50 MMWR December 19, 2003
50. Snydman DR, Bryan JA, Macon EJ, Gregg MB. Hemodialysis-associated
hepatitis: a report of an epidemic with further evidence on mecha-
nisms of transmission. Am J Epidemiol 1976;104:563–70.
51. Shapiro CN. Occupational risk of infection with hepatitis B and hepa-
titis C virus. Surg Clin North Am 1995;75:1047–56.
52. Cleveland JL, Siew C, Lockwood SA, Gruninger SE, Gooch BF, Shapiro
CN. Hepatitis B vaccination and infection among U.S. dentists, 1983–
1992. J Am Dent Assoc 1996;127:1385–90.
53. CDC. Recommendations for preventing transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to patients during
exposure-prone invasive procedures. MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-8).
54. Chamberland ME. HIV transmission from health care worker to
patient: what is the risk [Letter]? Ann Intern Med 1992;116:871–3.
55. Robert LM, Chamberland ME, Cleveland JL, et al. Investigation of
patients of health care workers infected with HIV: the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention database. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:653–7.
56. CDC. Investigations of persons treated by HIV-infected health-care
workers—United States. MMWR 1993;42:329–331, 337.
57. Siew C, Chang SB, Gruninger SE, Verrusio AC, Neidle EA. Self-
reported percutaneous injuries in dentists: implications for HBV, HIV,
transmission risk. J Am Dent Assoc 1992;123:36–44.
58. Ahtone J, Goodman RA. Hepatitis B and dental personnel: transmission
to patients and prevention issues. J Am Dent Assoc 1983;106:219–22.
59. Hadler SC, Sorley DL, Acree KH, et al. An outbreak of hepatitis B in
a dental practice. Ann Intern Med 1981;95:133–8.
60. CDC. Epidemiologic notes and reports: hepatitis B among dental
patients—Indiana. MMWR 1985;34:73–5.
61. Levin ML, Maddrey WC, Wands JR, Mendeloff AL. Hepatitis B trans-
mission by dentists. JAMA 1974;228:1139–40.
62. Rimland D, Parkin WE, Miller GB Jr, Schrack WD. Hepatitis B out-
break traced to an oral surgeon. N Engl J Med 1977;296:953–8.
63. Goodwin D, Fannin SL, McCracken BB. An oral surgeon-related
hepatitis-B outbreak. California Morbidity 1976;14:1.
64. Reingold AL, Kane MA, Murphy BL, Checko P, Francis DP, Maynard
JE. Transmission of hepatitis B by an oral surgeon. J Infect Dis 1982;
145:262–8.
65. Goodman RA, Ahtone JL, Finton RJ. Hepatitis B transmission from
dental personnel to patients: unfinished business. Ann Intern Med
1982;96:119.
66. Shaw FE Jr, Barrett CL, Hamm R, et al. Lethal outbreak of hepatitis B
in a dental practice. JAMA 1986;255:3260–4.
67. CDC. Epidemiologic notes and reports: outbreak of hepatitis B associ-
ated with an oral surgeon—New Hampshire. MMWR 1987;36:132–3.
68. US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
tration. 29 CFR Part 1910.1030. Occupational exposure to bloodborne
pathogens; final rule. Federal Register 1991;56:64004–182.
69. CDC. Hepatitis B virus: a comprehensive strategy for eliminating trans-
mission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination:
recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Commit-
tee (ACIP). MMWR 1991;40(No. RR-13).
70. Polish LB, Gallagher M, Fields HA, Hadler SC. Delta hepatitis:
molecular biology and clinical and epidemiological features. Clin
Microbiol Rev 1993;6:211–29.
71. Alter MJ. The epidemiology of acute and chronic hepatitis C. Clin
Liver Dis 1997;1:559–68.
72. Puro V, Petrosillo N, Ippolito G. Risk of hepatitis C seroconversion
after occupational exposures in health care workers: Italian Study Group
on Occupational Risk of HIV and Other Bloodborne Infections. Am J
Infect Control 1995;23:273–7.
73. Lanphear BP, Linnemann CC Jr, Cannon CG, DeRonde MM, Pendy
L, Kerley LM. Hepatitis C virus infection in healthcare workers: risk
of exposure and infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994;
15:745–50.
74. Mitsui T, Iwano K, Masuko K, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in
medical personnel after needlestick accident. Hepatology 1992;16:
1109–14.
75. Sartori M, La Terra G, Aglietta M, Manzin A, Navino C, Verzetti G.
Transmission of hepatitis C via blood splash into conjunctiva. Scand
J Infect Dis 1993;25:270–1.
76. Ippolito G, Puro V, De Carli G. The risk of occupational human
immunodeficiency virus in health care workers: Italian Multicenter
Study, The Italian Study Group on Occupational Risk of HIV Infec-
tion. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1451–8.
77. Beltrami EM, Kozak A, Williams IT, et al. Transmission of HIV and
hepatitis C virus from a nursing home patient to a health care worker.
Am J Infec Control. 2003; 31:168–75.
78. Cooper BW, Krusell A, Tilton RC, Goodwin R, Levitz RE.
Seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in high-risk hospital
personnel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992;13:82–5.
79. Panlilio AL, Shapiro CN, Schable CA, et al. Serosurvey of human
immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infec-
tion among hospital-based surgeons. Serosurvey Study Group. J Am
Coll Surg 1995;180:16–24.
80. Polish LB, Tong MJ, Co RL, Coleman PJ, Alter MJ. Risk factors for
hepatitis C virus infection among health care personnel in a commu-
nity hospital. Am J Infect Control 1993;21:196–200.
81. Shapiro CN, Tokars JI, Chamberland ME, American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons Serosurvey Study Committee. Use of the
hepatitis-B vaccine and infection with hepatitis B and C among
orthopaedic surgeons. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1996;78:1791–800.
82. Gerberding JL. Incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency
virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and cytomegalovirus among
health care personnel at risk for blood exposure: final report from a
longitudinal study. J Infect Dis 1994;170:1410–7.
83. Klein RS, Freeman K, Taylor PE, Stevens CE. Occupational risk for
hepatitis C virus infection among New York City dentists. Lancet
1991;338:1539–42.
84. Thomas DL, Gruninger SE, Siew C, Joy ED, Quinn TC. Occupa-
tional risk of hepatitis C infections among general dentists and oral
surgeons in North America. Am J Med 1996;100:41–5.
85. Cleveland JL, Gooch BF, Shearer BG, Lyerla RL. Risk and prevention
of hepatitis C virus infection: implications for dentistry. J Am Dent
Assoc 1999;130:641–7.
86. Gruninger SE, Siew C, Azzolin KL, Meyer DM. Update of hepatitis C
infection among dental professionals [Abstract 1825]. J Dent Res
2001;80:264.
87. Esteban JI, Gomez J, Martell M, et al. Transmission of hepatitis C
virus by a cardiac surgeon. N Engl J Med 1996;334:555–60.
88. Duckworth GJ, Heptonstall J, Aitken C. Transmission of hepatitis C
virus from a surgeon to a patient: the Incident Control Team. Commun
Dis Public Health 1999;2:188–92.
89. Ross RS, Viazov S, Gross T, Hofmann F, Seipp HM, Roggendorf M.
Brief report: transmission of hepatitis C virus from a patient to an anes-
thesiology assistant to five patients. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1851–4.
90. Cody SH, Nainan OV, Garfein RS, et al. Hepatitis C virus transmis-
sion from an anesthesiologist to a patient. Arch Intern Med 2002;
162:345–50.