ANAPHORIC AND CATAPHORIC REFERENCES IN EFL TEXTBOOK

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

ANAPHORIC AND CATAPHORIC REFERENCES IN

EFL TEXTBOOK

Isye Indriyani

Universitas Majalengka

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This research aims to find the types of references that are mostly depicted and the types of

anaphoric reference is widely used in reading text from English textbook. The researcher

analyzed the data using anaphoric and cataphoric reference theories from Halliday and

Matthiessen (2014) to find the types of references that are mostly depicted and also used

theories from Mitkov (2013) to find the types of anaphoric references is widely used in

recount text from the Bahasa Inggris textbook. This research uses the critical discourse

analysis method. The object of this analysis is recount text from Bahasa Inggris textbook for

the 10

grade students of senior high school, written by Utami Widiati, Zuliati Rohmah, and

Furaidah, published by the Ministry of Education and Culture. This study employed

document analysis in collecting data. The result showed that the types of references that are

depicted in the recount text is anaphoric references. There were 29 sentences referring to

anaphoric references and only 4 sentences referring to cataphoric references. The types of

anaphoric references is widely used in recount text is pronominal anaphora.

Keyword: anaphoric, cataphoric, references, english textbook

INTRODUCTION

In the teaching and learning process, the teacher must have a media that can help them

to carry out the teaching and learning process so that the teacher can convey learning material

to students. One of the most common teaching media is textbook. According to Harmer

(2007), course book or textbook is a book that the teachers use to help them in

explaining the lesson for students in the class. Textbook can provide the basis for lesson

content, balance of skills taught, and the types of language practice that are followed by

students. Cunnigsworth (1995) cited in Ayu & Indrawati (2019) argues that textbooks are an

effective resource for self-directed learning, an effective source for presentational material, a

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

source of ideas and activities, a reference source for students, a syllabus where they reflect

pre-determined learning objectives, and support for less experienced teachers who are yet to

gain confidence. Textbook have a major role in supporting the teaching and learning process.

However, it is often found that the material is not always representative and comprehensive

enough, so that students do not understand the contents of the textbook. Therefore, to solve

this problem, a reference word is needed so that students can understand the meaning of the

reading text.

Reference is a word that is used to refer to something of the text in a sentence. Bublitz

& Norrick (2011) reference has been defined as a static relationship between expressions and

the things they denote. Reference is used as links in a text to help listeners and readers know

and identify the content of a text. There are two types of references, anaphora and cataphora.

Anaphora reference may point backwards to the history of the unfolding text, that is, to a

referent that has already been introduced and is thus part of the text’s system of meanings

(Halliday & Matthiessen 2014: 625). Anaphora where perform is used to refer back to

something that has been mentioned earlier. For example, "Amy went to the party. She sat

with Sara." She refers back to Amy; therefore, she is an anaphoric reference. According to

(Mitkov, 2013) there are also 6 different types of anaphora such as:

1. Pronominal anaphora: According to Mitkov (2013:47), the set of anaphoric pronouns

consists of all third person personal, possessive, reflexive pronouns that refers to the

previous word and pronoun plus the and relative are anaphoric too. For example: Lucy

went to cinema. She was happy. She refers back to Lucy.

2. Lexical noun phrase anaphoric: Lexical noun phrase anaphoric is realized

syntactically as definite noun phrase, also called definite descriptions and proper

names. For example: Roy Keane has warned Manchester United he may snub their

pay deal. United’s skipper is even hinting that unless the future Old Trafford Package

meets his demands, he could quit the club in June 2000. In this text, Roy Keane has

been reffered to by anaphoric pronouns (he, his, himself) but also by definite

descriptions (United’s skipper).

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

3. Noun Anaphoric: Noun phrase anaphora should not be confused with the anaphoric

relation between a non-lexical proform and the head noun or nominal group of noun

phrase. Noun anaphora represents a particular case of identity of sense anaphora. For

example: I don‘t think I‘ll have a sweet pretzel, just a plain one. The non-lexical

proform of one constitutes an example of a noun anaphor. Note that one points to the

noun pretzel and not to the noun phrase a sweet pretzel.

4. Verb Anaphoric: Among the other varieties of anaphoric according to the form of

the anaphor, verb anaphora should be mentioned in this sentences: Romeo Dallaire,

the Canadian general in charge, begged for reinforcements, so did Boutros Ghali. The

interpretation of did is determined by its anaphoric relation to its antecedent in the

preceding clause. the verb anaphor did in this sentence replaces the verb phrase

begged for reinforcements.

5. Adverb anaphoric: Adverb anaphoric can be locative Such as there or temporal

anaphora such as then. For example:

a. Will you walk with me to the garden? I‘ve got to go down there and Bugs has

to go to the longhouse.

b. For centuries archeologists have argued over descriptions of how Archimedes

used concentrated solar energy to destroy the Roman fleet in 212BC.

