Management ActionPlan 2010(SouthernRiversCMA,2010);

 Wollongong City Council Delivery Program 2012–17 (Wollongong City Council, 2014) 1.1.4.2 –

Implement priority actions from the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan;

 Illawarra Biodiversity Strategy 2011 (Wollongong City Council, 2011);

 Illawarra Regional Food Strategy 2013 (Wollongong City Council, 2013); and

 Riparian Corridor Management Study (DIPNR, 2004).

5.1.2 LocalPlanningControls

The Wollongong Local Environment Plan 2009 is currently the relevant environmental planning

instrument for the Illawarra Escarpment. Details of the relevant zones and permissible uses at the time of

publication are summarised in Appendix E for easy reference. The most current version of the

Wollongong Local Environmental Plan can be found at

www.legislation.nsw.gov.au .

5.1.2.1 CurrentZoneswithintheIllawarraEscarpment

Table 4 summarises the area in hectares and the total proportion of the Illawarra Escarpment made up of

the various Wollongong LEP 2009 zones at the time of the preparation of this document. It shows that the

majority of the escarpment is made up of environmental zones.

Table 4. Area of Wollongong LEP 2009 zones within the escarpment plan area.

Zone Name Area ha Proportion

E1 National Parks and Nature Reserves 2768 27%

E2 Environmental Conservation 3976 39%

E3 Environmental Management 1836 18%

E4 Environmental Living 244 2%

RE1 Public Recreation 52 1%

RE2 Private Recreation 80 1%

RU1 Primary Production 154 2%

RU2 Rural Landscape 638 6%

SP2 Infrastructure 346 4%

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 39 | Page

5.2 DesiredIllawarraEscarpmentLandUse

The following section provides further detail on the character and desired future outcome of E2, E3 and

E4 land use zones within the escarpment. These are provided primarily to guide the future zoning of land,

although the statements also provide guidance to the desired management of existing zones. These

environmental zones are considered the most appropriate for future land use on the escarpment.

Planning proposals within the escarpment should be utilising these zones in all but exceptional cases. The

E1 National Parks and Nature Reserves zone is not included as it can only apply to lands managed by the

NPWS.

The Character Statements and Desired Future Outcomes are provided to help guide the preparation of

planning proposals for Illawarra Escarpment land. The Character Statements and Desired Future

Outcomes provide a broad indication of the characteristics of the zone as well as the expectations for its

management. The following descriptions should be used to guide the choice of land use zone and

management activities proposed to occur over the subject escarpment land in a planning proposal.

The Core Escarpment, Biophysical Support for Core, Landscape Support for Core and Escarpment

Interface attributes developed in IESMP 2006 underlie the Character Statements and Desired Future

Outcomes (refer to Section 1.5 for definitions). However, Council has not depicted the attribute mapping

of IESMP 2006 in this plan in acknowledgement that more detailed and current mapping would be

generated prior to the consideration of any rezoning on the escarpment.

5.2.1 E2–EnvironmentalConservationCharacterStatement

Theprincipalobjectiveofthiszoneistoprotect,manageandrestoreareasofhighecological,scientific,

cultural or aesthetic values. In the context of the Illawarra Escarpment, this means conserving Core

Escarpment and Foothills land avoiding development that degrade these values. The Core Escarpment

lands should be managed for conservation purposes as either freehold title (privately owned) or under

some form of public reserve. The land that is currently freehold and which will remain so should be able

to provide, where possible, a conservation buffer to the existing reserves such as the Illawarra

Escarpment State Conservation Area within the escarpment and foothills. Cleared or degraded land which

is of cultural or scenic value may also be included in this zone where the intention is for this land to be

utilised for conservation of these values.

New dwelling houses are not permitted in this zone, although existing use rights may enable lawfully

existing dwellings to be demolished and redeveloped, and additions and alterations to be made subject to

the normal Development Application process.

Lands applicable to this zone are recognised as potentially having valuable community appeal for

ecotourism, heritage and recreational type activities. Ecotourism is not currently a permissible use within

Wollongong LEP 2009, however, some ecotourism and recreational type activities including the

establishment of walking trails, informal picnicking and camping areas or heritage interpretation areas

are considered potentially suitable for this zone. Ecotourism type activities would need to follow

principles such as no native vegetation clearing, utilising existing infrastructure (eg. roads, water supply),

nil or positive impact on biodiversity, and nil or negligible visual intrusion and adequate bush fire

protection.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 40 | Page

5.2.1.1 DesiredFutureOutcomes

 Land use which protects and enhances escarpment lands which have special conservation,

cultural and historical, aesthetic or scenic qualities;

 Active management to enhance watercourses and their riparian buffer areas;

 Active management to conserve areas that contain high biodiversity values including land

mapped by OEH as ‘Primary’ or ‘Support for Primary’ or are identified as Endangered Ecological

Communities or poorly or inadequately conserved vegetation communities in the 2002

Bioregional Assessment of the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal Plain (NSW National Parks and

Wildlife Service, 2002c);

 Conservation of natural habitats for native plants and animals within the escarpment lands;

 Conservation of areas that comprise high visual or cultural amenity eg. cliff faces, ridges and

spurs;

 Enhancement of environmental and/or ecological corridors; and

 Provision of opportunities for public appreciation of the escarpment environment and its cultural

heritage where conservation is not compromised.

5.2.2 E3–EnvironmentalManagementCharacterStatement

Land within an E3 Environmental Management Zone has significant escarpment attributes, although it is

likely to be affected by disturbance from previous land use. It may be affected by weed infestation and

the fragmentation of remnant vegetation. There is strong likelihood that this land contains sites of

Aboriginal significance, particularly along riparian zones, ridge tops and spurs. It is considered that these

lands provide an important ‘buffer’ to the integrity of the Core Escarpment lands and therefore need to

be planned and managed to ensure that the ‘buffer’ status is maintained and enhanced, whilst at the

same time provide for, where appropriate, residential development or productive use.

The E3 lands are characterised by high elevations, a mixture of cleared and vegetated areas and existing

rural uses. These lands have generally been mapped in locations that are between high conservation

value lands and lands outside the study area such as the West Dapto release areas or existing

development.

The key defining characteristics of these lands are their environmental and visual significance. E3

Environmental Management lands allow for development including environmentally appropriate

residential development, agricultural pursuits, local food production, ecotourism and recreation, but only

as a secondary consideration to conservation (as previously articulated in the COI (Simpson, 1999)). New

dwelling houses are permitted in the E3 Environmental Management zone, subject to complying with a

range of controls including the Minimum Lot Size requirement.

5.2.2.1 DesiredFutureOutcomes

 Ecological enhancement of disturbed areas;

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 41 | Page

 Secure, long term financial mechanisms for ensuring ongoing management and enhancement of

escarpment values;

 Vegetated (local native species) areas provide linkages between the coastal plain and the high

conservation value lands of the escarpment;

 Vegetated (local native species) areas provide habitat to support Core Escarpment areas and

adjoining conservation lands;

 Lot size increases and density decreases along the gradient from urban lands to conservation

areas, whereby a rural residential type development occurs towards, but not within, the Core

Escarpment areas;

 Tourism development that do not degrade the biodiversity, visual or cultural values of the land or

increase the bush fire risk;

 Dwelling houses that leads to a neutral or beneficial effect on the biodiversity, visual and cultural

values of the escarpment through appropriate siting of development and active enhancement of

escarpment values;

 Residents contribute to the protection and enhancement of conservation areas, visual amenity

and cultural values of adjoining lands;

 Tourism and recreation development allows enjoyment of the high conservation attributes and

cultural values of the escarpment without reducing those values;

 Agricultural activities have a neutral or beneficial effect on the biodiversity, visual and cultural

values of the land and do not degrade the high conservation values of adjoining lands; and

 Residents actively contribute to the management of pest and weed species, rehabilitation of

native vegetation in previously cleared areas outside the APZ, and rehabilitation of riparian

corridors.

5.2.3 E4–EnvironmentalLivingCharacterStatement

There are some areas of existing cleared land that although in close proximity to Core Escarpment, are of

sufficient size and have existing infrastructure to support some level of development to drive a better

conservation outcome of the land. These areas are large enough and sufficiently cleared that detrimental

impacts on escarpment values would not likely result from residential or other sympathetic development,

including but not limited to; no loss of native vegetation for APZ implementation, no decrease in the

visual amenity of the escarpment, the ability to manage on site effluent and the provision of sufficient

access (without the need to remove native vegetation). Importantly, Council would need to be satisfied

that the planning proposal involving the zoning of land to E4 would ensure the ongoing improvement of

escarpment values overall and particularly on Core Escarpment land.

5.2.3.1 DesiredFutureOutcomes

 Ecological enhancement of disturbed areas;

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 42 | Page

 Secure, long term financial mechanisms for ensuring ongoing management and enhancement of

escarpment values;

 Low density housing or tourism development that does not degrade the biodiversity, visual or

cultural values of the land or increase the bush fire risk;

 Housing that leads to a neutral or beneficial effect on the biodiversity, visual and cultural values

of the escarpment through appropriate siting of development and active enhancement of

escarpment values;

 Residents contribute to the protection and enhancement of conservation areas, visual amenity

and cultural values of adjoining escarpment lands;

 Tourism and recreation development allows enjoyment of the high conservation attributes and

cultural values of the escarpment without reducing those values;

 Agricultural activities have a neutral or beneficial effect on the biodiversity, visual and cultural

values of the land and do not degrade the high conservation values of adjoining lands; and

 Residents actively contribute to the management of pest and weed species, rehabilitation of

native vegetation in previously cleared areas outside the APZ, and rehabilitation of riparian

corridors.

5.3 PlanningMechanisms

A variety of planning mechanisms exist for ensuring improved outcomes for the Illawarra Escarpment

result from any additional development. Which mechanisms are most appropriate will need to be

negotiated with Council and relevant state government agencies on a case by case basis. Below are

descriptions of some of the relevant planning mechanisms available to achieve improved environmental

outcomes on the Illawarra Escarpment. For guidance on the preparation of a planning proposal, see

section 5.5.

5.3.1 PlanningAgreements(PA)

Where Council considers a planning proposal has appropriate merit and contributes to achieving the

desired conservation outcomes of this plan, a Planning Agreement can be established with Council to

ensure that the agreed approach is carried through to the development assessment phase. A Planning

Agreement will contain the findings of studies associated with the proposal and commitments from the

developer including any conservation agreements. Due to the high cost of preparing a Planning

Agreement, it is anticipated that a planning proposal will make a commitment to preparing such an

Agreement following a successful Gateway determination.

Section 93F of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (Division 7.5 of Planning Act 2013)

defines the conditions for a Planning Agreement. A planning agreement is an agreement between one or

more public authorities and a person (the developer) under which the developer is required to dedicate

land free of cost, pay money, carry out public works or provide any other material public benefit (or any

combination of them) towards:

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 43 | Page

..(d) the conservation or enhancement of the natural environment of the State.

5.3.2 ConservationAgreements

Where escarpment land remains in private ownership and an improved conservation outcome is desired,

a BioBanking Agreement or similar mechanism may be the best way of ensuring that the land is actively

managed into the future. A range of legal agreements to guarantee the future conservation of land are

presented below.

5.3.2.1 BioBankingAgreement

BioBanking is a market-based offsetting program administered by the Office of Environment and

Heritage. A BioBanking agreement provides a high level of permanent legal protection for conservation

on a property. BioBanking credit arrangements are established with a dedicated funding plan designed

around a site specific management plan. The agreement is registered on the property title and remains

on the land with a change of ownership. A number of sites within the Wollongong LGA are in the process

of establishing BioBanking Agreements. BioBanking is currently the preferred mechanism for the securing

of conservation on escarpment land.

5.3.2.2 ConservationAgreement(CA)

A CA (administered by the Office of Environment and Heritage) provides a high level of permanent legal

protection for conservation on a property. It is registered on the property title and remains on the land

with a change of ownership.

Currently one CA exists in the Wollongong LGA in Farmborough Heights, to protect Illawarra Subtropical

Rainforest and Cynanchum elegans.

5.3.2.3 TrustAgreement

A Trust Agreement is a legally binding agreement between a landowner and the Nature Conservation

Trust. A Trust Agreement provides a high level of permanent legal protection for conservation on a

property. It is registered on the property title and remains on the land with a change of ownership.

Currently no Trust Agreements exist in the Wollongong Local Government Area.

5.3.2.4 ConservationPropertyVegetationPlan(PVP)

A PVP is a legally binding agreement between the land owner and the Local Land Services Authority that

describes how the native vegetation on the property is to be managed. A PVP runs with land for the

duration of the plan, and can be registered on the land title. A PVP provides a moderate level of legal

protection for conservation, but a high level of legal protection for conservation if the PVP is requested to

be in perpetuity. Currently no PVPs have been entered into in the Wollongong LGA.

5.3.2.5 WildlifeRefuge

A wildlife refuge (administered by the Office of Environment and Heritage) provides a moderate level of

permanent legal protection for conservation on a property and is registered on the property title.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 44 | Page

Wildlife refuges may contain remnant native vegetation as well as habitat provided by wildlife corridors,

windbreaks, woodlots or farm dams. Currently, no wildlife refuges exist in the Wollongong LGA.

5.3.2.6 Property Registration with the Office of Environment and

Heritage(OEH)

A landowner registers their property with OEH, to be managed for conservation. This is not legally

binding, and does not change the property’s legal status. Two property registration schemes are available

in New South Wales – Land for Wildlife and Conserve Wildlife. Land for Wildlife operates on a regional

level. In Conserve Wildlife, landholders register their properties with OEH by purchasing a ‘Conserve

Wildlife’ sign. Currently, no registered Land for Wildlife properties exist in the Wollongong LGA. Currently,

a small number of registered Conserve Wildlife properties exist in the Wollongong LGA.

5.3.3 HeritageManagementPlan

Planning proposals within the Illawarra Escarpment will require a preliminary assessment of any potential

heritage values on the site. This assessment should be prepared by a qualified heritage consultant and

consider the heritage values described in sections 4.2.2 and 4.2.3.

