The Federal Bureau of Prisons (Bureau) is composed of corrections professionals who foster a humane and secure
environment and ensure public safety by preparing individuals for successful reentry into our communities. The Bureau
strives to offer relevant and meaningful reentry programming to support a successful return to society, reduce
recidivism, promote public safety, and reduce institution misconduct. The First Step Act (FSA) was signed into law on
December 21, 2018, and directed the Bureau to further enhance reentry efforts in the following three ways:
1) Develop a risk and needs assessment system (RNAS).
RISK: Risk refers to the likelihood of reoffending, or recidivism, after release. The Prisoner Assessment Tool
Targeting Estimated Risk and Need (PATTERN) assesses each individual when they begin serving their sentence, and
calculates a risk of recidivism measured as high, medium, low, or minimum. The risk level is reassessed regularly
throughout the sentence.
NEED: Need refers to the specific areas a person can address to lower their risk of recidivism. The Bureau assesses
13 needs areas with a tool referred to as the Standardized Prisoner Assessment for Reduction in Criminality (SPARC-
13), that directly impact one’s ability to live a healthy and productive life:
• Anger/Hostility
• Antisocial Peers
• Cognitions
• Dyslexia
• Education
• Family/Parenting
• Finance/Poverty
• Medical
• Mental Health
• Recreation/Leisure/Fitness
• Substance Use
• Trauma
• Work
Bureau employees recommend programs from this guide that target each individual’s needs, and needs are
reassessed regularly throughout their sentence.
2) Develop standardized Evidence-Based Recidivism Reduction (EBRR) Programs and Productive Activities (PAs).
The Bureau programs are designed to increase reentry success upon release. All programs within this guide are
standardized, curriculum-based programs led by employees, contractors, or volunteers and have fully developed
and evaluated protocols that must be administered as written.
EBRRs: Structured groups or individual activities that address one or more identified needs. These programs are
shown by empirical evidence to reduce recidivism or likely reduce recidivism.
PAs: A group or individual activity that enhances skills to address identified needs. These programs promote
productivity and aid in maintaining or working toward minimum or low risk levels. PAs include a variety of
structured programs (e.g., group therapy, classes) and unstructured activities (e.g., teams, exercise, worship
services). This guide only lists structured, curriculum-based, PAs.
3) Develop incentives and rewards for program participation and completion.
The Bureau offers incentives (e.g., FSA time credits and financial awards) to encourage incarcerated individuals to
participate in EBRRs and PAs. An individual must be in opt-in status to earn FSA incentives, to include earning FSA
time credits (FTCs).
Opt-In Status for FSA Incentives: Adults in custody may begin opt-in status upon completion of the needs
assessment surveys in TRULINCS. As noted below, earning of FTCs will begin once in opt-in status.
Opt-Out Status for FSA Incentives: Being in opt-out status will lead to disqualification from future benefits or
privileges permitted by the FSA, including earning of FTCs, until the individual opts-in. Earning of FTCs will pause
during periods of opt-out status. Opt-out status begins when one or more of the following occur:
• refusal to complete any of the initial need assessments in TRULINCS
• refusal to participate in needs assessments conducted by Bureau employees
- to return to opt-in status, the initial assessments must be completed
• decline recommended programming that correspond to an identified need