Historians have said nobody then knew enough about optics and mirrors.

As previously illustrated with first and second personal pronouns, adverbs of this type

are frequently used not anaphorically but deictically, taking their meaning from

contextual elements such as the time or location of utterances. It has already been

shown that the anaphors can be verbs and adverbs, as well as nouns and noun phrases

and thus span the major part of speech categories.

6. Zero anaphoric: Zero anaphors are invisible anaphors at first glance they do not

appear to be there because they are not overtly represented by a word or phrase. For

example: Peel an onion and slice it, drop the slices into hot oil, cook for three

minutes. When the interpretation requires us to identify an entity, as in cook for three

minutes, and no linguistic expression is present, it is called zero anaphoric.

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

Another type of reference is cataphoric, cataphora reference may point ‘forwards’ to

the future of the unfolding text, that is, to a referent that is yet to be introduced (Halliday &

Matthiessen 2014:625). Cataphora occurs when the word perform is used to explain the

references in a text. For example, "As soon as he arrived, Mike visited his parents." She is a

cataphoric reference that looks forward to Mike. In this study, the researcher analyzed

recount text. According to Hyland (2004: 29) cited in (Sari, et.al 2018) recount is typically

tells entertain by dealing with a sequence of events that establishes a relationship between a

writer/reader and speaker/listener. Recount is a kind of genre that has social function to retell

event for the purpose of informing or entertaining. The purpose of recount text is to tell what

happened or to retell events for the purpose of informing and entertaining.

Based on the description above, the researcher tried to find out the types of references

that used in recount texts of the English textbook based on the theory of Halliday &

Matthiessen (2014) the researcher also used theories from Mitkov (2013) to find the types of

anaphoric references is widely used in recount text from the Bahasa Inggris textbook for 10

grade senior high school published by Ministry of Education and Culture.

METHOD

According to Fairclough (1995: 7) cited in Darlan (2011) reveals that CDA is an

approach that has function in analyzing text and is closely related to socio-cultural. It can be

concluded that, in analyzing a discourse, especially analyzing the discourse in a text, one can

find out the content and meaning of a sentence. CDA is one from the perspective that we

know about language. CDA is a point of view in which the language itself is understood as a

representation that plays a role in shaping certain subjects, themes of particular discourse, and

the strategies it contains. The objective in this study is the recount text in Bahasa Inggris

textbook for 10

grade senior high school written by Utami Widiati, Zuliati Rohmah, and

Furaidah. From the source of data, the researcher analyzed the data using anaphoric and

cataphoric reference theories from Halliday and Matthiessen (2014).

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

This study employed a document analysis as a technique for collecting data.

Marshall & Rossman (1995) as cited in Anggun (2016) the use of documents often entails a

specialized analytic approach called content analysis. The raw material for content analysis

may be any form of communication, usually written materials (textbooks, novels,

newspapers, e-mail messages); other forms of communication— music, pictures, or political

speeches—may also be included. However, this research uses an English textbook, entitled

Bahasa Inggris for 10

Grade Senior High School, to gather the data. In order to collect the

data, the researcher does some steps according to (Miles B et al., 2014) concept consist of

data condensation, data display and drawing conclusions. First, the author focuses on

examining four recount texts contained in EFL textbooks. Then, the author displays the data

which contains the anaphoric and cataphoric references, specifically and clearly. The author

shows which sentences contain anaphoric and cataphoric references and why they are

categorized as they are found in recount texts. Last, the author concludes the result of the

research based on the research problem and reference theories that are used.

FINDINGS AND DISSCUSION

FINDINGS

Table 1 reference analysis in recount text (Cut Nyak Dhien)

No.

Paragraph

Sentences

Reference

Explanation

Data 1:

Cut Nyak Dhien was a

leader of the Acehnese

guerrilla forces during the

Anaphoric

The word she refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Cut Nyak

Dhien.”

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

Aceh War. She was born in

Lampadang in 1848. (Line

1,2)

Data 2:

Following the death of her

husband Teuku Umar

(Line 2,3)

Data 3:

she led guerrilla actions

against the Dutch for 25

years. (Line 3)

Data 4:

She was awarded the title of

Indonesian National Hero

on 2 May 1964 by the

Indonesian government.

(Line 4,5)

Anaphoric

The word her husband

refer to forward section

of the text, that is “Teuku

Umar.”

The word she refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Cut Nyak

Dhien.”

The word she refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Cut Nyak

Dhien.”