If the proposal impacts on the heritage values of the site, a heritage management plan may be required.

Depending on the nature of the proposal, the detailed heritage management plan may be prepared

following a successful Gateway determination.

It is expected that a heritage management plan will:

 Define the heritage values to be managed;

 Define any curtilage required around heritage objects and mitigation measures;

 Adopt an integrated approach toward management of cultural and natural heritage;

 Recognise heritage management in the overall planning and management of the site;

 Increase the understanding of heritage values on the site;

 Recognise the associations between the community and the escarpment; local Aboriginals,

landowners, neighbours and visitors; and

 Contribute to the whole of government planning for escarpment cultural heritage conservation

and management, including the working with the Office of Environment and Heritage.

5.3.4 CommunityTitle

Community title is a legal agreement whereby the ownership of common land may be shared across a

number of lots. In order to demonstrate the ongoing conservation and enhancement of escarpment land,

a planning proposal may outline a community title agreement to apply to a future subdivision.

5.4 ConstraintsonDevelopment

The Illawarra Escarpment contains large areas of land which are unsuitable for many forms of

development due to steepness, land instability, conservation significance, bush fire risk, visual

prominence and remoteness from services. These factors need to be considered in assessing the merits of

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 45 | Page

planning proposals within the Illawarra Escarpment. It is important to note that areas not constrained by

one of the factors listed below are not necessarily automatically considered suitable for development.

5.4.1 Steepness

Due to the natural form of the escarpment, many areas have a slope exceeding 25 degrees. The

steepness of the landform has historically been a major barrier to development and continues to affect

large areas of the escarpment.

5.4.2 LandStability

Evidence of landslip and other forms of land instability are common on the escarpment. Over 500

landslides have been recorded in the Wollongong University Landslide Inventory. Significant landslip

events have occurred in the northern suburbs such as the Thirroul Primary School landslide of 1950.

Various attempts have been made to better understand land stability risk to help guide land suitability

assessments. However, Council generally requires site specific assessments of geotechnical risk in order

to exclude areas of high landslip risk from development.

5.4.3 ConservationSignificance

Vegetation on the escarpment may have value in terms of its biological significance as representative of

rare or endangered species or communities, but also vegetation may be important for habitat or

migration purposes for native fauna. Additionally, vegetation on the escarpment has conservation

significance due to its Aboriginal cultural significance or scenic landscape value. For these reasons,

remnant native vegetation is a major constraint on additional development of the escarpment.

Another important element for conservation identified in the Commission of Inquiry was riparian

corridors. The IESMP 2006 encouraged the protection of watercourses for the purpose of wildlife

movement, habitat, land stability and water quality. These areas also often correspond with areas of

Aboriginal heritage significance.

5.4.4 BushfireRisk

Approximately 97% of the escarpment plan area is declared bush fire prone, triggering consideration

under the Rural Fires Act 1997. The potential bush fire risk of the escarpment was demonstrated in 1968

when the Illawarra Escarpment experienced a devastating bush fire event in which 31 homes were lost.

Development should be located in areas which do not require the clearing of native vegetation to

establish Asset Protection Zones. Also, development should be located where there is sufficient access

and egress for residents and emergency vehicles.

5.4.5 VisualImpact

The visual impact of development is an important constraint given the level of scenic value of the

escarpment. A methodology for consideration of visual impact is outlined in the Wollongong DCP 2009

and in greater detail within the Visual Quality Assessment undertaken as part of the Illawarra Escarpment

Land Use Review Strategy (DSB Landscape Architects, 2006).

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 46 | Page

5.4.6 ServiceAvailability

Sites without access to town water, sewer or power can potentially impact on the environmental values

of the escarpment through pollution or the need to bring in service to service the development. Careful

consideration must be given to the balance of benefit versus impact of allowing development in the more

remote areas of the escarpment.

5.5 PlanningProposalRequirements

For detailed guidance on the preparation of planning proposals, please refer to “A guide to preparing

planning proposals” (Department of Planning and Infrastructure, 2012). The following requirements are

provided to guide the preparation of planning proposals within the Illawarra Escarpment.

Although the complexity of proposals may vary, as a minimum, Council requires reports addressing the

possible impacts of the proposal on:

1. The Visual Quality of the Illawarra Escarpment and its precincts;

2. Bush fire Hazard and associated vegetation management;

3. Heritage values of the site;

4. Geotechnical stability of the site; and

5. Biodiversity.

All studies will need to be integrated in order for Council to consider the proposal holistically. For

example, the bush fire, geotechnical and heritage management requirements will need to be considered

as part of the biodiversity and visual assessments of the proposal.

Further, the planning proposal should provide evidence of how the environmental and cultural values of

the escarpment will be conserved and enhanced through the proposal.

The consideration of planning proposals by Council will focus on assessing:

1. The basic planning viability of the proposal;

2. the conservation benefit of the proposal; and

3. The visual benefit of the proposal.

In weighing the merits of a proposal, additional questions should be considered:

 Are conservation measures short or long term?

 Is any improvement likely to be maintained?

 Is there a possibility of a change of use subsequent to approval which is contrary to

achieving the benefits of the proposal?

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 47 | Page

5.5.2 ConservationBenefit

Planning proposals should identify conservation measures that are lasting. Examples of lasting

conservation measures include the dedication of land to the National Parks and Wildlife Service or a

Biobanking Agreement ensuring ongoing funding of conservation works on escarpment land. A

Vegetation Management Plan alone will in most cases not be sufficient to demonstrate a conservation

benefit.

5.5.3 EnvironmentalEnvelope

The approach of planning escarpment land use based on the existing landscape attributes of the land that

was developed in the IESMP 2006 was further refined by the Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Review

Strategy 2007 (HLA-Envirosciences, 2007). The Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Review Strategy utilised an

approach to land capacity assessment based around an environmental envelope (environmental

footprint) over the land, which was determined by reference to environmental constraints such as; size

(and length) of area currently cleared relative to slope, angle of viewline, ridgelines, cultural heritage

items, visual analysis, potential supplementary planting, access (transport corridors), width of clearing

(interruption to canopy), bush fire risk, riparian corridors, services (on site detention etc.), water cycle

management and stability matters (HLA-Envirosciences, 2007).

This approach allowed an environmental envelope to be set. An indicative development form could be

determined by the potential developer with reference to density, siting and design principles and a

subdivision could be proposed. This approach encourages the siting of a development to achieve minimal

visual impact, while reflecting the natural attributes of the escarpment and to be in harmony with its

surroundings. This method reflects an approach where the landscape features determine subdivision

capacity and where development is secondary to the improvement of escarpment values. The method

involves a greater consideration of the preservation and enhancement of natural and cultural values than

a standard constraints analysis methodology as may be applied in an urban release area context. The

environmental envelope methodology should be applied as a foundation to planning proposals within the

Illawarra Escarpment.

5.5.4 AssessmentCriteria

In addition to the basic requirements of the Department of Planning and Environment, for a planning

proposal within the Illawarra Escarpment area to be supported by Council for Gateway determination, it

must satisfactorily address the following criteria:

Site Analysis

Demonstrate the environmental envelope methodology (Section 5.5.3) has been applied to the

site.

Where the site is adjacent to existing urban development, increase lot size and reduce density of

development closer to the escarpment.

3 Riparian corridors are to be applied consistent with the recommendations contained within the

Riparian Corridor Management Study (Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 48 | Page

Resources, 2004). Office of Water guidelines for riparian corridors on water

ront land are not

relevant due to the Illawarra Escarpment not being an urban release area.

4 The clearing of native vegetation on the escarpment is to be avoided. This includes; for the

location of a dwelling site, provision of services, access, on-site effluent management,

infrastructure or for the implementation of bush fire controls including Asset Protection Zones

(APZs). Where minor native vegetation removal is required, it needs to be justified in terms of

significant improved outcomes for the environmental and cultural values of the Illawarra

Escarpment (Sections 4.1–4.2).

5 Retain the rural atmosphere of the escarpment through avoiding visible development and

maintaining low development density. Where higher densities are required to achieve

conservation and enhancement of the escarpment, dwellings need to be hidden and clustered to

avoid degrading the visual quality of the escarpment.

6 Where possible, avoid creating additional lot boundaries through existing native vegetation or

riparian areas.

Conservation

7 Contributes to the improved management of escarpment lands through permanent, legally

binding mechanisms (Section 5.3).

8 Conserve, improve and where possible extend existing vegetation on the site. This may include

conservation and improvement of vegetation of relatively low biodiversity value in order to

provide a buffer to nearby high biodiversity escarpment land such as that mapped as ‘Primary’ in

the NPWS Bioregional Assessment of the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal Plain 2002 (NSW

National Parks and Wildlife Service, 2002c).

9 Conserve, improve and where possible extend existing vegetation to provide for increased

connectivity and enhance existing vegetation corridors such as mapped in the Illawarra

Biodiversity Strategy 2011.

10 Protect, maintain and enhance flora and fauna species and vegetation communities of the

Illawarra Escarpment.

11 Describe how the escarpment values of the site will be improved in terms of specific and secure

conservation initiatives and outcomes that will enhance the Illawarra Escarpment for the long

term.

Heritage

12 A report must be submitted to Council assessing Aboriginal and Non-Indigenous heritage values on

the site due to the heritage significance of the Illawarra Escarpment (Section 5.3.3). A separate

report may be required for consideration of Aboriginal and Non-Indigenous cultural heritage.

Visual

13 A visual impact assessment must be prepared consistent with the methodology presented in the

Visual Quality Analysis of the Illawarra Escarpment 2006 (DSB Landscape Architects, 2006).

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 49 | Page

14 Locate proposed development with full consideration of its visual context within a precinct.

Proposals should conserve or enhance the scenic attributes of its precinct.

15 Promote a pattern of land use sympathetic to the valuable escarpment landscape, protecting

ridges, spurs, valleys and creeks.

16 No residential or infrastructure development on visually significant or prominent ridgelines –

ridgelines should be managed for conservation, visual and biodiversity outcomes. Vegetated ridges

should separate suburbs.

17 Development opportunities should be considered where there is nil, or only a localised visual

impact, not visible from the broader urban areas.

18 Allow for public access to views of exceptionally high scenic value or cultural significance.

Bush fire

19 A bush fire assessment must be submitted consistent with the Planning for Bush Fire Protection

2006 (Rural Fire Service, 2006).

20 Bush fire assessments must consider the possible effects of the 10/50 Vegetation Clearing Code on

vegetation.

Geotechnical

21 A geotechnical assessment must be submitted due to the known geotechnical instability of the

Illawarra Escarpment.

22 Where revegetation is required to improve the stability of high geotechnical risk areas, plant local

native vegetation associated with the vegetation type present on the site.

2 Avoid the exposure of development to areas of instability or geotechnical risk.

5.6 DevelopmentAssessment

In addition to Planning Proposals, Council is required to assess Development Applications for new

development in the Illawarra Escarpment, including new or replacement dwelling houses, tourist

developments, agriculture and recreation facilities. Council also comments on Major Project Applications

exhibited by the State for mining operations.

In the assessment of Development Applications, Council assesses the application against:

 The Wollongong LEP 2009 – including land use definition, zoning, lot size and clause 7.8 Illawarra

Escarpment area conservation;

 The Wollongong DCP 2009 – various chapters including B6 Development in the Illawarra

Escarpment;

 Any relevant State Environmental Planning Policy, state policy or guidelines; and

 The Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 50 | Page

6 Implementation

The IESMP 2015 utilises a pressure state response model of managing the Illawarra Escarpment. This

model identifies the pressures or key threatening processes on an asset be it natural, cultural or

economic, then identifies the current state of these assets and from these two elements, a response is

determined to mitigate or minimise the threats to the asset.

6.1 Pressure

Pressures on the escarpment include:

Activity/Process Pressure

Mining Disruption of underground water movement

Pollution of air, land and water

Clearing of vegetation for mine operations

Subsidence

Increased land instability

Pest Animals Browsing of native vegetation

Spread of weeds

Competition with native herbivores

Erosion

Weeds Competition with native plants

Disruption of fauna movement

Increased fire hazard

Bush fire Burn regimes may preference certain vegetation types

Increased erosion after fire

Vegetation clearing associated with hazard reduction

Land clearing/fragmentation Reduction in biodiversity through clearing

Increased fragmentation leading to increased edge

effects such as weeds

Increased need for further clearing or modification of

vegetation for asset protection zone/infrastructure

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 51 | Page

maintenance

Increased opportunities for spread of weeds

Urban encroachment/increased

residential development of the

escarpment

Increased prevalence of domestic animals in natural

areas

Dumping

Unauthorised fires

Pollution of waterways through herbicides, pesticides

and fertilisers

Weed dispersal through garden escapees

Reduced infiltration of water due to hard surfaces

High visual impact development Reduction in scenic value of the escarpment

Agriculture Nitrification of watercourses from fertilisers

Chemical and pesticide contamination

Water extraction

Weed dispersal from pasture

Disruption of sensitive native vegetation through grazing

Faecal contamination of watercourses from livestock

Climate variability (weather

extremes and seasonal variation)

Increased risk of severe fire

Increased stress on biodiversity

Unauthorised access Nuisance to landowners

Risks from unauthorised activities such as hunting and

dirt bike riding

Damage to property

Erosion

Damage and distress to livestock

6.2 State

Monitoring of the state of the Illawarra Escarpment is a significant challenge given the extent of the area

involved and the large level of private ownership within the escarpment. The state of the escarpment

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 52 | Page

must be measured using data which is either existing, or readily attained. The approach outlined below

utilises currently available technology and methodologies to measure changes in the condition of the

escarpment.

6.2.1 Currentdata

6.2.1.1 MappingLayers

Several mapping layers were developed in association with the preparation of the IESMP 2006. Most

significantly, the Bioregional Assessment conducted by the National Parks and Wildlife Service in 2002

generated a comprehensive vegetation map, as well as fauna modelling and a conservation assessment

combining these two datasets. The 2002 Bioregional Assessment of the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal

Plain examined biodiversity values in three phases;

 Part I – vegetation study,

 Part II – fauna study, and

 Part III – conservation assessment.

