70. Bergin PS, Harvey P. Wernicke’s encephalopathy and central
pontine myelinolysis associated with hyperemesis
gravidarum. BMJ 1992;305:517–8.
71. Debby A, Golan A, Sadan O, Glezerman M, Shirin H. Clinical
utility of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the manage-
ment of recurrent and intractable vomiting in pregnancy.
J Reprod Med 2008;53:347–51.
72. Gill SK, O’Brien L, Einarson TR, Koren G. The safety of
proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-
analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1541–5.
73. Gilboa SM, Ailes EC, Rai RP, Anderson JA, Honein MA.
Antihistamines and birth defects: a systematic review of the
literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014;13:1667–98.
74. Chiossi G, Neri I, Cavazzuti M, Basso G, Facchinetti F.
Hyperemesis gravidarum complicated by Wernicke
encephalopathy: background, case report, and review of
the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2006;61:255–68.
75. Togay-Işikay C, Yiğit A, Mutluer N. Wernicke’s
encephalopathy due to hyperemesis gravidarum: an
under-recognised condition. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol
2001;41:453–6.
76. Sanghvi U, Thankappan KR, Sarma PS, Sali N. Assessing
potential risk factors for child malnutrition in rural Kerala,
India. J Trop Pediatr 2001;47:350–5.
77. Liu S, Rouleau J, Joseph KS, Sauve R, Liston RM, Young D,
et al.; Maternal Health Study Group of the Canadian Perinatal
Surveillance System. Epidemiology of pregnancy-associated
venous thromboembolism: a population-based study in
Canada. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2009;31:611–20.
78. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.
Reducing the Risk of Thrombosis and Embolism During
Pregnancy and the Puerperium. Green-top Guideline No.
37a. London: RCOG; 2009.
79. Gill SK, Maltepe C, Koren G. The effectiveness of
discontinuing iron-containing prenatal multivitamins on
reducing the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.
J Obstet Gynaecol 2009;29:13–6.
80. Goodwin TM. Hyperemesis gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol
Clin North Am 2008;35:401–17, viii.
81. Mazzotta P, Stewart DE, Koren G, Magee LA. Factors
associated with elective termination of pregnancy among
Canadian and American women with nausea and vomiting
of pregnancy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2001;22:7–12.
82. Magtira A, Schoenberg FP, MacGibbon K, Tabsh K, Fejzo MS.
Psychiatric factors do not affect recurrence risk of
hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015;
41:512–6.
83. McCormack D, Scott-Heyes G, McCusker CG. The impact
of hyperemesis gravidarum on maternal mental health and
maternal–fetal attachment. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol
2011;32:79–87.
84. Loveland Cook CA, Flick LH, Homan SM, Campbell C,
McSweeney M, Gallagher ME. Posttraumatic stress disorder
in pregnancy: prevalence, risk factors, and treatment.
Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:710–7.
85. Christodoulou-Smith J, Gold JI, Romero R, Goodwin TM,
MacGibbon KW, Mullin PM, et al. Posttraumatic stress
symptoms following pregnancy complicated by
hyperemesis gravidarum. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med
2011;24:1307–11.
86. Tan PC, Omar SZ. Contemporary approaches to
hyperemesis during pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol
2011;23:87–93.
87. Stokke G, Gjelsvik BL, Flaatten KT, Birkeland E, Flaatten H,
Trovik J. Hyperemesis gravidarum, nutritional treatment by
nasogastric tube feeding: a 10-year retrospective cohort
study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015;94:359–67.
88. Holmgren C, Aagaard-Tillery KM, Silver RM, Porter TF,
Varner M. Hyperemesis in pregnancy: an evaluation of
treatment strategies with maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:56.e1–56.e4.
89. Vaisman N, Kaidar R, Levin I, Lessing JB. Nasojejunal
feeding in hyperemesis gravidarum—a preliminary study.
Clin Nutr 2004;23:53–7.
90. Saha S, Loranger D, Pricolo V, Degli-Esposti S. Feeding
jejunostomy for the treatment of severe hyperemesis
gravidarum: a case series. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
2009;33:529–34.
91. Holmgren C, Aagaard-Tillery KM, Silver RM, Porter TF,
Varner M. Hyperemesis in pregnancy: an evaluation of
treatment strategies with maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:56.e1–4.
92. Peled Y, Melamed N, Hiersch L, Pardo J, Wiznitzer A,
Yogev Y. The impact of total parenteral nutrition support
on pregnancy outcome in women with hyperemesis
gravidarum. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014;27:1146–50.
93. Neill AM, Nelson-Piercy C. Hyperemesis gravidarum.
The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2003;5:204–7.
94. Hyperemesis Education and Research Foundation.
Thera peutic Abortion [http://www.helpher.org/hyperemesis-
gravidarum/treatments/abortion.php]. Accessed 2016 Mar 1.
95. Pregnancy Sickness Support, British Pregnancy Advisory
Service. I could not survive another day. Improving
treatment and tackling stigma: lessons from women’s
experience of abortion for severe pregnancy sickness.
[Par]: PSS; 2015.
96. Al-Ozairi E, Waugh JJ, Taylor R. Termination is not the
treatment of choice for severe hyperemesis gravidarum:
successful management using prednisolone. Obstet Med
2009;2:34–7.
97. Poursharif B, Korst LM, MacGibbon KW, Fejzo MS,
Romero R, Goodwin TM. Elective pregnancy termination
in a large cohort of women with hyperemesis gravidarum.
Contraception 2007;76:451–5.
98. Power Z, Thomson AM, Waterman H. Understanding the
stigma of hyperemesis gravidarum: qualitative findings
from an action research study. Birth 2010;37:237–44.
99. Niemeijer MN, Grooten IJ, Vos N, Bais JM, van der Post JA,
Mol BW, et al. Diagnostic markers for hyperemesis
gravidarum: a systematic review and metaanalysis.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2014;211:150.e1–15.
100. Pregnancy Sickness Support [http://www.pregnancy
sicknesssupport.org.uk/]. Accessed 2016 Mar 1.
101. Hyperemesis Education and Research Foundation
[http://www.helpher.org/]. Accessed 2016 Mar 1.
102. Saleh A, Sykes C. The impact of online information on
health related quality of life amongst women with nausea
and vomiting in pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum.
MIDIRS Midwifery Digest 2014;24:179–85.
103. Godsey RK, Newman RB. Hyperemesis gravidarum. A
comparison of single and multiple admissions. J Reprod
Med 1991;36:287–90.
104. Koren G, Maltepe C. Pre-emptive therapy for severe nausea
and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum.
J Obstet Gynaecol 2004;24:530–3.
105. Maltepe C, Koren G. Preemptive treatment of nausea and
vomiting of pregnancy: results of a randomized controlled
trial. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013;2013:809787.
106. Kramer J, Bowen A, Stewart N, Muhajarine N. Nausea and
vomiting of pregnancy: prevalence, severity and relation to
psychosocial health. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs
2013;38:21–7.
107. O’Brien B, Evans M, White-McDonald E. Isolation from
“being alive”: coping with severe nausea and vomiting of
pregnancy. Nurs Res 2002;51:302–8.
108. Ezberci İ, Güven ES, Üstüner I, Şahin FK, Hocaoğlu Ç.
Disability and psychiatric symptoms in hyperemesis
gravidarum patients. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014;289:55–60.
© Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
21 of 27
RCOG Green-top Guideline No. 69