Data 5:

Her father, Teuku Nanta

Setia, was a member of the

ruling Ulèë Balang

aristocratic class in VI

mukim (Line 1,2)

Data 6:

her mother was also from

an aristocratic family. (Line

3,4)

Data 7:

Cataphoric

Anaphoric

The word her father

refer to forward section

of the text, that is “Teuku

Nanta Setia.”

The word her refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Cut Nyak

Dhien.”

The word she refer to

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

She was educated in

religion and household

matters. (Line 4,5,6)

Data 8:

She was renowned for her

beauty, and many men

proposed to marry her.

(Line 6,7,8)

Data 9:

Finally, she married Teuku

Cik Ibrahim Lamnga, the

son of an aristocratic family,

when she was twelve. (Line

8,9,10,11)

Anaphoric

previous section of the

text, that is “Cut Nyak

Dhien.”

The word she and her

refer to previous section

of the text, that is “Cut

Nyak Dhien.”

The word she refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Cut Nyak

Dhien.”

Data 10:

In 1875, Cut Nyak Dhien

and her baby (Line 1)

Data 11:

along with other mothers,

were evacuated to a safer

location while her husband

Ibrahim Lamnga fought to

reclaim VI mukim. (Line

1,2,3)

Data 12:

Lamnga died in action on

June 29, 1878. Hearing this,

Anaphoric

Cataphoric

Anaphoric

The word her refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Cut Nyak

Dhien.”

The word her husband

refer to forward section

of the text, that is

“Ibrahim Lamnga.”

The word this refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Lamnga

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

Cut Nyak Dhien was

enraged and swore to

destroy the Dutch. (Line

3,4)

died.”

Data 13:

Some time later, Teuku

Umar proposed to marry

her. (Line 1)

Data 14:

Learning that Teuku Umar

would allow her to fight,

she accepted his proposal.

(Line 1,2)

Data 15:

They were married in 1880.

(Line 2,3)

Data 16:

They were married in 1880.

This greatly boosted the

morale of Aceh armies in

their fight against Dutch.

(Line 2,3,4)

Anaphoric

The word her and she

refer to previous section

of the text, that is “Cut

Nyak Dhien”

The word her and she

refer to previous section

of the text, that is “Cut

Nyak Dhien” and the

word his refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Teuku

Umar”.

The word they refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Teuku Umar

and Cut Nyak Dhien”.

The word this refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “married”.

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

Data 17:

Undersupplied, Teuku Umar

surrendered to the Dutch

forces on September 30,

1893 along with 250 of his

men. (Line 2,3)

Data 18:

The Dutch army welcomed

him and appointed him as a

commander, giving him the

title of Teuku Umar Johan

Pahlawan. (Line 3,4,5)

Data 19:

Two years later Teuku

Umar set out to assault

Aceh, but he instead

deserted with his troops

taking with them heavy

equipment, weapons, and

ammunition, using these

supplies to help the

Acehnese. (Line 6,7,8)

Data 20:

This is recorded in Dutch

history as “Het verraad van

Teukoe Oemar” (the treason

of Teuku Umar). (Line 8,9)

Anaphoric

The word his refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Teuku

Umar.”

The word him refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Teuku

Umar.”

The word he and his

refer to previous section

of the text, that is “Teuku

Umar.”

The word this refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “deserted”

Data 21:

Anaphoric

The word him refer to

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

Teuku Umar was killed

during a battle when the

Dutch launched a surprise

attack on him in Meulaboh.

(Line 1,2,3)

Data 22:

When Cut Gambang cried

over his death (Line 3)

Data 23:

Cut Nyak Dhien slapped

her and then she hugged

her (Line 3,4)

Data 24:

As Acehnese women, we

may not shed tears for those

who have been martyred.”

Anaphoric

previous section of the

text, that is “Teuku

Umar.”

The word his refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Teuku

Umar.”

The word her refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Cut

Gambang,” and the word

she refer to previous

section of the text, that is

“Cut Nyak Dhien.”

The word we refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Acehnese

women.”

Data 25:

After her husband died,

Cut Nyak Dhien continued

to resist the Dutch (Line 1)

Data 26:

Cut Nyak Dhien continued

to resist the Dutch with her

small army until its

Cataphoric

Anaphoric

The word her husband

refer to forward section

of the text, that is “Cut

Nyak Dhien.”

The word her refer to

forward section of the

text, that is “Cut Nyak

Dhien”

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

destruction in 1901 (Line

1,2)

Data 27:

as the Dutch adapted their

tactics to the situation in

Aceh (Line 2,3)

Data 28:

Furthermore, Cut Nyak

Dhien suffered from

nearsightedness and arthritis

as she got older (Line 3,4)

Anaphoric

The word their refer to”

small army Cut Nyak

Dhien.”

The word she refer to

previous section of the

text that is “Cut Nyak

Dhien.”