Although the 2002 study is now more than a decade old, it continues to underpin Council’s consideration

of biodiversity values on the escarpment. Council commissioned a validation study of the 2002 NPWS

mapping in 2006. This study found a high level of agreement with the 2002 study. Although vegetation

condition is in a constant state of change, the 2002 study continues to provide an accurate representation

of biodiversity values on the escarpment. Additional mapping has been conducted by the Office of

Environment and Heritage (OEH) in the north of the Wollongong local government area, and Council

officers and consultants have contributed to updating the vegetation mapping over time. The most recent

vegetation map update occurred in 2014.

The Illawarra Biodiversity Strategy 2011 identified areas of High Conservation Value and Very High

Conservation Value in the escarpment. This mapping was based on a regional level vegetation map

generated as part of the South Coast Inventory of Vegetation Index (SCIVI) mapping project conducted by

OEH in 2010. Although this mapping is of a coarser resolution than the 2002 Bioregional Assessment

which focussed on the Wollongong Local Government Area, it contains vegetation community

classifications which are consistent from Sydney down to the Victorian border.

In addition to these layers, Council has captured aerial photography over much of the escarpment in

2006, 2009, 2011 and 2012. Due to the focus of Council on managing the coastal plain and escarpment

foothills, aerial photography has increasingly been restricted to these areas, omitting much of the

western areas of the escarpment (largely under catchment protection).

Since 2006, Council has also acquired LiDAR Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) over much of Wollongong.

LiDAR DEMs provide highly accurate representation of elevation. The newly acquired DEMs have been

valuable in more accurately locating drainage lines and watercourses, key constraints for escarpment

planning.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 53 | Page

LiDAR also has the capacity to deliver information on vegetation structure. The State Government has

developed a program of digital image capture for the Sydney Conurbation which is scheduled to deliver

high resolution aerial photography to Council on an annual basis. The latest dataset was generated from

flights undertaken in 2013. Future image capture is planned to integrate LiDAR data with capture leading

to the potential for annual monitoring of vegetation structure over some areas of the escarpment.

6.2.1.2 VisualQualityAssessment

Results from the Visual Quality Analysis 2007 provide a benchmark of the visual quality of the ten

precincts within the escarpment study area. Replication of aspects of this methodology will allow for

monitoring of performance against this benchmark.

6.2.1.3 HeritageRegister

The mapping of heritage is complex when the full range of values is considered. A mapping layer of

heritage areas is necessarily a simplification, however, can be used as a tool for reviewing key sites or

assets. Council is currently reviewing its heritage register. It is anticipated that additional heritage items

will be added to the register as part of this review and subsequent work.

The Heritage Assessments conducted between 2003 and 2008 contain detailed records of heritage items

and natural heritage values in the escarpment. These items are included in the current review of the

heritage register and are anticipated to form a component of the ongoing monitoring of the state of

heritage items on the escarpment.

6.2.1.4 CurrentConditionofVegetation

Vegetation condition has been mapped as part of the Bioregional Assessment conducted in 2001. Further

work on mapping vegetation condition occurred in 2006. This work found condition measures to be

generally consistent with the previous mapping. Due to the generally slow nature of condition change

within vegetation communities, and due to the high cost of accurately measuring this change, it is not

feasible to comprehensively audit vegetation condition across the study area. A more targeted approach

is required.

 Monitor sites where improvement of vegetation condition was part of the consent for rezoning or

development.

 Monitor sites of particularly high conservation value where a threat may be present (e.g. deer).

 Consider long term monitoring sites as indicators of general condition change associated with

climate and key threatening processes.

6.2.1.5 VisualAmenity

The visual quality of the ten precincts within the study area was assessed as part of the Illawarra

Escarpment Land Use Review in 2007. This work forms a baseline for periodic review of visual amenity.

 Periodic (every 5 years) reassessment of visual amenity consistent with the Visual Quality Analysis

conducted in 2007.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 54 | Page

 Documentation of views from key locations to monitor change.

6.3 Response

Although Council’s direct influence on the state of the escarpment is limited by its small level of land

ownership in the escarpment and existing legislative powers, a range of actions have been identified to

be implemented in response to the pressures on the escarpment in Section 6.3.4.

6.3.1 EnvironmentalManagement

6.3.1.1 BiodiversityConservation

Council’s efforts at addressing weed management and biodiversity enhancement are primarily focussed

on the coastal plain. Private biodiversity conservation efforts are likely to emerge from planning

proposals on the escarpment given the clear planning direction in this regard.

6.3.1.2 WeedManagement

The proliferation of weeds in disturbed areas of the escarpment is a major management challenge for the

Illawarra Escarpment. The occupier of escarpment land (whether public or private) has responsibilities for

addressing weed management and the failure to address weed issues can result in penalties under the

Noxious Weeds Act 1993.

The national approach to weed management is outlined in the seven guiding principles of the National

Weed Strategy:

 Weed management is an essential and integral part of the sustainable management of natural

resource for the benefit of the economy, the environment, human health and amenity;

 Combating weed problems is a shared responsibility that requires all parties to have a clear

understanding of their roles;

 Good science underpins the effective development, monitoring and review of weed management

strategies;

 Prioritisation of and investment in weed management must be informed by a risk management

approach;

 Prevention and early intervention are the most cost-effective techniques for managing weeds;

 Weed management requires coordination among all levels of government in partnership with

industry, land and water managers and the community, regardless of tenure; and

 Building capacity across government, industry, land and water managers and the community is

fundamental to effective weed management (National Resource Management Ministerial

Council, 2007).

The Noxious Weeds Act 1993 classifies weeds as:

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 55 | Page

Class 1

State

Prohibited

Weeds

Plants that pose a potentially serious threat to primary production or the

environment and are not present in the State or are present only to a limited

extent.

Class 2

Regionally

Prohibited

Weeds

Plants that pose a potentially serious threat to primary production or the

environment of a region to which the order applies and are not present in the

region or are present only to a limited extent.

Class 3

Regionally

Controlled

Weeds

Plants that pose a serious threat to primary production or the environment of

an area to which the order applies, are not widely distributed in the area and

are likely to spread in the area or to another area.

Class 4

Locally

Controlled

Weeds

Plants that pose a threat to primary production, the environment or human

health, are widely distributed in an area to which the order applies and are

likely to spread in the area or to another area.

Class 5

Restricted

Plants

Plants that are likely, by their sale or the sale of their seeds or movement

within the State or an area of the State, to spread in the State or outside the

State.

The primary means for Council to address weed management at a landscape scale is through the Illawarra

District Noxious Weeds Authority (IDNWA). Wollongong, Shellharbour and Kiama Councils established the

IDNWA in 1992, as a means of better managing noxious weeds across the three local government areas.

The IDNWA is responsible for undertaking weed control measures on Council and some Crown land as

well as working with private landholders to manage weeds across the landscape. The IDNWA has the

authority to direct landowners to undertake weed control when necessary.

The IDNWA prioritises the eradication or control of new and emerging high risk weed species (Class 1 and

2 species as defined by the Noxious Weeds Act 1993). Class 3 noxious weeds are given the second highest

priority. Control of class 3 noxious weeds aims to contain the spread and reduce the area and impact of

these weeds. Widespread and common weeds (class 4) are prioritised according to where control

benefits will be greatest and where the IDNWA has the resources to adequately address the weed issue.

Council conducts weed management as part of its management of natural areas, utilising contractors and

supporting Bushcare volunteers. However, these natural area sites are generally located outside of the

IESMP 2015 area.

Table 5. The Strategic Weed Management Plan for the Illawarra Escarpment 2006 identified strategies

and actions for addressing weed management on the escarpment. These actions have been refined by

the Illawarra District Noxious Weeds Authority and are listed below.

Strategy Actions

Manage weeds through land use

planning

Establish when weed management can be considered ‘exempt

development’.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 56 | Page

Integrate weed management into environmental management

plans and land management agreements.

Identify opportunities to initiate appropriate land use change as

part of the management of weeds.

Prevent the establishment of new

weed species –

Undertake a risk assessment process to identify and manage high

risk species and pathways

Raise public understanding of high risk weed species

Implement eradication and enforcement programs

Establish hygiene protocols to reduce the spread of weeds

Develop and implement early detection capacity

Reduce disturbance and regenerate disturbed sites

Integrate pest control efforts with weed management

Restrict the sale of high risk weed species

Eradicate or contain new and

emerging high risk weed species

Undertake surveillance programs for high risk species and

implement eradication or containment programs

Increase the capacity of landholders to recognise and report new

weed incursions

Develop rapid response plans

Monitor the effectiveness of eradication or containment programs

Effectively manage widespread

weeds

Identify where widespread weeds are having greatest impact and

prioritise management efforts based on impacts

Implement weed control at priority locations – management

programs to be prioritised to give greatest benefit

Support cooperative programs that use integrated management

across all tenures

Undertake best practice weed control

Monitor effectiveness of management programs and adapt as

required

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 57 | Page

6.3.1.3 PestManagement

Following from an action in the IESMP 2006, Council developed a Vertebrate Pest Animal Management

Policy in 2010. A range of pest species are considered under this policy. Deer have been identified as a

significant pest species on escarpment land. In 2011, Council supported the establishment of the

Northern Illawarra Wild Deer Management Program (NIWDMP), and in 2013, a draft Regional Deer

Management Strategy. The NIWDMP is coordinated by the South East Local Land Services and involves

the landscape wide control of deer utilising professional pest controllers. The program is scheduled to

operate until 2015, with maintenance control involving landowner and reduced contractor management

to occur on an ongoing basis. The program has been successful at reducing deer populations and impacts

within the program target areas.

Deer are considered a game species in NSW. This means there are currently no mechanisms for obliging

landowners to control deer. Despite this legal status, wild deer have been shown to be causing a negative

impact on escarpment vegetation through herbivory, notably in the Illawarra Subtropical Rainforest

vegetation community. Deer have also been causing economic and social impacts in Wollongong, such as

damage to property and safety risk to motorists. These impacts contributed to the assessment of deer as

a Priority Pest Species for Wollongong requiring a Pest Management Plan to be developed and

implemented.

The Pest Management Plan for Deer is updated annually and the actions reviewed by the Council’s Pest

Animal Advisory Group consisting of representatives of NSW Police, RSPCA, Animal Welfare League,

National Parks, Local Land Services and Water NSW.

Other vertebrate pest species affecting biodiversity in the Illawarra Escarpment include foxes and feral

cats. Council is yet to produce pest management plans for these species although it is anticipated that

these plans will be developed over coming years. Council continues to support the Animal Welfare League

to implement feral cat management in the Wollongong LGA.

6.3.1.4 RiparianCorridorManagement

In 2004 Council endorsed the Riparian Corridor Management Strategy produced by the (then)

Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources. This plan underlies Council’s consideration

of riparian management and buffer widths. Additional to this strategy, Local Land Services provides

incentives for rural landholders to improve riparian condition.

6.3.1.5 BushfireManagement

The potential for extensive property loss along the escarpment is high as all parts of the urban - bushland

interface are vulnerable to bush fire attack. Major fires have occurred within the Wollongong LGA in

September 1939, October 1968, November 1980, January 1994, December 1997 and December 2001.

These fires have all coincided with extended drought periods and extreme fire weather and burnt

extensive areas both below and on top of the escarpment.

The NSW Rural Fires Act 1997 places strict obligations for bush fire management on all land owners in

NSW. Prevention of the ignition or spread of wildfire is the responsibility of all public and private land

owners, regardless of the size of their property holding.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 58 | Page

Strategic and emergency bush fire management in the Wollongong local government area is co-ordinated

by the Wollongong Bush Fire Management Committee. This committee comprises representatives from

the major land management agencies within Wollongong, such as Wollongong City Council, NSW National

Parks and Wildlife Service, Water NSW, Integral Energy, Rail Corp, several private landholders, NSW Rural

Fire Service and NSW Fire Brigades, Illawarra District Police Rescue as well as volunteer representatives

from the Nature Conservation Council and the Rural Fire Service.

The current Wollongong Bush fire Risk Management Plan (BRMP) was developed by the Committee in

September August 2008, in accordance with the NSW Rural Fires Act 1997. The aim of the BFRMP is to

provide for the co-ordinated prevention and mitigation of wildfire for the protection of life, property and

the environment. The BFRMP is a strategic document which:

 identifies the level of bush fire risk across the Wollongong LGA;

 identifies strategies which will be implemented to manage the bush fire risks identified; and

 identifies the land managers responsible for implementing the BFRMP.

 Reducing the risk for bush fire events generally involves actions such as:

o preparing the interface to withstand the expected fire intensities through establishment

and maintenance of Asset Protection Zones and upgrading building construction;

o preventing or reducing the risk of fires reaching the interface through broad area fuel

management, improved fire detection and systems; and

o minimising the impact of fire on life, property and the environment through broad area

fuel management, improved resident and fire fighter response and resident evacuation

procedures.

6.3.1.5.1 BushFireHazardReductionWorks

In August 2003 the NSW Rural Fire Service introduced a streamlined process for the approval of hazard

reduction works undertaken within Asset Protection Zones (APZs) and Strategic Fire Advantage Zones

(SFAZs).

A range of environmental laws exist to regulate hazard reduction. Previously, carrying out hazard

reduction works required the consideration of up to 22 pieces of legislation and approvals from several

different authorities. The current Environmental Assessment Code for Hazard Reduction considers the

effects clearing and burning can have on threatened species, soil, water, native and riparian vegetation,

Aboriginal and Non-Indigenous Cultural Heritage and locally significant sites. The code also considers the

effects of smoke pollution. Applications for hazard reduction by private landholders are assessed by staff

from the Rural Fire Service. Successful applicants are issued with a Hazard Reduction Certificate which is

valid for 12 months. The Certificate describes the nature of the approved works and applies conditions

which must be complied with during the completion of the works.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 59 | Page

Strategic Fire Advantage Zones (SFAZs) include land that is mapped or described as such in the

Wollongong Bush Fire Risk Management Plan or land within 500m of an APZ. The purposes of SFAZs are

to:

 provide fuel reduced areas which enable the protection of assets by fire fighters when APZs are

not in place;

 complement APZs where these do not provide adequate protection; and

 provide strategically located fuel reduced areas to reduce the vulnerability of assets which are

susceptible to fire.

