180— ESSENTIALS OF SOCIAL STATISTICS FOR A DIVERSE SOCIETY
sample. Take caution in accepting comparative statements that fail to mention significance. There may be a
difference, but you have to ask, is it a significant difference?
- READING THE RESEARCH LITERATURE: REPORTING
THE RESULTS OF STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Robert Emmet Jones and Shirley A. Rainey (2006) examined the relationship between race, environ-
mental attitudes, and perceptions about environmental health and justice.
8
Researchers have docu-
mented how people of color and the poor are more likely than whites and more affluent groups to live
in areas with poor environmental quality and protection, exposing them to greater health risks. Yet little
is known about how this disproportional exposure and risk are perceived by those affected. Jones and
Rainey studied black and white residents from the Red River community in Tennessee, collecting data
from interviews and a mail survey during 2001 to 2003.
They created a series of index scales measuring residents’ attitudes pertaining to environmental
problems and issues. The Environmental Concern (EC) Index measures public concern for specific envi-
ronmental problems in the neighborhood. It includes questions on drinking water quality, landfills, loss
of trees, lead paint and poisoning, the condition of green areas, and stream and river conditions. EC-II
measures public concern (very unconcerned to very concerned) for the overall environmental quality
in the neighborhood. EC-III measures the seriousness (not serious at all to very serious) of environ-
mental problems in the neighborhood. Higher scores on all EC indicators indicate greater concern for
environmental problems in their neighborhood. The Environmental Health (EH) Index measures public
perceptions of certain physical side effects, such as headaches, nervous disorders, significant weight loss
or gain, skin rashes, and breathing problems. The EH Index measures the likelihood (very unlikely to
very likely) that the person believes that he or she or a household member experienced health problems
due to exposure to environmental contaminants in his or her neighborhood. Higher EH scores reflect a
greater likelihood that respondents believe that they have experienced health problems from exposure
to environmental contaminants. Finally, the Environmental Justice (EJ) Index measures public percep-
tions about environmental justice, measuring the extent to which they agreed (or disagreed) that public
officials had informed residents about environmental problems, enforced environmental laws, or held
meetings to address residents’ concerns. A higher mean EJ score indicates a greater likelihood that
respondents think public officials failed to deal with environmental problems in their neighborhood.
Index score comparisons between black and white respondents are presented in Table 7.4.
Let’s examine the table carefully. Each row represents a single index measurement, reporting means
and standard deviations separately for black and white residents. Obtained t-test statistics are reported
in the second to last column. The probability of each t test is reported in the last column (P < .001),
indicating a significant difference in responses between the two groups. All index score comparisons
are significant at the .001 level.
While not referring to specific differences in index scores or to t-test results, Jones and Rainey use
data from this table to summarize the differences between black and white residents on the three envi-
ronmental index measurements:
The results presented [in Table 1] suggest that as a group, Blacks are significantly more concerned
than Whites about local environmental conditions (EC Index). . . . The results . . . also indicate that