Data 29:

One of her troops, Pang

Laot, told the Dutch the

location of her headquarters

in Beutong Le Sageu. (Line

1,2)

Data 30:

The Dutch attacked,

catching Dhien and her

troops by surprise (Line 2,3)

Data 31:

Her daughter, Cut

Gambang, (Line 3,4)

Data 32:

Dhien was brought to

Banda Aceh and her

Anaphoric

Cataphoric

Anaphoric

The word her refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Dhien.”

The word her refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Dhien.”

The word her daughter

refer to forward section

of the text, that is “Cut

Gambang.”

The word her and she

refer to previous section

of the text, that is

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

myopia and arthritis slowly

healed, but in the end she

was exiled to Sumedang,

West Java because the

Dutch were afraid she

would mobilize the

resistance of Aceh people.

(Line 4,5,6,7)

Data 33:

She died on 6 November

1908. (Line 7)

Anaphoric

“Dhien.”

The word she refer to

previous section of the

text, that is “Dhien.”

Based on the table 4 the type of reference that is mostly depicted is anaphoric

reference. In text 4, there are 29 anaphoric references. Meanwhile, there are 4 cataphoric

references found in text 4. For example in data 1 “Cut Nyak Dhien was a leader of the

Acehnese guerrilla forces during the Aceh War. She was born in Lampadang in 1848.” This

sentence contains anaphoric references because the word “she” refer to the previous section

of the text, that is “Cut Nyak Dhien.” Meanwhile, in data 2 “Following the death of her

husband Teuku Umar.” This sentence contains cataphoric references because the word “her

husband” refer to forward section of the text, that is “Teuku Umar.”

DISCUSSION

Based on the result from the finding table above, it can be concluded that the types of

references that are mostly depicted in the recount text are anaphoric references. There are 29

anaphoric references and there are 4 cataphoric references found in the recount text from

Bahasa Inggris textbooks. It’s indicated that anaphora is very common and makes a

significant contribution to many kinds of text (Halliday & Mattheissen, 2014). This means

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

that the information presented in the text refers to the words in the previous text and anaphora

is quite prevalent and contributes significantly to a variety of texts. In addition, Halliday and

Hasan (1976) as cited by (Akogbento, 2017) in cohesion the type of reference related to

cohesion is only this anaphoric reference because anaphorists provide links with their

predecessors whereas cataphorics are not related because they provide links afterwards. The

results of this analysis indicate that the use of anaphoric references is mostly described in

recount texts from English textbooks. In line with, Halliday and Hasan (1989:2) as cited by

(Dashela & Mustika, 2021) explain that a text or paragraph that uses cohesion and coherence

must be good writing. Cohesion is used to make the text interconnected so that the reader will

understand the content of the text. From this statement, it can be concluded that the recount

text from Bahasa Inggris textbooks for the 10

grade students of senior high school, written

by Utami Widiati, Zuliati Rohmah, and Furaidah, published by the Ministry of Education and

Culture is a good text because each paragraph contains cohesion. Therefore, it will be easier

for readers to understand the content and meaning of the recount text because each paragraph

is interrelated. While, the types of anaphoric references is widely used in recount text is

pronominal anaphora. For example in data 1 from the finding table “Cut Nyak Dhien was a

leader of the Acehnese guerrilla forces during the Aceh War. She was born in Lampadang in

1848”. “She” as personal pronoun from “Cut Nyak Dhien”. According to Pandey, et.al (2013)

stated that pronominal anaphora is the most common type where a referent is referred by a

pronoun. A pronoun is used to substitute a person, place, or thing. A pronoun is often used to

refer to a noun that has already been mentioned. According to Putriani (2015) stated that

using pronoun can make a text effectively because it does not mention a noun continuously.

In the text, pronouns are important because they are used to make the sentences related to

each other, thus preventing the nouns from being repeated continuously.

CONCLUSION

Anaphoric And Cataphoric, Indriyani - Unma

Based on the result of discussion, the types of references that are mostly depicted in

the recount texts from Bahasa Inggris textbook are anaphoric references. The used of

anaphoric references can make the sentences of the text connect to each other because

anaphoric reference contains in cohesion. Therefore, it will be easier for students or readers to

understand the content and meaning of the text. There are 29 anaphoric references and only 4

cataphoric references found in the recount texts from the Bahasa Inggris textbook. While, the

types of anaphoric references is widely used in Bahasa Inggris textbook for the 10

grade

students of senior high school, written by Utami Widiati, Zuliati Rohmah, and Furaidah,

published by the Ministry of Education and Culture is pronominal anaphora because

pronominal anaphora referent is referred by a pronoun. In the text, pronouns are important

because they are used to make the sentences related to each other, thus preventing the nouns

from being repeated continuously.

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