The types of works which can be approved under the Environmental Assessment Code within SFAZs

include:

(a) mechanical work for the maintenance of existing fire breaks. (This does not cover the removal of

native vegetation, including regrowth vegetation older than 10 years);

(b) prescribed burning.

Computer modelling has identified an APZ varying between 20m and 70m for the 282km of the interface.

Site specific assessment of the interface is required to identify APZ requirements (eg. dimensions of the

APZ and adoption of ancillary measures).

The modelled APZ is divided into broad manageable segments based on similar risk. There are a total of

45 segments with each being given a priority ranking to guide land managers and relevant authorities in

the order in which detailed site assessment and APZ implementation should occur. These segments have

been selected to contain areas of similar:

 Potential fire intensity resulting from a fire under extreme fire weather conditions averaged over

the segment;

 proximity to historic fire paths or historical fire damage;

 length of downhill vegetated slopes from development;

 whether downslope or upslope occur adjacent to the development and the nature of the

vegetation on these slopes;

 potential for impact by converging fire,

 accessibility and egress;

 adequacy of existing APZ;

 number of buildings and potential occupants;

 localities and characteristics that enable survey, consultation and implementation works and to

occur at a similar time; and

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 60 | Page

 time since last fire in adjoining bushland.

In areas of existing urban development, education and awareness are critical issues in ensuring an

effective APZ is implemented and in managing the threat of Bush Fire. Education and awareness of the

risks and appropriate responses will be required to ensure landowners are aware of the risk of living in an

urban/bushland interface, are aware of the options available to them in adopting the various mitigative

responses to the threat of fire such as the removal of hazards around the asset, use of sprinkler systems,

ensuring sufficient water supply and pressure, use of radiant heat barriers, providing an inner protection

area and are making sure residents are aware of appropriate response procedures and evacuation routes.

The management of Asset Protection Zones has the potential to undermine the biodiversity and visual

values of the Illawarra Escarpment. APZs need to occur in adequately sized existing cleared areas that are

not targeted for biodiversity enhancement. The location of APZs within existing cleared areas is discussed

in more detail in Section 5 of this plan.

6.3.1.5.2 10/50VegetationClearingCode

In August 2014, the Rural Fires Amendment (Vegetation Clearing) Bill 2014 was enacted to provide for the

clearing of trees within 10 metres of a dwelling and underlying vegetation (other than trees), such as

shrubs, within 50 metres of a dwelling if their property is within the designated 10/50 vegetation clearing

entitlement area. Briefly, the application of the 10/50 Vegetation Clearing Code of Practice specifies a

number of restrictions and limitations. It is the responsibility of the landowner to understand these as

part of the self-assessment process including:

 Provisions to manage soil erosion and landslip risks;

 Protection of riparian buffer zones;

 Protection of Aboriginal and other cultural heritage;

 Protection of vegetation where a legal obligation exists to preserve that vegetation by an

agreement made under several different Acts such as the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974,

Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 and the Native Vegetation Act 2003; and

 A requirement for an assessment and approval under the Commonwealth Environment

Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 for a Matter of National Environmental

Significance.

The code is applicable to all properties within the Illawarra Escarpment as defined by Wollongong LEP

2009. While the code does not establish an obligation to remove vegetation, there is a significant risk that

the scenic and ecological values of the escarpment could be diminished by its implementation. The code

is currently under review by the NSW Government.

6.3.2 CulturalManagement

Council has limited capacity to directly influence cultural values towards the Illawarra Escarpment. The

primary means by which Council can influence these values is through facilitation of community planning

and education. Council’s role in regulating development influences the degree to which existing cultural

values are preserved or enhanced.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 61 | Page

6.3.2.1 ScenicManagement

The primary mechanism for Council’s management of scenic values on the escarpment is through its land

use planning and development control functions. Council considers visual impacts on the escarpment as a

component of the assessment of planning proposals and development applications.

The high value of the escarpment as a visual backdrop ensures that proposals are required to minimise or

avoid visual impacts on the escarpment. The Wollongong DCP 2009 Chapter B6 Development in the

Illawarra Escarpment contains details on how this is achieved at the development control level.

Monitoring and review of visual quality is discussed in Section 5.4 of this plan.

6.3.2.2 AboriginalHeritage

Aboriginal heritage on the escarpment is primarily managed through the development control function of

Council. The Office of Environment and Heritage regulates the management of Aboriginal heritage and

maintains a register of information about Aboriginal objects and places of significance. Council

administers the Aboriginal Reference Group which provides advice to Council on planning matters related

to the Aboriginal community.

6.3.2.3 Non–IndigenousHeritageManagement

The Illawarra Escarpment Heritage Assessment 2007 provided recommendations on improved

management of heritage in the escarpment. Many of the recommendations related to improvements

Council could make to its management which would enhance the preservation of cultural heritage.

 Integrate cultural heritage in the consideration of escarpment planning matters, production of

interpretive material and monitoring of escarpment condition;

 Improve record keeping of heritage items and related materials;

 Fund community research into the escarpment’s cultural and natural heritage;

 Support community involvement in escarpment research;

 Create interpretive materials and experiences to encourage understanding of escarpment values;

and

 Improve collaboration with government agencies as well as the University of Wollongong and

community groups.

The recommendations are being considered in the Heritage Review which is currently underway in

consultation with the Heritage Advisory Committee.

6.3.2.4 RecreationalUses

The Illawarra Escarpment is an attractive environment for a number of recreational uses including

bushwalking, mountain biking, trail bike riding and hunting. Many attempts have been made to improve

the recreational opportunities on the escarpment through the development of a connected network of

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 62 | Page

trails and lookouts. Due to the cost of construction, the complexity of managing multiple ownership and

the physical constraints of the land, progress on these plans has been gradual.

6.3.2.4.1 Bushwalking

The primary agency responsible for planning access to the escarpment is the National Parks and Wildlife

Service. Council is working with the NPWS to ensure appropriate linkages are provided with walks within

the Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area (IESCA). Destination Wollongong plays an important

role in coordination and promotion of the Illawarra Escarpment and associated attractions. Council has

the potential to help NPWS and Destination Wollongong implement their plans for improved access and

appreciation of the escarpment through facilitating a multi-agency working group and through building

appropriate links to the IESCA.

In order to improve the experience of the escarpment for residents, visitors and landowners, further

investment in a formalised network of trails and access points is desirable. Council is in a position to

facilitate the implementation of current plans through consultation with stakeholders and through the

provision of facilities where appropriate. The fundamental assumption underlying the desire for improved

escarpment access is that it will lead to a greater appreciation of the natural and cultural heritage of the

Illawarra Escarpment, enhance the value the community places on its conservation and reduce the

negative impacts of informal access. All proposals should address these aims.

6.3.2.4.2 MountainBiking

No formal routes for mountain biking currently exist within the escarpment although some fire trails

within the Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area can be legally accessed by mountain bikes. Due

to the strong potential for environmental damage and conflict between mountain bike users and walkers,

it is imperative that a planned approach to facilitating mountain biking be implemented in areas where

the two uses coincide.

6.3.2.4.3 TrailBikes

The use of trail bikes on the escarpment is not consistent with the conservation objectives of this plan

due to the impacts of trail bikes on plants, soil and amenity of the escarpment. Public trail bike access to

the Illawarra Escarpment is generally prohibited.

In some cases, private land owners may give permission to riders to access their land. Council is not

aware of the extent of private agreements for trail bike access. Council is aware of private land owners

struggling with the impacts of trail bike riders illegally riding on their land.

The negative impacts of trail bike riding can be minimised through the use of custom designed facilities

such as the Mount Kembla Dirt Bike Complex. The Wollongong Motorcycle Club operates the Mount

Kembla Dirt Bike Complex in Mount Kembla. Unlicensed riders can legally ride in the escarpment within

this complex. To ride on public roads riders must have a licence and have a registered bike. Riders must

be over 18 years of age to apply for a licence.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 63 | Page

6.3.3 EconomicManagement

Economic development of the escarpment is managed through assessment of planning proposals and

development applications. Wollongong Council’s Economic Development Strategy 2013–2023 considers

the Illawarra Escarpment as a natural asset and tourist attraction.

6.3.4 IllawarraEscarpmentActionPlan

This action plan has been developed in order to assist Council to progress the objectives of the plan

utilising available resources. The IESMP 2015 is considered a Supporting Document to Council’s

Integrated Planning and Reporting Framework. It is anticipated that the Action Plan will be utilised to

guide Council actions over the next five years and then be subject to review along with a future update to

the IESMP. Actions have been developed in three key themes:

 Community Capacity;

 Planning; and

 Governance.

6.3.4.1 Theme1–CommunityCapacity(C)

This theme presents actions and strategies related to improving the level of understanding and

appreciation of the values of the Illawarra Escarpment. It is also recognised that actions relevant to this

theme may emerge from landholder or general community proposals presented to Council over time.

CommunityCapacityObjectives

 C1 – Increase understanding of escarpment values and management challenges.

 C2 – Increase appreciation of the escarpment.

 C3 – Develop skills and knowledge relevant to the ongoing management of the escarpment.

6.3.4.2 Theme2–Planning(P)

This theme presents actions and strategies related to utilising the capacity of Council to influence land

use planning outcomes on the escarpment.

PlanningObjectives

 P1 – Improve Illawarra Escarpment land use planning.

 P2 – Conserve Core Escarpment areas.

6.3.4.3 Theme3–Governance(G)

This theme presents actions and strategies related to Council taking a leadership role in preserving and

enhancing the values of the Illawarra Escarpment. It includes actions related to improving the evidence

base for Council decisions on escarpment matters.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 64 | Page

GovernanceObjectives

 G1 – Provide leadership on escarpment matters.

 G2 – Develop the evidence base to help guide policy development and decision making.

Table 6. Definition of terms used in the Action Plan tables.

Theme Broad description of the relevant focus area.

Objective What is the strategy trying to achieve?

Strategy Broad description of the work area.

Action Specific activity related to implementing the strategy.

Priority Determined by an assessment of effort relative to impact.

1= LowEffort/HighImpact

2 = High Effort/High Impact

3 = Low Effort/Low Impact

4=HighEffort/LowImpact

Status Current: Council is implementing this action.

Previous: Work has occurred on this action, but is not currently occurring.

Planned: Scheduled to occur in the future

Not Scheduled: Not yet included in scheduling.

Council Role

Leader: Council taking lead role in developing and implementing the

action.

Owner/Manager: Council owns or manages assets relevant to achieving

the action.

Regulator: Council has a regulatory role related to the action.

Information Provider: Council has a function in distributing information

relevant to the action.

Advocate: Council has a function in advocating to other levels of

government or the community on the action.

Initiator/Facilitator: Council assists by bringing stakeholders together to

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 65 | Page

achieve the action.

Service Provider: Council implements works to directly achieve the action.

Partner: Council contributes funding or in kind support for the

implementation of an action.

Timeframe Ongoing: To be delivered on an annual basis as part of Council business.

Short Term: To be commenced within 3 years, subject to available

resources.

Long Term: Commencing later than 3 years, subject to available

resources.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 66 | Page

Community Capacity (C)

OBJECTIVE C1 Increase Understanding of Escarpment Values and Management Challenges

Strategy # Action Priority Timeframe Council Role

C1.1 Improve

Understanding of

Escarpment Values

1.1.1 Conduct mapping exercise with land owners to depict areas of natural

or cultural significance.

2 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

1.1.2 Conduct mapping exercise with community members to depict areas

of natural or cultural significance.

2 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

1.1.3 Consult with recreational clubs on current uses of the escarpment. 2 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

C1.2 Support and Promote

Research into the Illawarra

Escarpment

1.2.1 Identify opportunities for attracting funding for research of

escarpment values.

3 Long Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

1.2.2 Support University students and staff in implementing research

related to the Illawarra Escarpment.

3 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

C1.3 Improve

Understanding of

Escarpment Land

Management Challenges

1.3.1 Survey land owners to establish key land management challenges on

the escarpment

3 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

1.3.2 Research approaches to addressing similar challenges in other

localities

3ShortTermLeader

1.3.3 Map land management issues. 2 Short Term Leader

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 67 | Page

OBJECTIVE C2 Increase Appreciation of the Escarpment

Strategy # Action Priority Timeframe Council Role

C2.1 Promote the value of

the Illawarra Escarpment

2.1.1 Collate and publicise information on escarpment attractions 1 Short Term Information

Provider

2.1.2 Support events promoting Illawarra Escarpment values 2 Long Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

2.1.3 Promote the Illawarra Escarpment to key potential users 1 Short Term Information

Provider

C2.2 Facilitate land

management initiatives and

stewardship

2.2.1 Support land managers implementing effective land management

approaches

2 Long Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

2.2.2 Promote innovative approaches amongst escarpment land managers 2 Long Term Information

Provider

2.2.3 Facilitate networks to implement local solutions to land management

issues

2 Long Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

2.2.4 Investigate partnership opportunities with Landcare, small farms

network or similar.

Long Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

C2.3 Increase landholder

understanding of Council

and government policies

related to escarpment land

use

2.3.1 Provide workshops addressing key policies affecting landowners. 3 Long Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 68 | Page

OBJECTIVE C3 Develop Skills and Knowledge Relevant to the Ongoing Management of the Escarpment

Strategy # Action Priority Timeframe Council Role

C3.1 Community

Education/Stewardship

3.1.1 Develop resources on escarpment history and cultural significance. 3 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

3.1.2 Promote the establishment of Bushcare sites on suitable escarpment

land.

3 Long Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

3.1.3 Promote training courses in land management, conservation and

invasive species management.

2 Long Term Information

Provider

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 69 | Page

Planning (P)

OBJECTIVE P1 Improve Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Planning

Strategy # Action Priority Timeframe Council Role

P1.1 Better Understand

Land Use in the

Escarpment

1.1.1 Investigate current land use activities occurring within the escarpment. 2 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

1.1.2 Identify opportunities for planning changes to improve escarpment

outcomes.

2 Long Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

P1.2 Improve the

Process for

Consideration of

Planning Proposals

1.2.1 Provide resources to encourage planning proposals to address escarpment

values.

1 Short Term Information

Provider

1.2.2 Provide support to strategic planners in the consideration of planning

proposals in the escarpment.

1 Short Term Information

Provider

1.2.4 Support the Escarpment Planning Reference Group to provide feedback on

planning proposals.

1 Short Term Initiator/

Facilitator

P1.3 Integrate West

Dapto and Escarpment

Planning

1.3.1 Ensure escarpment values are considered in the neighbourhood planning of

West Dapto.

1 Short Term Leader

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 70 | Page

P1.4 Improve the

Consideration of

Development

Applications in the

escarpment.

1.4.1 Revise Development Control Plan Chapters relevant to escarpment

development.

1 Long Term Leader

OBJECTIVE P2 Conserve Core Escarpment Areas

Strategy # Action Priority Timeframe Council Role

P2.1 Extend Illawarra

Escarpment State

Conservation Area

2.1.1 Create a priority map of land most suitable for inclusion in the Illawarra

Escarpment State Conservation Area.

2 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

2.1.2 Work with NPWS and OEH to facilitate landowner dedication of suitable

escarpment land to NPWS, guided by the identification of priority areas

within BioMap.

3 Long Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

2.2.1 Assist in establishing a multi-agency working party to progress the

implementation of the NPWS Draft Masterplan for Walking Tracks and

Associated Facilities.

2 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

P2.2 Support the

development of an

Illawarra Escarpment

Walking Track.

2.2.2 Lobby for state government support for an Illawarra Escarpment Walking

Track

1 Short Term Initiator/Facilit

ator

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 71 | Page

Governance (G)

OBJECTIVE G1 Provide Leadership on Escarpment Matters

Strategy # Action Priority Timeframe Council Role

G1.1 Ensure Escarpment Matters are

Considered in the Development of

Plans and Strategies

1.1.1 Contribute to the development of local and regional plans 1 Short Term Initiator/Facilitato

G.1.2 Monitor the implementation of

the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic

Management Plan 2015

1.1.2 Council, in consultation with the Escarpment Planning

Reference Group will review the implementation of IESMP

2015.

1 Short Term Leader

OBJECTIVE G2 Develop the Evidence Base to Help Guide Policy Development and Decision Making.

Strategy # Action Priority Timeframe Council Role

G2.1 Monitor escarpment condition 2.1.1 Review current data sources for assessing escarpment

condition.

3 Short Term Leader

2.1.2 Identify potential long term vegetation monitoring plots. 3 Short Term Leader

2.1.3 Establish long term vegetation monitoring plots 3 Long Term Initiator/Facilitato

2.1.4 Refine and apply the visual assessment methodology to track

visual quality.

2 Short Term Leader

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 72 | Page

G2.2 Review environmental outcomes

from previous planning decisions

2.2.1 Review the outcome of escarpment sites developed following

the approval Wollongong LEP 2009.

2LongTermLeader

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 73 | Page

Bibliography

Australian Museum Business Services. (2008). Aboriginal Heritage Study: Illawarra Escarpment.

Wollongong City Council.

BES. (2006). Bushfire Asset Protection Zone Risk Management Study. Wollongong City Council.

BES. (2006). Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Weed Management Plan - Wollongong Local

Government Area. Wollongong City Council.

Department of Infrastructure Planning and Natural Resources. (2004). Riparian Corridor

Management Study.

Department of Planning and Infrastructure. (2012). A guide to preparing planning proposals. State of

NSW.

DIPNR. (2004). Riparian Corridor Management Study. Department of Infrastructure Planning and

Natural Resources.

DSB Landscape Architects. (2006). Illawarra Escarpment Visual Quality Analysis of Escarpment Scenic

Values. Wollongong City Council.

Epacris Environmental Consultants. (2005). Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area Draft

Masterplan for Walking Tracks and Associated Facilities. NSW National Parks and Wildlife

Service.

Flentje, P. P. (2007). Landslide susceptibility and landslide hazard zoning in Wollongong. Proceedings

of the 10th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, (pp. 392-397). Brisbane.

GHD. (2013). Farmborough Heights to Mount Kembla Strategic Planning Study. Wollongong City

Council.

HLA-Envirosciences. (2006). Wollongong City Council Riparian Policy: Issues, Stakeholder Comments

and Support Information. Wollongong City Council.

HLA-Envirosciences. (2007). Illawarra Escarpment Land Use Review Strategy. Wollongong City

Council.

Illawarra Bush Fire Management Committee. (2008). Bush Fire Risk Management Plan. NSW Rural

Fire Service.

Kass, T. (2010). A Thematic History of the City of Wollongong. Wollongong City Council.

Macquarie, P. C. (2013). Valuing landscape, performing landscape: A case study of the Illawarra

Escarpment. Wollongong: University of Wollongong.

Mayne-Wilson and Associates and Meredith Walker Heritage Futures, in association with Godden

Mackay Logan Pty Ltd. (2003). Preliminary Heritage Assessment.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 74 | Page

Mayne-Wilson and Associates and Meredith Walker Heritage Futures, in association with Godden

Mackay Logan Pty Ltd. (2007). Illawarra Escarpment Heritage Assessment.

National Resource Management Ministerial Council. (2007). Australian Weeds Strategy - A national

strategy for weed management in Australia.

NPWS. (2003). Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area Issues Paper. NSW National Parks and

Wildlife Service.

NSW Department of Planning. (2007). Illawarra Regional Strategy: 2006 - 31. The State of NSW.

NSW Department of Premier & Cabinet. (2012). Illawarra/South Coast Regional Action Plan. NSW

Department of Premier & Cabinet.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (2002a). Wollongong Local Government Area Bioregional

Assessment Study (Part I): Native Vegetation of the Illawarra Escarpment and Coastal Plain.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (2002b). Wollongong Local Government Area Bioregional

Assessment (Part II): Fauna of the Illawarra Escarpment, Coastal Plain and Plateau. NSW

National Parks and Wildlife Service.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (2002c). Wollongong Local Government Area Bioregional

Assessment (Part III): Conservation Assessment Identifying Areas of National, State and

Bioregional Significance for Biodiversity within Wollongong LGA. NSW National Parks and

Wildlife Service.

NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. (2011). Illawarra State Conservation Area Draft Plan of

Management. NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service.

NSW Rural Fire Services. (2006). Bush Fire Environmental Assessment Code for New South Wales.

NSW Rural Fire Service.

Office of Environment and Heritage. (2011). Guide to investigating, assessing and reporting on

Aboriginal cultural heritage in NSW. NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Department

of Premier and Cabinet.

OHM Consultants. (2006). Strategic Management Plan for Historic Coal Mining Sites of the Illawarra.

Wollongong City Council.

Organ, M. a. (1997). Illawarra Aborigines. In J. a. Hagan, A History of Wollongong (pp. 7-22).

University of Wollongong Press.

Rural Fire Service. (2006). Planning for Bush Fire Protection. State of NSW.

Simpson, W. (1999). Commission of Inquiry into the Long Term Planning and Management of the

Illawarra Escarpment. Office of Commission of Inquiry.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 75 | Page

Southern Rivers CMA. (2010). Illawarra Natural Resource Management Action Plan. Southern Rivers

Catchment Managment Authority.

Southern Rivers CMA. (2013). Southern Rivers Catchment Action Plan 2013 - 2023. State of NSW.

West Dapto Rural Ratepayers Association. (2003). West Dapto 1958 Onwards, a reference for future

management Vol 1. in conjunction with Southern Escarpment Environment Protection

Association.

Wollongong City Council. (2011). Illawarra Biodiversity Strategy. Wollongong City Council.

Wollongong City Council. (2013). Illawarra Regional Food Strategy. Wollongong City Council.

Wollongong City Council. (2014). Delivery Program 2012 - 17. Wollongong City Council.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 76 | Page

AppendixA–CurrentStatusofMineswithintheStudyArea

At March 2014:

Mine Site Status

Maddens Plains

–

Emplacement Area Use ceased

Coalcliff

–

Illawarra Coal and Coke Rehabilitated site

Excelsior No. 2

–

Thirroul Inactive

–

requires rehabilitation

Old Bulli

–

Bulli Rehabilitated

–

rezoned

–

future road

Russel Vale Colliery

–

Bellambi Active

Corrimal Colliery

–

Tarrawanna

Rehabilitated site

–

privately owned land DA

approved 2009 for a dwelling house, balance of

land transferred to NPWS.

Kemira

–

Mount Keira Rehabilitated

Dendrobium Colliery

–

Mount Kembla Active

Wongawilli Colliery

–

Wongawilli Active

Avon (Huntley)

–

West Dapto Rehabilitated site.

Northcliff

–

Appin Road

Closed

–

Rehabilitation to be progressed in

coming years.

Port Kembla No. 2

–

Farmborough Heights Rehabilitated site



Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 77 | Page

AppendixB–CommissionofInquiryRecommendations

The following table summarises the Commission of Inquiry recommendations and provides a brief

update on the status of recommendations. For the original wording, please refer to the Commission

of Inquiry document.

No. Commission of Inquiry Recommendation Status

1 A “Wollongong Land Use Constraints Study” be undertaken:

a) Eight individual catchment management plans

b) A bio-regional assessment of the flora and fauna

c) A native vegetation management plan pursuant of NVC

Act 1997

d) Riparian and Green Corridor Plan

e) Update of Land Stability Maps

f) Mapping of past and present mining areas, waste dump

areas and associated drainage features

g) Water quality monitoring of the upper catchment of Lake

Illawarra

h) Bush Fire hazard management strategy

a) Catchment

Management Plan

produced by LLS.

b) Completed 2002

c) Not completed due to

the repeal of NVC Act

1997

d) RCMS completed 2004

e) Completed

f) Heritage study of mine

sites completed. No

detail on drainage.

g) Not undertaken

h) Superseded by Bush

Fire Risk Management

Plan 2008

Above studies should be complementary and undertaken

simultaneously

Timing of studies was

subject to available

resources.

3 The land use constraints study should be coordinated by DUAP

Attributes Mapping

completed 2004

WCC coordinated IELURS

2007

An Illawarra Escarpment Management Plan should be prepared

by Council in consultation with relevant government agencies

and the community.

Completed 2006

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 78 | Page

Council must consider the COI and associated findings in

determining development or rezoning applications. The following

principles should apply:

a) No further residential development west of existing

approved development on Dam Rd, Morrison Ave and

Buttenshaw Dr between Wombarra and Austinmer, and

between Bulli and Mount Pleasant.

b) Any proposal to intensify approved development on land

with stability problems should be rejected.

c) A moratorium on development in the area zoned 7b

between Scarborough and Austinmer, including the site

of Middle Heights Estate Trust, should be imposed until a

comprehensive geotechnical and drainage assessment of

the area is completed and suitable development areas

that would not adversely impact on developments

upslope and downslope, particularly the integrity of the

railway embankment are identified.

d) The principle of decreasing permissible development as

proximity to core escarpment land increases should be

applied

e) A management committee be established, chaired and

serviced by DUAP to prepare an environmental

management plan for all State government owned lands

and review development or work proposed on public

land in the escarpment.

f) A joint Council (Shellharbour and Wollongong City

Councils) study for Calderwood Valley should be carried

out prior to determination of applications for rural

residential development in the area.

g) Council’s compensatory excavation policy be

discontinued. Minimum set back of 40m from the top of

bank should apply to all developments in the

escarpment.

h) A conservation assessment and rehabilitation plan should

be prepared in consultation with NPWS to accompany a

rezoning application if dedication of land to the public is

involved.

a) Complete

b) Risk based approach

adopted. Geotechnical

risk is one factor

considered in land

capability assessment.

c) Some development has

occurredinthisareain

accordance with LEP

1990. LEP 2009 has

zoned this land E2.

d) This principle has been

adopted by Council.

e) Minister for Planning

did not support this

recommendation in

2006.

f) Subject to subsequent

rezoning studies.

g) Not adopted by Council.

h) NPWS negotiates

condition and

management outcomes

on a case by case basis.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 79 | Page

6 Core Escarpment should include:

a) Areas of high visual, scenic and landscape quality;

b) Areas of known or potential land instability;

c) Areas of high conservation value;

d) Existing native vegetation with ecosystem value;

e) Generally undisturbed riparian areas to at least 40m from

the top of the creek bank; and

f) Land offering opportunity for tourism, recreation and

scientific research.

The criteria were adopted

by the IESMP 2006 in

determining the

Escarpment Attribute

Mapping.

7 Specific sites to be zoned 7a

a) The proposed subdivision site at Bendeena Gardens

b) The area northeast of Princes Highway, Maddens Plains

c) The western site adjacent to the railway line at Coalcliff

d) All undeveloped land west of Dam Road, Morrison

Avenue and Buttenshaw Drive between Wombarra and

Austinmer.

e) The western part of the area below Bulli Pass at Thirroul

f) Site west of Joanne Street, Woonona Heights

g) Area west of Brissendon Close, Tarrawanna, south east of

the State Recreation Area.

h) Two site adjacent to Mount Ousley Road

i) Site east of the Girl Guides Camp, Mount Keira.

j) Site east of Harry Graham Drive, Mount Kembla.

k) Site adjacent to the Moss Vale/Unanderra railway line

Sites to be zoned 7a following cessation of mining and site

rehabilitation

a) Bellambi Colliery site, located between Woonona and

Russel Vale

b) Kemira Colliery site

a) Completed (E2)

b) Completed (E2)

c) Still zoned RU1

d) To some extent

complete: E3 or E2

e) Completed (E2)

f) To some extent

complete: E3 or E2

g) Completed (E2)

h) To some extent

complete: E3 or E2

i) To some extent

complete: E4 or E2

j) Not Completed: Zoned

k) Completed (E2)

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 80 | Page

c) Mount Kembla Colliery site located at the northeastern

arm of the upper catchment of Brandy and Water Creek.

a) To some extent

complete: E3 or E2

b) Completed (E2)

c) To some extent

complete: RU1,E3 or E2

Illawarra Escarpment Regional Park be established pursuant of

NP&W Act 1974 as a long term goal. The park should include all

lands recommended to be zoned 7a from this report and

associated subsequent studies.

Not Completed

Land transferred to public ownership should be transferred to

the Minister for the Environment until such time as a regional

park can be declared under the NP&W Act 1974.

Not Completed

10 Non-core escarpment land should be zoned 7b

a) Site south of intersection of the Freeway and Princes

Highway

b) Area south of Koloona Ave

c) The Western Suburbs Leagues Club site except on the

knoll just south of O’Briens Road and the ridge just north

of Cordeaux Road in the eastern portion of the site

where 1 (non-urban) is appropriate.

d) The valley of Brandy and Water Creek.

e) The area between Mt Kembla and Farmborough Heights.

f) Land east of the site adjacent to the Moss

Vale/Unanderra railway line.

a) Completed (E3)

b) To some extent

complete: E4 or E2

c) Redgum Ridge

Development

d) Completed

e) Subject to Farmborough

Heights to Mt Kembla

Concept Plan

f) Subject to Farmborough

Heights to Mt Kembla

Concept Plan

A moratorium on application of FTP and RRP should be imposed

pending the outcomes of further studies recommended in this

COI.

Completed

During the moratorium, development control can be processed in

accordance with LEP 1990 and the recommendations of this COI.

Completed

The sub-region between Mount Ousley Road and Calderwood

Valley should be assigned priority in the Wollongong Land Use

Constraints Study.

Completed 2007

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 81 | Page

a) The sub-region should be examined to identify areas

suitable for fair trading with a minimum exchange ratio

of 8ha per additional entitlement.

b) An environmental study to identify areas that are

suitable for rural residential development with regard to

the principles outlined in this COI. This study should form

the basis for the preparation of a new draft LEP for these

areas.

The above studies should be complimentary and carried out

simultaneously.

Completed 2007

Adjacent landowners, government agencies and neighbourhood

committees should be advised when a fair trade proposal is

submitted to Council for initial assessment.

Fair Trade Policy not re-

enacted.

A Bush Fire consultative committee be established and chaired by

RFS with community, volunteer and Council representatives.

Superseded by Bush Fire

Committee established by

RFS Act 1998.

The state government should accept a share of the financial

responsibility for acquisition and maintenance of the

recommended “regional park”.

No state government

funding has been provided

for acquisition of core

escarpment land.

WCC request exclusion from Schedule 1 or the Native

Conservation Act 1997.

The Native Conservation

Act 1997 was repealed and

replaced with the Native

Vegetation Act 2003.

State Rail to monitor the Scarborough drainage tunnel to

determine its effectiveness for protecting residents.

Not known.

Council to reassess the appropriateness of 2a zoning in Clifton

School Parade, Clifton

Zoned R2 in LEP 2009

21 Council review the need for 2a, 2a1 and 7c zonings

Zonings rationalised under

LEP 2009 to R2 and E4.

Council and government agencies to promote voluntary

conservation agreements and property agreements to protect

escarpment land.

Not implemented

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 82 | Page

AppendixC–StatusofManagementActionsIdentifiedintheIllawarra

Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 for Investigation and

Planning

Escarpment Plan Key

Action

Plan/Strategy Responsibility Status

Biodiversity Action

Plans

Illawarra Biodiversity

Strategy

WCC, SCC, KMC,

LLS, OEH

Completed 2011.

Implementation of

actions ongoing.

Weed Action Plans

Illawarra Escarpment

Strategic Weed

Management Plan

WCC, Illawarra

District Noxious

Weeds Authority,

LLS

Completed 2006.

Implementation of

actions ongoing.

Riparian Corridor

Management Plans

Wollongong Riparian

Corridor Study

WCC

Completed 2006.

Implementation of

actions ongoing.

Draft Riparian DCP WCC, DEP Completed 2008

Wollongong DCP 2009

–

Ch.

E23 Riparian Land

Management

WCC Completed 2009

Erosion Control Plan WCC, DEP

Not Undertaken

–

considered on a

catchment basis

through Floodplain

Risk Management

Plans and Issues based

projects

Ecotourism Strategy

WCC, DEP,

Destination

Wollongong

Not Undertaken

–

provision for

ecotourism in the

Wollongong LEP 2009.

Pest and Feral

Abatement Plans

Vertebrate Pest Animal

Management Policy

Pest Management Plan:

–Deer

WCC, NPWS, LLS,

SCA, RSPCA,

Animal Welfare

League, NSW

Police.

Completed 2010.

Implementation of

actions ongoing.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 83 | Page

–

Rabbits

– Indian Myna Birds

Heritage Management

Plans

Illawarra Escarpment

Heritage Assessment Part I

WCC, NPWS Completed 2005

Illawarra Escarpment

Heritage Assessment Part II

WCC, NPWS Completed 2007

Indigenous Heritage

Assessment

WCC, NPWS Completed 2008

Voluntary

Conservation

Agreement Program

WCC, DEP, OEH

Not undertaken

–

conservation

agreements

administered by State

Government

Authorities.

Bush Fire Precinct

Plans

Wollongong Bush Fire APZ

Study

WCC, RFS

Study complete. Asset

Protection Zones

Implemented.

Maintenance ongoing.

Agricultural

Sustainability Study

Department of

Agriculture

Not Undertaken

Facility Maintenance

and Upgrade Strategy

Asset Management Plans WCC Underway



Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 84 | Page

AppendixD–StatusofManagementActionsIdentifiedintheIllawarra

EscarpmentStrategicManagementPlan2006foron-groundwork

Escarpment Plan

Key Action

On-ground Work Responsibility Status

Biodiversity

Enhancement

Re-vegetation and rehabilitation

works

WCC, LLS

Occurring

outside of

escarpment

area

Weed

Management

Re-vegetation and rehabilitation

works

APZ management - FiReady

Illawarra Noxious Weeds

Authority works

WCC, Illawarra

Noxious Weeds

Authority, LLS,RFS,

Private Landowners

Underway

Riparian Corridor

Rehabilitation

Re-vegetation and rehabilitation

works

WCC, LLS

Occurring

outside of

escarpment

area

Erosion Control

Re-vegetation, rehabilitation and

engineering works

WCC Project based

Ecotourism

WCC, DEP,

Destination

Wollongong

Not Proceeded

With

Feral Animal

Control

Pest control works:

Northern Illawarra Wild Deer

Management Program

LLS, WCC Underway

Heritage

Management

Site specific management WCC, OEH Project based

Bush Fire

Management

Asset Protection Zone

management - FiReady

WCC, RFS

FiReady

Program

established.

Facility

Maintenance and

Upgrade

Asset Management System

implementation

WCC Underway

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 85 | Page

AppendixE–ZoneswithintheIllawarraEscarpment*

*The following table of zones is provided for easy reference and is accurate at September 2014. For

themostuptodateinformationconsult

http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/ and browse ‘EPIs in

force,’ look for Wollongong.

Zone Name Objectives

Permitted

without

consent

Permitted with

consent

Prohibited

National Parks

and Nature

Reserves

• To enable the

management and

appropriate use

of land that is

reserved under

the National

Parks and

Wildlife Act

1974 or that is

acquired under

Part 11 of that

Act.

•Toenableuses

authorised under

the National

Parks and

Wildlife Act

1974.

• To identify land

that is to be

reserved under

the National

Parks and

Wildlife Act

1974 and to

protect the

environmental

significance of

that land.

Uses

authorised

under the

National

Parks and

Wildlife Act

1974

Nil

Any development

not specified in

column 3 or 4.

Environmental • To protect,

manage and

Nil

Environmental

facilities;

Business

premises; Hotel

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 86 | Page

Zone Name Objectives

Permitted

without

consent

Permitted with

consent

Prohibited

Conservation

restore areas of

high ecological,

scientific, cultural

or aesthetic

values.

•Toprevent

development

that could

destroy, damage

or otherwise

have an adverse

effect on those

values.

•Toretainand

enhance the

visual and scenic

qualities of the

Illawarra

Escarpment.

• To maintain the

quality of the

water supply for

Sydney and the

Illawarra by

protecting land

forming part of

the Sydney

drinking water

catchment

(within the

meaning of State

Environmental

Planning Policy

(Sydney

Drinking Water

Catchment)

2011) to enable

the management

Environment

protection works;

Extensive

agriculture;

Recreation areas

or motel

accommodation;

Industries; Multi

dwelling housing;

Recreation

facilities (major);

Residential flat

buildings;

Restricted

premises; Retail

premises; Seniors

housing; Service

stations;

Warehouse or

distribution

centres; Any

development not

specified in

column 3 or 4.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 87 | Page

Zone Name Objectives

Permitted

without

consent

Permitted with

consent

Prohibited

and appropriate

use of the land

by the Sydney

Catchment

Authority.

Environmental

Management

•Toprotect,

manage and

restore areas

with special

ecological,

scientific, cultural

or aesthetic

values.

•Toprovidefor

a limited range of

development

that does not

have an adverse

effect on those

values.

Home

occupations

Animal boarding

or training

establishments;

Bed and breakfast

accommodation;

Building

identification

signs; Business

identification

signs; Community

facilities; Dwelling

houses;

Environmental

facilities;

Environmental

protection works;

Extensive

agriculture; Farm

buildings; Farm

stay

accommodation;

Forestry; Home-

based child care;

Recreation areas;

Roads; Secondary

dwellings

Industries; Multi

dwelling housing;

Residential flat

buildings; Retail

premises; Seniors

housing; Service

stations;

Warehouse or

distribution

centres; Any

development not

specified in

column 3 or 4.

Environmental

Living

•Toprovidefor

low-impact

residential

development in

areas with

special

ecological,

scientific or

Building

identification

signs; Home

occupations

Bed and breakfast

accommodation;

Business

identification

signs; Community

facilities; Dwelling

houses;

Environmental

Industries; Service

stations;

Warehouse or

distribution

centres; Any

development not

specified in

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 88 | Page

Zone Name Objectives

Permitted

without

consent

Permitted with

consent

Prohibited

aesthetic values.

• To ensure that

residential

development

does not have an

adverse effect on

those values.

facilities;

Environmental

protection works;

Home-based child

care; Recreation

areas; Roads;

Secondary

dwellings

column 3 or 4.

RU1

Primary

Production

•Toencourage

sustainable

primary industry

production by

maintaining and

enhancing the

natural resource

base.

•Toencourage

diversity in

primary industry

enterprises and

systems

appropriate for

the area.

• To minimise

the

fragmentation

and alienation of

resource lands.

• To minimise

conflict between

land uses within

this zone and

land uses within

adjoining zones.

Building

identification

signs;

Extensive

agriculture;

Home

occupations

Agricultural

produce

industries;

Agriculture;

Animal boarding

or training

establishments;

Business

identification

signs; Dwelling

houses;

Environmental

protection works;

Extractive

industries; Farm

buildings;

Forestry;

Intensive

livestock

agriculture;

Intensive plant

agriculture; Open

cut mining;

Roads; Roadside

stalls

Any development

not specified in

column 3 or 4.

RU2

Rural

Landscape

•Toencourage

sustainable

primary industry

Extensive

agriculture;

Home

Agricultural

produce

industries;

Any development

not specified in

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 89 | Page

Zone Name Objectives

Permitted

without

consent

Permitted with

consent

Prohibited

production by

maintaining and

enhancing the

natural resource

base.

• To maintain the

rural landscape

character of the

land.

•Toprovidefor

arangeof

compatible land

uses, including

extensive

agriculture.

•Toencourage

the retention,

management or

restoration of

native

vegetation.

occupations;

Roadside

stalls

Agriculture;

Animal boarding

or training

establishments;

Bed and breakfast

accommodation;

Child care

centres;

Community

facilities;

Crematoria;

Dwelling houses;

Environmental

facilities;

Environmental

protection works;

Farm buildings;

Farm stay

accommodation;

Forestry;

Helipads; Home-

based child care;

Hospitals; Places

of public worship;

Recreation areas;

Recreation

facilities

(outdoor);

Respite day care

centres; Roads;

Rural supplies;

Secondary

dwellings;

Signage;

Veterinary

hospitals

column 3 or 4.

 clause 4.1 Minimum subdivision lot size

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 90 | Page

 clause 4.2A Erection of dwelling house on land in certain rural and environmental protection

zones

 clause 5.10 - Heritage conservation & listing of Illawarra Escarpment as a landscape item,

plus specific heritage items

 clause 7.8 Illawarra Escarpment area conservation, plus map

 Wollongong DCP 2009 Chapter B6 Development in the Illawarra Escarpment

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 91 | Page

This Page is Intentionally Left Blank

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 92 | Page

AppendixF–WollongongLEP2009ZoneswithintheIllawarraEscarpment*

*The following maps of zones within the Illawarra Escarpment are provided for easy reference and are accurate at September 2014. For the most up to date information consult http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/ and browse ‘EPIs in

force,’ look for Wollongong.

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 93 | Page

This Page is Intentionally Left Blank

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 94 | Page

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 95 | Page

This Page is Intentionally Left Blank

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 96 | Page

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 97 | Page

This Page is Intentionally Left Blank

Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2015 98 | Page

Comparison of Key Changes between Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 and the draft Illawarra Escarpment Strategic

Management Plan 2014

Section IESMP 2006 draft IESMP 2014 Comment

Vision Protect, conserve and manage the environmental

values and assets of the Illawarra Escarpment

consistent with the principles of Ecologically

Sustainable Development

The Illawarra Escarpment is an outstanding feature

of the Illawarra region providing a natural

backdrop to the city as well as encompassing areas

of high conservation value and rich cultural

heritage. The long term vision for this area is for

these values to be preserved and enhanced

through public reserve or private stewardship.

New vision reflects the primary values

identified in the plan. It encompasses

both public reserve and private

stewardship.

Objectives • identify important environmentally significant

areas of the escarpment and foothills;

assess the existing land-use zones within the

escarpment and identify changes to the zoning

regime to align conservation requirements and

land-use zones;

• provide a framework for consistency in applying

WCC land use planning policies to current and

future public and private land use;

• identify voluntary land management options for

all land tenures consistent with the conservation

values;

• outline potential implementation strategies to

facilitate partnerships between public and private

land holdings with respect to voluntary

management options; and

• discuss possible conservation incentives to

encourage conservation outcomes.

1. identify the environmental, cultural and

economic values of the escarpment and foothills

requiring conservation; 2. define the principles and

strategic direction for protecting and enhancing

escarpment values; 3. outline an action plan for

Council to improve escarpment management.

New objectives reflect the focus of

IESMP 2014.

Attachment 2 - IESMP 2015 Page 1

Comparison of Key Changes between Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 and the draft Illawarra Escarpment Strategic

Management Plan 2014

Section IESMP 2006 draft IESMP 2014 Comment

Principles • the Aboriginal people were the original

custodians of the environment;

• the importance of the escarpment for it’s natural

and cultural heritage;

• the recognition that the asset is in a degraded

state and therefore continual improvement is

required;

• the need to develop and maintain partnerships

to achieve outcomes;

• the importance of engaging all sectors of the

community in asset management;

• the need for an adaptive management approach

to provide flexibility and assessment of

effectiveness of actions;

• the need to consider and manage cumulative

impacts - where individual disturbance has the

potential to act as one to create a cumulative

impact, which may be greater than the sum of the

individual actions (disturbance or impacts);

• the importance of a strategic approach; and

• the need for embracing ESD principles in

managing the assets of the escarpment.

• the Aboriginal people are the original custodians

of the environment;

• the escarpment has important natural and

cultural heritage values which need to be

preserved;

• some areas of the escarpment are in a degraded

state and therefore require active management;

• any development of the escarpment should

result in an overall conservation improvement to

the escarpment;

• private stewardship of escarpment land is

required to protect and enhance escarpment

values;

• partnerships between land managers and

government is required to improve the condition

of the escarpment;

• all sectors of the community need to be engaged

in asset management;

• an adaptive management approach is required to

ensure actions are effective;

• the escarpment must be considered as a whole

to avoid multiple small decisions leading to

negative cumulative impacts;

• a long term strategic approach should be

adopted; and

• Ecologically Sustainable Development principles

should be applied in managing the assets of the

Re-worded for consistency and ease of

use. Wording slightly modified by EPRG.

The Need for a

new integrated

approach

Statement of the need for a more integrated

approach to planning and managing the

escarpment

Integrated into Principles

Attachment 2 - IESMP 2015 Page 2

Comparison of Key Changes between Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 and the draft Illawarra Escarpment Strategic

Management Plan 2014

Section IESMP 2006 draft IESMP 2014 Comment

Existing Plans

Legislation,

Strategies and

Policies

Mention that plans exist at various levels; local,

regional, state and national.

Moved to Planning section with additional detail

about currently relevant plans and strategies.

Role of Council nil New section clarifying limitation of Council's

powers on the escarpment.

This was required given the clear

direction from State Government that

coordination of escarpment

management is the responsibility of

Council.

Commission of

Inquiry

Background on COI 1999 Largely the same.

IESMP 2006 nil New section looking at IESMP 2006, its

implementation and exhibition.

Strategic

Framework

Pressure State Response Model Moved to Implementation section The new Implementation section is

based on this structure of stating

pressures, measuring the state of the

escarpment and developing actions to

respond to priority areas.

Exhibition and

Submissions

Very brief section on exhibition Integrated into IESMP 2006 section Further discussion on the key points

arising from exhibition.

Illawarra

Escarpment Land

Use Review 2007

nil New section on IELURS 2007 and its findings

Wollongong LEP

2009

nil New section on the development of Wollongong

LEP 2009

Farmborough

Heights to

Mount Kembla

Concept Plan

nil New section on the Farmborough Heights study

Attachment 2 - IESMP 2015 Page 3

Comparison of Key Changes between Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 and the draft Illawarra Escarpment Strategic

Management Plan 2014

Section IESMP 2006 draft IESMP 2014 Comment

Ownership nil New section looking at public versus private

ownership within the escarpment

This is to clarify the important issue of

how little land Council owns in the

escarpment and the high proportion of

private ownership.

Mining Section relating to the establishment of Illawarra

Coal Mine Interagency Group

Statement on current mining activity within the

escarpment and Illawarra Coal Mine Interagency

Group

Farmland nil Statement on agricultural land within the

escarpment

Represents some of the views

expressed to Council from rural

residents of the escarpment.

Dedication of

land to public

ownership

nil Discussion of the issue of dedication of land to

public reserve on the escarpment

Points out that NPWS has the final say

on whether to include land in Illawarra

Escarpment State Conservation Area.

Stewardship nil Flagging of the continuation of the approach

introduced in IESMP 2006 of encouraging private

stewardship of the escarpment.

Clarification of the word stewardship

mentioned in the vision.

Threatening

Processes

List of threatening processes Moved to Implementation section as the

"Pressure" part of the Pressure State Response

model

Escarpment

Attributes

Description of areas mapped as Core, Biophysical

Support for Core, Landscape Support for Core and

Escarpment Interface

Replaced by new section on Escarpment Values -

Environmental, Social and Economic

Attributes mapping was largely to

inform LEP 2009 which has now been

completed.

Existing Land Use

Zonings

LEP 1990 zones LEP 2009 zones (moved to Appendix)

Proposed New

Land Use Zones

10a, 10b, 10c etc based on core, biophysical

support for Core…

Replaced by new Planning section defining the

desired future outcomes for current land use

zones within the escarpment.

Attachment 2 - IESMP 2015 Page 4

Comparison of Key Changes between Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 and the draft Illawarra Escarpment Strategic

Management Plan 2014

Section IESMP 2006 draft IESMP 2014 Comment

Land Use Review

Strategy/Master

Planning for

developable land

Flagging that an additional study would inform the

new LEP zones.

This study was completed in 2007, the new LEP in

2009. Outcomes of this study are presented as

part of the Planning section.

Special

Provisions

New provisions to be added to LEP 1990 New provisions are integrated into LEP 2009

Development

Rights and

Existing Use

Rights

Statement on existing use rights and loss of

development rights

No longer required given that changes to land use

zones are not required in IESMP 2014

Theissueof existinguserightsisnot

relevant as draft Illawarra Escarpment

Strategic Management Plan 2014 does

not propose to change land use.

The Moratorium Statement on when the moratorium will be lifted No longer relevant. Moratorium lifted in 2009.

Special Sites Discussion of certain sites within the escarpment

which are subject to trusts and leases

No longer relevant. Integrated into broader

approach.

Clearing of

Vegetation

Statement about the hopes of IESMP for state

legislation to support restrictions on the clearing of

native vegetation

Vegetation clearing discussed as part of Planning

section.

Ecotourism Highlights the ecotourism potential of the

escarpment

Not included due to Ecotourism not being a part of

LEP 2009. Discussion of Ecotourism is in the

context of development in Planning section.

Wollongong LEP 2009 does not include

eco-tourism as a use. The draft IESMP

2014 focusses on the planning

principles relevant to a broad range of

developments, not just eco-tourism.

Attachment 2 - IESMP 2015 Page 5

Comparison of Key Changes between Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 and the draft Illawarra Escarpment Strategic

Management Plan 2014

Section IESMP 2006 draft IESMP 2014 Comment

Managing

Natural and

Cultural Heritage

Resources

Discussion of various values to be enhanced Moved to Values section Less discussion of theory as this weighs

down the document and is best sourced

elsewhere.

Biodiversity Discussion of biodiversity and best approach for

enhancing biodiversity.

Moved to Values section Less discussion of theory as this weighs

down the document and is best sourced

elsewhere.

Pest

Management

Discussion of pest management Moved to Implementation section Less discussion of theory as this weighs

down the document and is best sourced

elsewhere.

Weed

management

Discussion of weed management Moved to Implementation section with specific

mention of the Illawarra District Noxious Weeds

Authority

Less discussion of theory as this weighs

down the document and is best sourced

elsewhere.

Water

Management

Discussion of water management Moved to Values section Less discussion of theory as this weighs

down the document and is best sourced

elsewhere.

Riparian Land

Management

Discussion of Riparian Land Management Moved to Implementation section Less discussion of theory as this weighs

down the document and is best sourced

elsewhere.

Bushfire

Management

Discussion of Bushfire Management Moved to Implementation section Less discussion of theory as this weighs

down the document and is best sourced

elsewhere.

Soil

Management

General principles of soil management Not discussed. Soil management is a component of

other management activities and is standard

practice.

Cultural and

Heritage Assets

Discussion of Heritage principles Moved to Values section and Implementation

section.

Integrates the recommendations from

the Heritage studies from 2007 and

2008.

Attachment 2 - IESMP 2015 Page 6

Comparison of Key Changes between Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management Plan 2006 and the draft Illawarra Escarpment Strategic

Management Plan 2014

Section IESMP 2006 draft IESMP 2014 Comment

Primary

Production

Sustainability

Discussion of farming principles. Promise to

conduct Agricultural Sustainability Study.

Moved to Background section Agricultural sustainability study never

occurred. No funding is currently

available to conduct this study.

Summary

Management

Table of Investigation and Planning Phase and On-

ground Works Phase

Replaced by Action Plan Action Plan focusses on actions able to

be implemented by Council or by others

with Council facilitation.

Management

Structure

A committee of Council Escarpment Planning Reference Group.

Attachment 2 - IESMP 2015 Page 7

Submissions in Reply for the draft IESMP 2014

Submission

Number

Organisation Submission Change

to Report

(Y/N)

Response to Comment

1 Resident Congratulations on finally getting this plan on to public exhibition. I hope it is formally adopted by Council soon. Well done. N Noted.

2 Resident Reminding Council that private landowners do more to look after the escarpment values than public owners. An

escarpment park is not the answer. Please advise if there are any changes further restricting private landowners.

N The IESMP 2015 has a vision for the

conservation of the escarpment through public

reserve or private stewardship.

Additional development restrictions are not

proposed as part of the IESMP 2015.

3 Illawarra Coal BHP Billiton Illawarra Coal(BHPBIC) is a significant land holder on the Illawarra Escarpment. In addition, BHPBIC has

donated land to the NPWS that now comprises approximately half of the Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area.

Illawarra Coal is concerned about the manner in which mining is portrayed in this draft. For examples, Sections 3.6.1, 4.1.2

and 6.1 describe negative impacts (or sometimes speculate on potential impacts) associated with past or current mining

activities. In light of the current management of land owned by BHPBIC and the environmental performance of our

operations (primarily Dendrobium Mine), our contribution to the Regional Deer Program, bushfire and weed management,

and the donation of land for conservation purposes, Illawarra Coal requests that the treatment of mining in the Illawarra

Escarpment Strategic Management Plan provide better balance in relation to its place and function within the escarpment.

Y The sections of the draft IESMP 2014 related to

mining have been revised in consultation with

Officers from the NSW Trade & Investment,

Division of Resources & Energy, Environmental

Sustainability Unit and the Escarpment Planning

Reference Group.

4 Illawarra

District

Noxious

Weeds

Authority

Comments from the Illawarra District Noxious Weeds Authority relate to Section 6.3.1.2 Weed Management. It is

suggested Table 5 be updated to better reflect the Goals and Objectives of the NSW Invasive Species Plan, NSW Biosecurity

Strategy and impending legislative changes under the Biosecurity Act. Many of the Actions are currently being

implemented by the IDNWA under Regional Weed Action program funding. Further comment on page 54 reinforces the

prioritisation of weed programs according to risk. I hope these comments are beneficial in the development of the plan.

Y These detailed changes were integrated into the

revised IESMP 2015.

5 Resident As our land backs on to the now well established Edgewood Estate I do wonder who has to clear and maintain the riparian

corridor at the back of our land? Many years ago the Brick Works were very diligent and had a clear area behind our back

fences; unfortunately this is no more. I know I am making an individualised comment on one block but wonder how many

other residents are in this situation.

N Operational matter which has been referred to

the relevant section for response.

6 Resident The concern I have in regards to the escarpment and its management is the impact of both domestic and feral cats on

biodiversity - particularly birds, small mammals and frogs. I would like to see mention of cats in the section relating to

pests in the escarpment. I would also like to see a strategy added to the final section that identified how Council would

reduce the impact of cats on the biodiversity of the escarpment, for example night curfews or total bans on allowing

domestic cats to roam freely. Also some mention of a feral cat eradication plan. Thank you.

Y Section 6.3.1.3 of the IESMP 2015 was amended

to refer to feral cats in the discussion of pest

animals on the escarpment. Feral cats are

considered as part of Council's Vertebrate Pest

Animal Management Policy and although

Council supports the Animal Welfare League to

trap feral cats, they are not currently considered

a priority pest for Council and therefore do not

have a pest management plan.

7 Resident 1.All of the requirements to satisfy (bushfire, geotech, flood, etc reports) are becoming too onerous for people to

renovate/build in the escarpment areas - reports are overpriced, yet council and reporting companies seem to control it.

The process should be more clear-cut and information shared, rather than every individual householder needing to pay so

much for the same/similar information/reports. 2. It would be good if council began some program to encourage/support

landowners/households to eradicate noxious weeds such as lantana, bitou bush, etc. although Bushcare groups work on

this, they are still spread via creeks, mulching etc., - if instructions and systemic sprays were subsidised, more

householders would take an role on their properties. 3. Mt. Keira lookout should be retained as a community-use space,

N Workshops addressing key policies affecting

landowners are included in the Escarpment

Action Plan Chapter 6 of the IESMP 2015.

Council is preparing a Plan of Management for

Mt Keira which will guide future use of the site.

The Plan of Management will consider IESMP

2015.

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with facilities and kiosk, but not overrun with a function venue, as happened these last years before the road was closed

for repairs.

8 Resident I'm writing to specifically address the lack of information regarding the potential benefits versus perceived risks associated

with mountain biking in the draft plan. Despite there being a brief reference to mountain biking in the "Implementation"

section of the plan (section 6.3.2.4.2, Pg 59), no serious consideration is given to this rapidly growing and hugely beneficial

recreational activity. Local Initiatives: Destination Wollongong is currently undertaking a separate investigation and

strategic planning process for an international standard mountain bike park, located on Mt Keira. This concept, which is

part of a broader plan to develop Mt Keira as an "Adventure Playground", is already garnering broad support from council,

state government members and local community groups, such as the Wollongong Mountain Bike Club, as a deeper

understanding of the significant socio-economic benefits are revealed. Precedents: There are numerous similar projects

around the nation and internationally that clearly demonstrate the huge economic and social benefits of this sport, while

simultaneously managing to preserve and often enhance the conservational aspects of the land that they're constructed

on. Trail parks in Thredbo, Mt Buller, Mt Stromlo and, closer to home, Mt Annan, Manly Dam and the Lower Blue

Mountains amply demonstrate the increasing popularity of this sport and the significant tourism benefits that it brings to

the host communities. Across the Tasman, Rotorua and Queenstown are both home to purpose-built mountain bike parks

that generate tens of millions of dollars in tourism for their respective communities each year. Sustainability: NPWS has

developed their own "Sustainable Mountain Biking Strategy" in recognition of mountain biking's rapidly increasingly

popularity. Their vision is "excellence in mountain biking is a normal part of recreation management in NSW national parks

and reserves, where high quality mountain biking experiences are provided in an ecologically and socially sustainable

manner across the landscape" (NPWS Sustainable Mountain Bike Strategy, Pg 2, Section 1.3). The document goes on to say

that "the NPWS will promote cycle access to and through designated NPWS parks" (Pg 3, Section 1.5).

There have already been a number of projects in the Sydney basin area that NPWS have undertaken in cooperation with

councils, local clubs and professional trail building companies (building to international trail construction standards) that

have resulted in a win-win outcome for all stakeholders. Examples of these are Lower Blue Mountains - Glenbrook, Bantry

Bay, Hornsby and Manly Dam. In co ncert with NPWS, international and national mountain biking bodies (International

Mountain Biking Association - IMBA & Mountain Biking Australia - MTBA) continue to educate and advocate for

environmentally sustainable trails, destroying the myth that the sport causes environmental damage. In fact, more often

than not, the converse is true. Social & Economic Benefits: Cities and towns that have adopted a pro-active approach to

developing mountain bike parks are reaping multiple benefits from their foresight. There is significant data available

showing the huge growth in tourism brought about by mountain biking. Interestingly, mountain biking attracts a large

proportion of 40-50 year olds, across a wide demographic of the community, leading many to refer to it as the new 'golf'.

The implication is that this group typically has a substantial disposable income which is spent on everything from bicycling

equipment to meals, accommodation and airfares, while partaking in the sport. Mountain biking is also a healthy, family-

friendly sport with significant appeal across all age groups. It promotes fitness and sound social values, as families ride the

trails together. International Events: Cairns and Mt Stromlo have both hosted international mountain biking events in

recent years, attracting thousands of visitors and international attention to their respective regions. With the popularity of

the sport continuing to grow each year and an ever increasing number of major events being staged as a result of that

growth, Wollongong is well placed to become Australia's premier mountain biking venue and capture a large proportion of

that market. Its proximity to the country's most populous city and busiest international gateway give it unique advantages

N Noted. Mountain biking is identified as a

management issue in the IESMP 2015. Council is

working with NPWS and other landholders on

identifying appropriate land for recreational

mountain biking.

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over any other location in the country. Wollongong's rare and fortunate topography further enhance its appeal to event

organisers, as it already provides easy access to the city, with ample accommodation, restaurants and transport

infrastructure in place. Summary: Wollongong has a unique opportunity presented to it in the form of its incredible

escarpment. There's no doubt that it is a valuable jewel in the city's crown and it should be carefully managed and

protected. Equally, through the sustainable development of an international standard mountain bike park on Mt Keira, the

region could greatly benefit from substantial socio-economic growth for many generations to come.

9 Resident Under section 5 - Land Use Planning - The IESMP (table 4) identified 9 zones within the escarpment plan area. Whilst the

Wollongong LEP 2009 defines these zones and permissible uses the IESMP provides further detail on the intent of the

zones within the escarpment in order to guide the consideration of DAs and planning proposals. In doing so however, the

IESMP only provides further detail in relation to zones E2, E3 and E4. No further detail is provided in relation to the

remaining 6 zones within the escarpment which collectively make up 40% of the escarpment area. Further details on these

zones, particularly rural landscape/primary production would be beneficial. Appendix B - COI recommendations - 5F - Joint

study for Calderwood Valley should be carried out prior to determination of applications for Rural Residential

development. Status -subject to subsequent rezoning studies. Given the COI recommendations were handed down in May

1999 (15 years ago) when will the rezoning study be undertaken in the Calderwood Valley to give landowners some

certainty with their land. This point should be progressed in the IESMP.

N Zones E2, E3 and E4 make up the vast majority

of zoning on the escarpment. Table 4 in the

IESMP 2015 shows 86% of the zoning on the

escarpment is E1, E2, E3 or E4. E1 zone is NPWS

which is guided by their plan of management.

The Calderwood Valley was not included in the

Yallah-Marshall Mount Rezoning process and is

not currently scheduled for rezoning

consideration.

10 Roads and

Maritime

Services

Roads and Maritime Services (RMS) has reviewed the draft plan and notes the plan provides development constraints for

areas which are considered unsuitable for some forms of development. However, the plan will not impact current

Wollongong LEP 2009 zonings or introduce any new development restrictions. RMS notes all future planning proposals and

development applications will continue to be assessed on a case by case basis with consideration to the plan and RMS will

continue to have the opportunity to provide comment on developments likely to impact the classified road network. RMS

considers the plan is unlikely to have a significant effect on the classified road network and RMS does not have any further

specific comments or concerns on the draft plan.

N Noted.

11 Resident I have lived at the top of Bulli for the past 36 years, when Old Bulli Mine was operating and eventually closed down a few

years ago. The property was then purchased by BHP Billiton who submitted a plan to develop the land for housing.

Fortunately this was not passed by Local Government and eventually (about 6 years ago) became the property of the Main

Roads Board who have looked after it very well by clearing the land behind my property and that of my neighbours

constantly. I hope and trust that the IESMP 2014 Draft will be permanent and the escarpment will remain without further

development.

NNoted.

12 Resident Like to add some concerns with the Strategic Plan of our escarpment. 1) there is no proper drainage water goes

everywhere. 2) Old houses, lots of them, do not have septics. This kills our plants and the soil keeps them damp, that make

the trees get rotten and tend to just fall. 3) The roads should be kept more clear. 4) Lots of just vacant land, have so much

undergrowth that make the environment not only not healthy but a nice bushfire. For others that do not live in the

northern Illawarra find an empty no fence. A nice place to throw their rubbish like old cars etc. Cokeworks Road and

Morrison Avenue, Buttenshaw Drive the footpath is such a mess no fences people tend to throw there rubbish on private

land. Graffiti so where there is plenty of landthereisalwaysdrugsgrowing as well.

N Noted.

13 NSW Office

Environment

and Heritage

and the NSW

National

We have reviewed the draft Plan and provide detailed comments from both OEH and the NSW National Parks and Wildlife

Service (NPWS). Overall, we understand the review has been undertaken to reflect the additional studies undertaken since

2006. However the revised IESMP 2014 contains lengthy historical detail, some of which pre-dates the 2006 IESMP, and we

feel the document loses the clarity of key messages because of this. This may be improved by more clearly articulating the

changes in the draft IESMP 2014 that have changed since the 2006 IESMP, or by moving some of the history to the back of

the Plan. It is unclear whether the revised IESMP intends to provide a basis for Council to co-ordinate joint stakeholder

Y The IESMP 2015 is approximately 25% shorter

than the IESMP 2006. Other feedback has been

integrated into the IESMP 2015, notably chapter

5 related to planning and the action plan in

chapter 6.

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Parks and

Wildlife

Service

actions, or whether it only intends to specify Council's role in the management of escarpment values. Whilst Section 2.4

does state that it is intended to be an action plan for Council, we feel that this should be more clearly stated upfront in the

Executive Summary of the revised IESMP. The draft IESMP 2014 acknowledges Council's limited role in active management

of escarpment land. However, the action plan currently assigns many actions to Council as a 'leader'. It is our view that

Council is better placed to be a 'facilitator' or 'partner' in some of the actions, for example, actions that relate to

management or extension of the State Conservation Area. We recommend that actions requiring Council to play a co-

ordination or partnerships role be recognised in the action plan, with a clear recognition of other key stakeholders against

the relevant actions. We recognise that the most effective outcome of the Illawarra Escarpment Strategic Management

Plan (IESMP 2006) to date has been improved co-ordination of on-ground management actions. For example, the Local

Land Service and Council co-ordination of deer control efforts has been very successful in achieving on-ground results. We

recommend that a focus on joint initiatives of this nature would lead to improved management of escarpment lands.

However, if the draft IESMP does not intend to co-ordinate such joint management, clarification on where this

responsibility sits would be recommended.

1. If the intent of the revised IESMP is to define Council's role in managing escarpment values, rather than co-ordinating

multiple stakeholders, then this should be clearly stated upfront into the document. 2. The Illawarra Biodiversity Study

should be referenced as the Illawarra Biodiversity Strategy 2011. 2.6 Given the limited amount of land directly managed by

Council on the escarpment, the Draft IESMP should acknowledge the key role played by the NSW National Parks and

Wildlife Service and other key land holders in managing the escarpment lands. 4.2.4. A correction is requested to clarify

that the management of Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area is subject to the adopted Plan of Management

(1989), not the Draft Plan of Management. The Walking Tracks Master Plan is guiding the development of walking tracks,

not recreation, within the reserve. Support from all levels of government for the implementation of the Walking Tracks

Master Plan needs to be strengthened. 5.1 The Illawarra Biodiversity Study should be referenced as the Illawarra

Biodiversity Strategy 2011. 5.2.2.1 The 3rd bullet point should be amended to "Low density housing or tourism

development that will not degrade the biodiversity, visual or cultural values of the land." 5.2.2.1 The 4th bullet point

should also include reference to "neutral or beneficial effect not the biodiversity, visual and cultural values of the land".

5,2,2,1 The 3rd bullet point should reference the source of the mapping of 'primary' and 'support for primary' lands.

5.2.3.1 The 2nd bullet point suggests 'financial mechanisms for ensuring ongoing management and enhancement of

escarpment values'. This is more critical within E3 zones, due to the increased biodiversity constraints within E3. This goal

should be copied, or moved to the objectives of the E3 zone. 5.2.3.1 The 4th bullet point should also include reference to

'neutral or beneficial effect not he biodiversity, visual and cultural values of the land.

5.3.2 Voluntary Conservation Agreements are now referred to as 'Conservation Agreements'. Please find further

information at:

http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/cpp/ConservationAgreements.htm 5.3.2.2 in the context of the

various conservation agreements. It is worth adding that BioBanking agreements are established with a dedicated funding

plan designed around a site specific management plan. It is for this reason that they are the preferred conservation

agreement for private land on the escarpment. We recommend it be highlighted that BioBanking agreements are the

preferred mechanism for securing conservation agreements on escarpment lands. (Please also note that OEH will only

negotiate (voluntary) Conservation Agreements in exceptional circumstances). 5.5.2 Point 27 should clarify what

'appropriate' vegetation is. It is recommended that local native species associated with native vegetation types on site

would constitute appropriate vegetation. 6.3.1.5.1 Bushfire management - Management of asset protection zones is one

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of the major land use conflicts arising from any development on escarpment land.

While there may be potential for some degraded sites to facilitate some forms of development, if the asset protection

zones are not contained to existing cleared areas they have potential to have significant impacts on biodiversity values.

This chapter currently contains no clear guidance on how asset protection zones should be managed on escarpment lands.

It is recommended that a clear statement be retained (as per page 29 of the current IESMP 2006) to continue the approach

that "Potential development will need to be planned, considering any potential requirement for a bushfire asset protection

zone as no clearing will be approved for the purposes of establishing an asset protection zone. Therefore, any new

development will need to occur in an adequately sized existing cleared area that is not targeted for biodiversity

enhancement'. 6.3.4 Action Plan - The action plan sets out an ambitious schedule of actions with Council as the 'leader'.

We recommend that the Action Plan acknowledge that many of the leadership roles currently identified for Council are

shared by all authorities with planning, governance and management responsibilities on the escarpment (OEH, NPWS, LLS,

SCA, ILALC, DoPE, DII). Collaboration/co-ordinated management functions of the Escarpment Planning Reference Group

need to be more clearly expressed. The action plan should clearly identify the roles of other authorities/stakeholder's in

implementing IESMP 2014. Ideally, this should be worked through in consultation with key joint stakeholders. For example,

it is appropriate for many actions that Council perform a 'partner' or 'support' role with other key stakeholder such as

NPWS or OEH for actions relating to: * Identification of potential additions to NPWS reserves * Identification, recording

and research of areas of natural/cultural importance * Consulting with users regarding use and development of

escarpment * Promoting understanding of escarpment values * Facilitating land management networks, other initiatives

and stewardship * Increase awareness/understanding of government policies * Seeking opportunities for funding *

Identification and management of unauthorised uses * Promotion of escarpment values and attractions. You may consider

amending Action 2.1.2 to "Work with NPWS and OEH to facilitate landowner dedication of suitable escarpment land to

NPWS, guided by the identification of priority areas with BioMap".